Private Members’ Public Business
Artificial intelligence / Intelligence artificielle
Mr. Chris Glover
I want to thank the member from Mississauga East–Cooksville for this motion. The motion itself is just to add transparency, to require transparency, so that if somebody is interacting with an AI bot or an AI agent, it has to be done transparently, so that the person knows that that’s what’s happening. They’re not dealing with a real human being—and there’s nothing wrong with that. That’s actually a decent motion. The member said that the government’s goal is not to stifle, not to control, but it’s also not protecting. Because transparency in itself is not enough. Just because you know that you’re dealing with an agent doesn’t protect you from that agent. Especially when we’re talking about artificial intelligence here, there are three things that people need protection from. They need AI safety. They need systems to be safe, so that they’re not posing a danger. There are AI agents that are acting as counsellors that have actually counselled young people to commit suicide. We need that kind of protection as well. We need ecological protection, because these AI data centres that are being built suck up enormous amounts of water and electricity. In many cases in the United States, that’s led to the local residents subsidizing those AI data centres with much higher utility bills. The most important type of protection that the people need from artificial intelligence is in terms of labour, because they need protection from job losses and also from surveillance in the workplace. We do need protection for the workers. This is not stifling. This is not controlling. This is protecting workers. You have to find that balance between innovation but also making sure that people, residents, consumers and workers are not going to become victims of artificial intelligence. I’ll give you an example of this government’s approach to workers and to labour: In 2020 they introduced Bill 124, and it illegally capped the wages of public sector workers at 1%. It went all the way to the Supreme Court, and then the Supreme Court ruled that this was an unconstitutional attack on the workers’ rights to be members of unions, and then the government had to backtrack. Many of the health care workers that were impacted by that through the pandemic—some of them have still not received a settlement for the years that their wages were illegally capped at 1%. So when this government is looking at artificial intelligence, they’re looking at it through this lens where they don’t actually protect workers; they actually attack workers’ rights. Transparently telling workers that they’re going to be losing their jobs because of artificial intelligence isn’t helping them, because a layoff, even if it’s a transparent layoff, is not helping that worker that’s being laid off. I want to also talk about surveillance. I’ve got a quote from Scientific American here: “Earlier this year, Burger King announced the rollout of Patty, an AI chatbot embedded in headsets that tracks if cashiers neglect to say please and thank you and chimes in when a soda fountain is running low. “Advances in AI, cameras, sensors and tracking software have given employers unprecedented power to monitor” what employees are doing. “They now observe the physical location of workers, the length and content of phone calls, keystrokes per minute and even the tone and pitch of conversations with customers.” What the workers need, and with this intense surveillance—the Scientific American article actually goes on to argue that this isn’t necessarily improving productivity because, if you want to improve productivity, you’ve got to make people feel happy to be in their workplace. They’ve got to feel like they’re doing something that’s good. And if every breath they take, if every keystroke they make, if they’ve got an artificial intelligence voice chiming into their head every time they forget to say “please” or “thank you”—that is not going to improve their mental health, and it is not going to improve their condition, their ability to actually deliver the products and to serve their customers. That’s what this Scientific American article is saying. But there’s this huge market that is being developed for surveillance in workplaces. Last year, it was a $4-billion market, and it continues to grow because these artificial intelligence firms are saying, “This is a way to improve your productivity,” but really, it’s just giving greater and greater control over every movement that a worker makes. It’s diminishing the spirit and the morale of the workers. So, I think, with this bill, if the government is going to be introducing motions or bills about artificial intelligence, one of the things that they need to do is to protect workers—they need to protect workers’ jobs so they’re not getting replaced and laid off because of artificial intelligence, and they also need to be protected from intensive surveillance in the workplace that is just dehumanizing. The government introduced a data playbook—the Data Centre Playbook. The government announced it in the summertime, and they said that they want to attract AI data centre investment—the Premier said he wants to attract data centre investment to Ontario. He says that this plan will create jobs, support economic growth and help keep Canadians’ data in Canada. The Premier was arguing that expanding data centres is necessary to protect Canada’s digital sovereignty and reduce reliance on the United States, but the actions of this government are doing the exact opposite. All of us in this Legislature, all 124 MPPs in this Legislature, all of our emails are managed by Microsoft Outlook. Microsoft is an American company, and although there are federal laws—there’s PIPEDA, a federal law about privacy and information, which says that if data is stored on Canadian soil, it cannot be accessed by the American government—there’s a contrary law in the United States called the CLOUD Act. The CLOUD Act says that any data that’s held by an American corporation anywhere in the world can be accessed by the American government. So, potentially, all of the data—every email that every one of us writes in this Legislature—can be accessed by the American government, and there is no transparency requirement. So they can access all of our emails, because they’re held by Microsoft—they’re contracted out to an American company—and we may not even know about it. So the Premier, last year, introduced legislation to really gut the freedom of information act so that we, the people of Ontario, cannot access his emails and his phone records. So the people of Ontario can’t access these emails and phone records—in fact, that gutting was for all the ministers—but potentially President Trump can monitor all of the emails and the phone records of the Premier and all of the ministers. So I think when the Premier says that he’s going to be promoting these data centres because it’s necessary to protect Canada’s digital sovereignty and reduce reliance on the United States, he really needs to look at the contracts that his government is signing with American corporations that make us vulnerable to these things. He says that the new data centres will be—this is, again, part of the government’s data centre playbook—required to pay the full cost of their electricity use and will not receive special financial incentives. It will be interesting to see how that plays out, because in the United States, where these data centres have come in, what’s happened is there are initial people that come in from the data centre companies, from the big tech companies, and they make deals with local politicians, and they make donations to local politicians, and then the local politicians sign these deals and what they don’t realize is the nitty-gritty of those deals. For example, they will say, “Well, we won’t use your electricity,” but then they set up these huge diesel-powered generators that generate tons and tons of pollution, often near population centres. So the population ends up subsidizing it just through the health impacts of being near all that pollution. The other thing they do is they suck up all kinds of water and they often dry up underground water sources for communities, and then the communities end up paying much higher rates for both their electricity and the water. The people end up doing that. So the Premier saying that we as Ontarians are not going to have to subsidize these data centres—it’s not enough to say it; we actually need that encapsulated in the legislation so that there are real protections built into those contracts. The other thing I’ll just mention: The government’s action—and the member mentioned this: The government’s Bill 194, which is Strengthening Cyber Security and Building Trust in the Public Sector Act, and was introduced in November 2024, was their biggest bill on artificial intelligence and it was about artificial intelligence and cyber security in the public sector, but it was really an empty bill. There was nothing in it. There wasn’t even a definition of what “artificial intelligence” is, and there was no categorization of what is an acceptable use of artificial intelligence and what is an unacceptable use of artificial intelligence. The European Union has passed legislation that does categorize artificial intelligence, according to what’s acceptable, what’s not acceptable. For example, having weapons systems managed by artificial intelligence is an unacceptable use, and there are other unacceptable uses that are listed there. This transparency bill is good in itself, but it doesn’t go nearly far enough. It doesn’t provide protections from artificial intelligence for the residents of Ontario, it doesn’t provide safety protections, it doesn’t provide environmental protections and it doesn’t provide labour protections, both in terms of job losses and in terms of intensive surveillance in the workplace. So, the NDP, we will be supporting this bill, but we’re asking the government to go back to the drawing board and look at some of the recommendations that we’ve made in order to protect workers and to protect the residents of Ontario.