Thursday, June 18, 2026

Mr. President, this week, the Senate takes a big step forward on an issue that is important to many Americans, and that is homeownership. Whether you read about it in the news or hear about it in conversation with friends and family members, most people know that the dream of homeownership is out of reach for too many people in our country. Limited housing supply and burdensome regulations have contributed to higher prices, and many Americans are simply being priced out of the housing market. That is a problem, and it is a problem we aim to address with the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act. The 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act tackles some of the causes of the higher prices that are preventing too many Americans from realizing the dream of homeownership. As much as 25 percent of the cost of building a new single-family home comes from regulations. That figure rises to 40 percent for multifamily construction. As you can imagine, that contributes quite a bit to the price that Americans pay for that home. So this bill cuts unnecessary redtape that is delaying construction and driving up prices. For example, it removes the outdated chassis requirement for manufactured housing, which will not only reduce the cost of manufactured homes but allow for more innovation in manufactured home design. And then there are the costs and delays associated with the environmental review process. This bill enables State, local, and Tribal governments to streamline environmental reviews. It rightsizes the NEPA process and exempts certain rural housing projects from these extensive and often burdensome reviews, and it directs the Department of Housing and Urban Development and the USDA to coordinate joint environmental reviews for housing projects funded by both Agencies. It should go without saying that if it is one project, there should be one review. And because Federal regulations are only one layer of the costs and burdens placed on new home construction, this bill also encourages local governments to reform zoning laws to encourage home construction. Lifting regulatory burdens will do a lot to bring down housing prices and encourage more construction, but it is not the only aspect of encouraging homeownership. The 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act also takes meaningful steps to support financing the purchase of a new home. It lifts regulatory burdens on community banks and credit unions to ensure that these local lending institutions can be focused on people rather than paperwork, and it tailors regulations for smaller and new financial institutions, which will help increase competition that benefits the American people. This bill is the result of years of hard work by many of our colleagues, as well as months of negotiations with our colleagues in the House. They have worked tirelessly to produce a bill that addresses some of the barriers to homeownership in this country. I am grateful for the work of Senators Rounds and Ricketts to support housing in rural areas, for Senators Moreno and Hagerty's contributions to the financial institutions component of this bill, and for Senators Kennedy and Crapo's efforts to support work at the local level to build more housing. Thanks to all of their hard work and that of many others, this bill is almost across the finish line. But no one has been more committed to the success of this legislation than Chairman Tim Scott, and I am especially grateful to Chairman Scott for his leadership in getting this landmark bill on a path to becoming law very soon. The 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act is a significant bill to make life more affordable for hard-working Americans, and it is just the latest item on Republicans' agenda to address the cost of living. Last year, Republicans passed the Working Families Tax Cut, another landmark bill which cut taxes for lower and middle-income Americans. This year, these hard-working people saw larger tax refunds and larger paychecks, and I wouldn't be surprised if many of them put some of that money away to save for their dream of buying a home--a dream that the ROAD to Housing Act will help put within their reach. Plus, the Working Families Tax Cut provisions like immediate, 100 percent expensing for investments are also contributing to addressing housing shortages by making it easier for builders to--well--build. Our legislation gave a boost to affordable housing construction as well. As one realtor in Sioux Falls wrote last year:

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Developers now have stronger incentives--and fewer barriers--to build more affordable units. . . . For Sioux Falls, where we see steady population growth and a strong workforce influx, this is a game-changer.

A recent poll shows that the overwhelming majority of Americans see housing affordability as a major issue, and they want to see Congress address it. The 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act does just that. I am proud that it garners support from a similarly overwhelming majority here in the Senate, and I expect it will in the House as well. I look forward to getting this bill through Congress in short order, sending it to the President's desk, and delivering another major win for the American people. I yield the floor. I suggest the absence of a quorum.

The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore

The clerk will call the roll.

The senior assistant executive clerk proceeded to call the roll.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be rescinded.

The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore

Without objection, it is so ordered. The Democratic leader is recognized.

Mr. President, well, everyone who bought Trump's book "The Art of the Deal" ought to ask him for a refund because what Trump has done in Iran is the "art of the disaster." The United States is worse off because of Trump's incompetence, his ego, his inability to listen to facts. Iran took Trump to the cleaners with this so-called understanding. Iran doesn't have to cut off support for its terrorist proxies. Iran doesn't have to give up ballistic missile production. Iran doesn't have to make any hard commitments on its nuclear program now, and there is no guarantee they make any in 60 days. But Iran does get to rake in billions of dollars in oil sales, hundreds of billions in reconstruction aid, and God knows how much more in potential fees Trump may let it impose on ships in the Strait of Hormuz. Not to mention the benefits Iran will get from the sanction relief that Trump has promised with no idea of what he will get in return. Again, Iran took Trump to the cleaners. In Iran, "the art of the deal" has turned into the "art of disaster." If Trump wants to send hundreds of billions of dollars to Iran, then he will need to do it with Republican votes because I will tell you, Democrats certainly won't be helping Trump send $300 billion to Iran. Are my colleagues on the other side of the aisle prepared to send Iran $300 billion when economic needs are so severe here at home? But that is what Trump wants them to do. Now, back in 2015, Trump said that America's "deal with Iran will go down as one of the most incompetent ever made. The U.S. lost on virtually every point. We just don't win anymore!" Trump is eating these words on a silver platter served up by Iran. Again, in 2015 he said the "deal with Iran will go down as one of the most incompetent ever. The U.S. lost on virtually every point. We just don't win anymore!" He is eating those words now because those apply so aptly to the deal that he just announced, so-called understanding, with Iran. He is eating those words on a silver platter served up by Iran. Even members of the Trump administration seem to be trying to put some distance between themselves and this so-called understanding, telling the public not to read too far into the text and that there are secret deals in the works. Well, I will tell you right now, Trump needs to reveal any secret deals to Congress and the public immediately. He has got to do it right away. If the secret deals are anywhere near as bad as the understanding we have seen, we need to know about them. This war needs to end permanently. Americans need to know how Trump plans to do it. Crucially, Americans are wondering what they got out of this war because Trump's blunder has left our country worse off by every measure. Thirteen Americans have been killed and hundreds more wounded. The Iranian regime is richer and more radical than before Trump's war. Iran has greater control over the Strait of Hormuz than before the war began. Gas prices are still much higher than before the war, with families having paid hundreds of dollars extra to fill up their tanks these past few months. The cost of everything from groceries to basic household necessities are higher than before the war as well. Trump's so-called understanding is the culmination and representation of his ruinous strategy in Iran since day one and his inability to govern in general. In Iran and in so much else he does, Trump leads by whim, by ego, by greed. His strategy doesn't work in the time of peace, and it certainly doesn't work in the time of war. He is about the most incompetent President we have ever seen. In Iran, as in everything, the American people pay the price for Trump's incompetence. So as I have been saying for months, it is long past time that Trump end this war, which never should have started in the first place. Mr. President, on FISA, Trump has made it clear beyond a shadow of a doubt that he doesn't care about our national security and cares even less about reauthorizing FISA. Trump has embarrassed Republicans, pulled the rug out from under them, and blown up the FISA negotiations at every step. Trump has lobbed a grenade into Jay Clayton's nomination. Insisted on making his personal fixer, his own attack dog, Bill Pulte, the Acting DNI. And he is demanding to tie FISA to the extreme SAVE Act to attack Americans' voting rights. Trump is so hell-bent on taking away Americans' voting rights that he is willing to put them in danger to do it. Trump would rather have our intelligence community go after his political opponents than protect the American people. Can Trump get any more reckless? Make no mistake, Donald Trump is holding America's national security hostage for his own political gain. Republicans can point fingers at Democrats all they want, but Trump has himself owned up to blocking FISA. Here is what he said, this is Donald Trump:

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I will not approve FISA . . . We are canceling the Senate hearing . . . [B]ill Pulte will remain as the Acting Director of National Intelligence.

Trump will own any and all consequences that come from his undermining America's intelligence community and our national security. Mr. President, finally on housing, Donald Trump may show Americans how government should not function, but our bipartisan housing bill shows Americans how we should govern. The housing shortage in the United States is nothing less than an existential threat to the American dream. The fact that Democrats and Republicans were able to come together on the ROAD to Housing at a time of such division shows just how dire America's housing crisis is today. Americans feel financially stuck as renting and buying a home keeps getting more and more expensive and more and more out of reach. One of the most effective ways to meaningfully lower housing costs for Americans is to build more, build faster, and build everywhere. The ROAD to Housing is a crucial first step toward ending the affordability crisis and ensuring Americans don't have to break the bank to keep a roof over their head. The legislation starts to tackle the zoning and permitting bottlenecks that have slowed construction from one end of this country to the other. The bill supports new manufactured and modular housing that makes building cheaper, faster, and easier. It also advances the effort to convert blighted buildings into new housing. Crucially, ROAD to Housing makes sure institutional investors don't squeeze American families out of buying a home. Now, let's make no mistake about it--ROAD to Housing isn't the end of the road; it is just the start. Congratulations to Senator Warren for her leadership on this bill and to all my colleagues, both Democrat and Republican, who supported it. I am pleased we have seized this opportunity to come up with a reasonable, bipartisan solution to help the American people--opportunities that have become few and far between thanks to the chaos coming out of the White House. This is how Americans want Congress to govern. I yield the floor.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The majority whip.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent to waive the mandatory quorum call with respect to the cloture motion with respect to the House message to accompany H.R. 6644.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Mr. President, I come to the floor today to say that Republicans believe Americans who work hard and who play by the rules deserve to have a good life. Republicans passed the Working Families Tax Cut law to promote the American dream. Americans deserve to keep more of what they earn. The Working Families Tax Cut law put more money into their pockets. It means financial relief not just tomorrow but today. Over 60 million Americans benefited from at least 1 of the Republicans' new tax cuts. Tax refunds were supersized this year. The Department of Treasury has confirmed that 97 percent of Americans received a tax cut this year. They went on to point out that the people who benefited the most were Americans earning less than $200,000 a year. Republicans cut taxes for working families all across America. Families can use the money however they want. They can use it to pay down debt, to cover everyday expenses, or to save for the future. Every single Democrat in this Chamber--every single one of them--voted against the Working Families Tax Cut law. Democrats instead voted to raise taxes by $4 trillion. Had Democrats gotten their way, everything would cost much more. Democrats talk about affordability; Republicans delivered. We delivered more money into the pockets, the purses, and the paychecks of the American people. For most Americans, this money is for their families, not for the government. At the State of the Union, Americans heard the story of a mother who homeschools two children during the day, and in the evening, she goes out and waits tables. Her husband operates heavy machinery, and he works a lot of overtime. The Working Families Tax Cut law was written for families like theirs. The family is going to take home an extra $5,000 this year. Why? Well, no tax on tips, no tax on overtime, and the expanded child tax credit--all three of those advantages passed in the Working Families Tax Cut law. The Working Families Tax Cut law helps families today, and it builds more opportunities for families tomorrow. And this is only the beginning. This week, the Senate is going to move to address the cost of housing. Buying a home in America costs too much. Building a home in America takes too long. Everyone from President of the United States to the mayor of New York City agrees housing is too expensive. Americans who want to buy a home worry they won't ever be able to afford a home. That must change. Today, the median age of first-time home buyers is 38 years old. Young Americans should not have to wait nearly four decades to buy their first home. A headline from USA TODAY illustrates the problem. It says: "Why is housing so expensive? There simply aren't enough homes." Supply and demand. Well, then, what is the reason there aren't enough homes? The reason is burdensome government regulations. Regulations account for a quarter of the cost of a new home. This is the cost of applying for zoning permits from the local government, the county government, and even the State government. It causes delays and money expense. There is the cost of studies on environmental impact and on the impact on traffic. There is the cost of energy efficiency mandates for home appliances. Then there is the cost of Federal workplace regulations. Of course, there is the cost of delay created by all of these problems, all of these regulations, many of which are duplicative. By some estimates, regulators add an extra $130,000 to the cost of a home. Fortunately, we have on the floor this week a solution to unlock the American dream. It is called the ROAD to Housing Act. Senator Tim Scott of South Carolina has led the effort. This bipartisan bill includes dozens of Member-driven policies. It is going to increase the supply of housing, it will lower the cost of housing, and it will expand the ability of families to own a home. It does all of this the right way without imposing one-size-fits-all Washington mandates. The American dream should not be regulated out of reach; it should be within reach for every American willing to work for it. And the Senate is ready to get the ROAD to Housing Act signed into law. I yield the floor.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The Senator from Minnesota.

Tina Smith (D-MN)

Mr. President, I ask for consent for 10 minutes prior to the scheduled vote.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Tina Smith (D-MN)

Mr. President, I rise today as the Senate takes the next important step toward passage of the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act. This legislation is probably the most important bill Congress has passed in decades to lower housing costs and boost the construction of homes for Americans. We all know that without a safe, comfortable, affordable place to live, nothing in your life works--not your job, not your family, not your education, not your health. Our homes are a source of stability and comfort and dignity, and they give us the freedom and the opportunity to build the lives we want to live. Today in America, people are trying to figure out how to afford their lives and how to hold it together as prices skyrocket and paychecks aren't keeping up. Millions of people in big cities and small towns and rural communities that we all represent stretch to pay their mortgage or make their rent payment. And the American dream of owning your own home? It feels like a pipe dream to working families. I hear from young Minnesotans who tell me they can't even imagine a future where they own their own home. So why is this happening? There are simply more people who need a place to live than there are houses that people can afford to rent or buy. And affordable places to live for people working in low-wage jobs, for veterans, or for folks living on a fixed income? We don't have nearly enough places for these people to live. The result is that the cost of housing is soaring higher and higher. Over 22 million people in this country are paying more than 30 percent of their income on rent, which means that they don't have enough money for the other necessities in their lives. Over 12 million people pay more than half of their income on rent. In Minnesota alone, there is a shortage of 100,000 affordable homes. Home ownership, as we have heard today, is increasingly out of reach. Mortgage payments are roughly 40 percent higher than they were in 1990, and that is even after adjusting for inflation. And in the past few years, the median home price has reached $400,000. So all of this is why the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act will make such a difference. This bill will boost housing supply by cutting redtape and empowering local governments to make it easier and less expensive to build good places for people to live. It creates incentives for cities and towns to build more housing. It removes regulatory barriers to help streamline environmental review and to speed up construction and make it less expensive. It strengthens existing programs that help local communities address their housing and infrastructure needs--especially when it comes to natural disasters. This bill also takes several important steps to promote high-quality modular and manufactured housing, including doing away with outdated chassis requirements for manufactured homes that add thousands of dollars in costs but no value. And thanks to the important work of Senator Cortez Masto, this bill will also help preserve and upgrade manufactured home communities. Very importantly, this bill cracks down on large institutional investors who swoop in, make all-cash offers on homes, and then buy up single-family homes as investments and rent them back to people for a profit. Out-of-State landlords have gobbled up homes, leaving properties in disrepair, tenants in the lurch, and jacking up the rent. For the first time, in this bill, we are banning big private investors from buying up the American dream of home ownership, because homes should be for people, not corporations. But I want to focus for a minute on reforms in this bill to the Rural Housing Service to preserve over 400,000 very affordable homes in rural communities. This has been a project I have been working on for quite a few years, and I am so excited that it is included in this big bill. You know, I began working on this issue when I first came to the Senate over 8 years ago, and people in Minnesota were telling me that they couldn't find an affordable place to live. Businesses were telling me that housing shortages were making it impossible for them to recruit talent to their communities. Mayors told me that the housing shortage was hurting the vitality of their communities. Homebuilders were telling me it was too complex and expensive to build new homes. In 2018, Senator Shaheen and I went to work, and we figured out how the USDA could do a better job of preserving affordable rural housing. Then, starting in 2022, when I became chair of the Housing Subcommittee, Senator Mike Rounds and I started to hold hearings that dug into the challenges that faced the Rural Housing Service at the USDA. The Rural Housing Service--a lot of people probably haven't heard of it, but it has played a vital role across the country for decades in helping to finance very affordable places for people to live in rural communities. We are talking about elders living on a fixed income who want to stay in the places where they raised their families. We are talking about people living with disabilities and working families, folks working in low-wage jobs that can't afford a place to live. Many of these properties built through the Rural Housing Service were built in the 1960s with the help of Federal mortgages to finance them, and often, they are literally the only affordable place to call home in many rural communities. Today, all these years later, many of these homes are in disrepair, and the Rural Housing Service is in desperate need of reform and modernization. So Senator Mike Rounds and I got to work. Our bill, the Rural Housing Service Reform Act, makes simple, commonsense improvements. We cut redtape to make it easier for nonprofits to assume the mortgages of these properties when the private sector can't manage them anymore and then go ahead and fix them up and preserve them for low-income renters for years to come. It simplifies the foreclosure process to save the government money and protect tenants so that properties can be transferred to new owners. It gives the Rural Housing Service more capacity to work with local banks on financing and helps them to modernize their computer systems. Here is what all this work can look like. Last August, I visited the Maplewood Apartments in Saint Peter, MN, which is a small and wonderful community in southern Minnesota. Maplewood needed a lot of TLC to be a decent place for people to live, and so local nonprofits and public partners joined together to fix it up. I had a chance to see what this place meant for its residents and one resident in particular, Lisa Gallegos, who welcomed me to her new home in Maplewood. Lisa told me about how in her apartment she finally had the space to be able to focus on her life instead of worrying each month about how she would make rent. I have visited so many of these properties and heard from so many of these residents about how important this is. So this bill, our Rural Housing Service Reform Act, which will be included in the larger ROAD to Housing Act, will recreate the success in Saint Peter across the country, and 400,000 apartments and homes in rural communities will remain available, high quality, and affordable. I especially want to thank Mike Rounds, my colleague from South Dakota, for being such an excellent partner and friend in this work. I want to thank Senator Shaheen for her work on preserving rural housing. I also want to thank the many advocates who helped us put this bill together. This has been a yearslong labor of love, and with the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act, we are going to get it done. The 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act will do a lot of good. Of course, there is always more work to do. There will be more work to make it possible so that, every day, every American will have a home that they can afford, but this bill is an incredible step forward. I want to again thank Senator Scott and Senator Warren and their staffs for their creativity and diligence and optimism to put this bill together at a time when Congress needs more bipartisan work. I also appreciate Representatives Waters and Hill for their partnerships with the Senate to get this bill done. Passing the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act will improve people's lives and help them afford a decent place to live, and that is well worth our effort. I yield the floor.

The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore

Pursuant to rule XXII, the Chair lays before the Senate the pending cloture motion, which the clerk will state.

The bill clerk read as follows:

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We, the undersigned Senators, in accordance with the provisions of rule XXII of the Standing Rules of the Senate, do hereby move to bring to a close debate on the motion to concur in the House amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R. 6644, a bill to increase the supply of housing in America, and for other purposes, with amendment No. 5823. John Thune, Tim Scott of South Carolina, Katie Boyd Britt, Pete Ricketts, John Barrasso, Bernie Moreno, Tim Sheehy, Mike Crapo, Joni Ernst, John Cornyn, Cindy Hyde-Smith, Jon Husted, Mike Rounds, John Boozman, Jim Banks, John R. Curtis, Lindsey Graham.

The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore

Under the previous order, the mandatory quorum call under rule XXII has been waived. The question is, Is it the sense of the Senate that debate on the motion to concur in the House amendment to the Senate amendment to H.R. 6644, a bill to increase the supply of housing in America, and for other purposes, with amendment No. 5823, offered by the Senator from South Dakota, Mr. Thune, shall be brought to a close? The yeas and nays are mandatory under the rule.

The clerk will call the roll. The bill clerk called the roll.

The following Senators are necessarily absent: the Senator from North Dakota (Mr. Hoeven) and the Senator from Kentucky (Mr. McConnell). Further, if present and voting: the Senator from North Dakota (Mr. Hoeven) would have voted "yea."

I announce that the Senator from Maryland (Ms. Alsobrooks), the Senator from Colorado (Mr. Bennet), the Senator from Delaware (Ms. Blunt Rochester), the Senator from Illinois (Ms. Duckworth), the Senator from Illinois (Mr. Durbin), and the Senator from Arizona (Mr. Kelly) are necessarily absent. The yeas and nays resulted--yeas 84, nays 8, as follows:

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Baldwin Banks Barrasso Blackburn Blumenthal Booker Boozman Britt Budd Cantwell Capito Cassidy Collins Coons Cornyn Cortez Masto Cotton Cramer Crapo Curtis Daines Ernst Fetterman Fischer Gallego Gillibrand Graham Grassley Hagerty Hassan Hawley Heinrich Hickenlooper Hirono Husted Hyde-Smith Justice Kaine Kennedy Kim King Klobuchar Lankford Lujan Lummis Markey Marshall McCormick Merkley Moody Moran Moreno Murkowski Murphy Murray Ossoff Padilla Peters Reed Ricketts Risch Rosen Rounds Sanders Schatz Schiff Schmitt Schumer Scott (SC) Shaheen Sheehy Slotkin Smith Sullivan Thune Tillis Van Hollen Warner Warnock Warren Welch Whitehouse Wicker Wyden Armstrong Cruz Johnson Lee Paul Scott (FL) Tuberville Young Alsobrooks Bennet Blunt Rochester Duckworth Durbin Hoeven Kelly McConnell The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. On this vote, the yeas are 84, the nays are 8. Three-fifths of the Senators duly chosen and sworn having voted in the affirmative, cloture on the motion to concur in the House amendment to the Senate amendment with an amendment numbered 5823 is agreed to. The motion was agreed to. The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tempore. The Senator from Missouri.

Declaration of Independence Reaffirmation Act of 2026

Pages S2917–S2920 · Official text

Mr. President, on July 4, 1776, 56 men crossed a line from which there was no return. These men knew the King they defied. They knew the empire would come for them. They knew the prisons that could hold them and the gallows that could take them. They had wives, children, homes, names, property, and honor. They signed anyway. They made a bold declaration to the world that had never been made before. It was, in fact, revolutionary. Our rights come from God. Government rests on consent. Citizens are not subjects. America is a nation. Those truths made America possible, and every generation that inherits America must decide whether or not those truths still command it. That is why I rise today in support of repassing the Declaration of Independence. The declaration is America's birth certificate. It is the first great act of an American union. It is the character of a free people. It is the public oath by which 13 Colonies became one American nation. It presupposes America is one people, and that matters because a people is more than a population. A people has memory. A people has duties. A people receives an inheritance and decides whether to defend it. The declaration is the public oath of a people who knew it had received an inheritance and would have to defend it. It is an oath of liberty under God. It is an oath of self-government under law. It is an oath of one people bound across generations, accountable to the Creator, responsible for the Republic, and charged to carry freedom forward. That oath still binds us. That errand has not expired. America's deepest crisis is a loss of memory. We do not lack experts; we lack fathers. We do not lack managers; we lack patriots. We do not need more people trained to administer decline. We need citizens formed to love and defend the good. The Constitution can divide power. It cannot supply virtue. That is why the declaration still matters. It tells every King, every court, every Agency, every President, every Congress, and every officeholder the same exact thing: Your power is borrowed. Your authority is limited. Your office exists to serve a people whose rights you did not create and cannot erase. A Congress that forgets the declaration forgets why Congress has power at all. The truths of the declaration entered history through flesh-and-blood men--men with names, men with families, men with property, reputations, and everything to lose. Adams saw the break before others would name it. Jefferson gave cause its words. Franklin faced danger with wisdom and wit. Hancock signed with a boldness that made caution look small. They were men in danger. They acted when delay would have been easy. They acted when fear could have been dressed up as prudence. They acted because the hour had arrived. Heroes see that line. Then they cross it. The first American heroes chose sacred honor over safe submission. They acted when the safe men counseled waiting. Heroes do not wait for permission from the powerful. Heroes do not ask whether courage is fashionable. Heroes do not poll cowardice before obeying duty. Liberty was won by men who risked everything. America was born from courage, conviction, duty, and faith in almighty God. The oldest lie in politics says that the many exist for the few. The declaration broke that lie. Once they signed, the words had to travel. A declaration made in the name of people had to reach the people. Then the declaration moved. Copies went out on a rider. They entered churches, courthouses, taverns, army camps, town squares, and homes. The declaration belonged to the people before it belonged to the archives. Americans had to hear they were free. They had to hear what freedom would require. One of those copies reached George Washington in New York, where he was preparing to face the empire the signers had defied. He had it read aloud to the army. His men already knew what they were fighting for. They had left their farms, their shops, their families, and their homes because they knew liberty was worth the cost. But now Congress has spoken for the country. Now their cause had been declared before the world. The British were coming. The army was raw, exposed, and outmatched. So Washington put the words before his men. He let them hear from the voice of their own Congress that they were no longer fighting for grievances; they were fighting for a nation of their own. At Valley Forge, men endured because liberty demanded endurance. They endured because their children deserved more than submission. They endured because they knew a free people could survive if courage did not fail. Patrick Henry said it best when he gave his countrymen the choice every free people eventually faces:

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[G]ive me liberty, or give me death!

The same fire moved beyond the army. It entered the life of the people. It traveled wherever Americans carried the sense and cause of liberty. It moved from hand to hand, from town to town, from father to son, from battlefield to courthouse, from pulpit to schoolhouse. Then it moved west. As the American people moved west, the Declaration moved with them. It moved into river towns, frontier trails, farms, churches, courthouses, and homes. I come from the great State of Missouri. In Missouri, we know the Declaration did not stay on the Atlantic coast. It moved through St. Louis and Jefferson City. It moved with Lewis and Clark. It moved with Daniel Boone and the frontier families who cut homes out of the wilderness. It moved with farmers and soldiers and preachers, rivermen, mothers, fathers, shopkeepers, builders, and pioneers. It inspired the naming of Missouri towns like Liberty, Independence, and Defiance. Missouri is what the Declaration looks like when it walks west and builds a country. America was made by people like that, a nation that builds, a nation that discovers, a nation that dares, a nation that refuses to live on its knees. Our ancestors did not fight, bleed, freeze, build, plant, sail, preach, settle, invent, and die so their descendants could be taught to apologize for existing. That inheritance now rests in our hands, and too many powerful voices in this country teach the next generation to receive it with suspicion instead of gratitude. We are done being ashamed of America. We love our country. We honor the men that built it. We give thanks for the inheritance they placed in our hands, and we intend to keep it. America 250 is a time to remember that inheritance and renew national pride. We can see the damage in the numbers. A generation ago, American pride was nearly universal. After 9/11, more than 90 percent of Americans said they were proud to be an American. Today, Gallup puts that number at 58 percent. PRRI puts it at 51 percent. On the left, the collapse is even sharper. Gallup found that only 36 percent of Democrats are extremely or very proud to be an American. I take no pleasure in saying that. PRRI puts Democrat pride at 31 percent. Only 28 percent of Democrats say they are proud of America's 250-year history. Only 11 percent say America is the greatest country in the world. Only 27 percent plan to display the American flag this Fourth of July. That is a national forgetting made visible. Elite culture gives that damage a vocabulary. A recent essay in the New Yorker Magazine set out to answer the question: Is national pride worth trying to salvage? It asks: Is patriotism problematic? The most revealing line in that essay is its claim that patriotic education means learning to forget. No serious country--no serious country--can survive that kind of contempt for gratitude. America does not need historical amnesia; America needs honest memory, memory of sin and sacrifice, failure in correction, courage in renewal, fathers and sons, graves and glory, memories strong enough to produce citizens. That phrase reveals the deeper fight. A fight over patriotism is a fight over memory. Memory matters. A people that forget its heroes will soon be ruled by men who despise them. A nation that sneers at its fathers will leave its children orphans. A republic that mocks sacrifice will produce citizens unworthy of freedom. The dead, the living, and the unborn are joined in one chain of obligation; we receive before we create, we owe before we choose, we hand down what we did not make. That is why citizenship is not just paperwork. That is why borders matter. That is why children matter. That is why memory matters. That is why the Declaration matters. Memory carries authority with it. A people that remembers its inheritance also remembers its right to govern. The Declaration says the people are sovereign; no king, no queen, the people. The modern regime says the people are a problem to be managed. That is the fight. A great nation needs men who can say what is true. The old founding is enough. The question is whether we are enough for it. Calvin Coolidge gave that truth its anniversary form 100 years ago. He said:

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If all men are created equal, that is final. If they are all endowed with inalienable rights, that is final. If governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed, that is final.

And that is final. No real progress moves beyond those truths. Every movement away from them leads us backwards. Coolidge said that in America's 150th. We stand at the threshold of her 250th. America 250 cannot become a fireworks show arranged by people embarrassed by their country. A nation cannot celebrate its birthday while forgetting why it was born in the first place. America 250 should tell the country one thing: The founding was good, the Declaration is true, and the American people still have the right to govern themselves. The American people are real. The American flag is not a symbol of shame. The American Nation is not an administrative unit. Our Republic is the greatest inheritance ever placed in the hands of a free people. We should act like it. We should speak like it. We should teach like it. We should govern like it. That is why Congress should act. That is why the Declaration should be spoken again from the center of American government. America is the country of Washington's army and Jefferson's pen, of Adams' fire and Franklin's wit, of Hancock's signature and Henry's thunder, of Lexington and Concord, of the Delaware crossing, of Valley Forge, of river towns and frontier trails, of farms and factories, of steeples and courthouses, of soldiers and sheriffs, of mothers and fathers, of sons and daughters who deserve a country of their own. America lives because real people--real people--carried a real inheritance across real farms, frontiers, battlefields, churches, courthouses, and graves. This is America: a nation, a people, a place, a bold declaration, a grand experiment, an inheritance, a duty, a country with a soul. That country is now in our hands. We were asked to prove that the blood, labor, prayer, sacrifice, and courage of those who came before us were not wasted on a generation too timid to say what is true. Let Congress repass the Declaration of Independence. Let the American people hear it again. Let the children of this Republic learn that they are heirs to heroes. Let the enemies of this Republic learn that Americans still know who they are, and let this generation take its place in the long line of patriots who understood that freedom is inherited only when it is fought for. Mr. President, not withstanding rule XXII, I ask unanimous consent that the Senate proceed to the immediate consideration of S. 4828, which is at the desk.

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Hagerty)

The clerk will report the bill by title.

The senior assistant legislative clerk read as follows:

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A bill (S. 4828) to reaffirm the Declaration of Independence as an Organic Law of the United States.

There being no objection, the Senate proceeded to consider the bill.

I ask unanimous consent that the bill be considered read a third time and passed, and that the motion to reconsider be considered made and laid upon the table.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered. The bill (S. 4828) was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, was read the third time, and passed as follows:

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Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the "Declaration of Independence Reaffirmation Act of 2026". SEC. 2. FINDINGS. Congress finds the following: (1) On July 4, 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. (2) The Declaration of Independence announced that the United States of America were free and independent States. (3) The Declaration of Independence declares that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, and that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. (4) The Declaration of Independence is recognized among the Organic Laws of the United States. (5) The Northwest Ordinance was adopted by the Congress of the Confederation in 1787, and was thereafter reenacted by the First Congress in 1789, so that it could continue to have full effect under the Constitution of the United States. (6) Congress has authority to recognize, reaffirm, and carry forward the foundational laws and principles of the American political order. (7) The 250th anniversary of American independence calls upon Congress to reaffirm the Declaration of Independence as the charter of American sovereignty, natural rights, equal citizenship, and government by consent. (8) The Constitution of the United States gives lawful form and enduring structure to the principles of republican self-government announced in the Declaration of Independence. (9) The Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States together establish a political order in which the people are sovereign and public officers are their servants. (10) The Declaration of Independence presupposes that Americans are "one people" with the right to govern themselves as a distinct political community, to preserve their national independence, and to secure the rights and liberties of their own citizens. SEC. 3. REAFFIRMATION OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. Congress reaffirms and re-adopts the Declaration of Independence as an Organic Law of the United States and as the enduring charter of American independence, national sovereignty, natural rights, equal citizenship, and government by consent. SEC. 4. TEXT OF THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. In commemoration of the 250th anniversary of American independence, Congress sets forth the text of the Declaration of Independence as follows: "The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America, "When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed, by their Creator, with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness.--That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed,--That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles, and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accordingly, all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves, by abolishing the forms to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security.--Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct object, the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. "He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. "He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. "He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the Right of Representation in the Legislature; a right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only. "He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. "He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. "He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. "He has endeavoured to prevent the population of these States; for that purpose, obstructing the Laws for Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. "He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. "He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. "He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance. "He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies, without the Consent of our legislatures. "He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil Power. "He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution and unacknowledged by our Laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Legislation: "For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: "For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: "For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world: "For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent: "For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury: "For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offences: "For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbouring Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies: "For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments: "For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. "He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. "He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. "He is, at this time, transporting large Armies of foreign Mercenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny, already begun, with circumstances of Cruelty and Perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. "He has constrained our fellow Citizens, taken Captive on the high Seas, to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. "He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavoured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. "In every stage of these Oppressions, We have Petitioned for Redress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. "Nor have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them, from time to time, of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settlement here. We have appealed to their native Justice and Magnanimity, and We have conjured them, by the ties of our common kindred, to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as We hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. "We, therefore, the Representatives of the united States of America, in General Congress assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name and by the Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown; and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that, as Free and Independent States, they have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. "And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of divine Providence, We mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred Honor.".

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The Senator from Missouri.

EXECUTIVE CALENDAR (Executive Session)

Page S2920 · Official text

Mr. President, I ask that the Senate proceed to executive session and the Chair execute the order with respect to the Holding nomination at 1:45 p.m. today.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The question is on agreeing to the motion.

The motion was agreed to.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Under the previous order, the Senate will proceed to executive session and resume consideration of the following nomination, which the clerk will report.

The senior assistant legislative clerk read the nomination of George Holding, of North Carolina, to be United States Director of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The Senator from Oklahoma.

Father's Day (Executive Session)

Pages S2920–S2921 · Official text

James Lankford (R-OK)

Mr. President, I have come to this floor many times to be able to talk about a lot of serious policy issues, to be able to walk through all different kinds of tax policy, energy policy, immigration policy. We have worked through a lot of different issues on this floor, and I have had the opportunity to be able to speak on a lot of issues. I don't often take time just to be able to pause and talk about a cultural issue. I want to do that today. This weekend, the Nation will pause and celebrate Father's Day. Now, this will be the 116th year of celebrating Father's Day in America; the 54th year since it was officially recognized as an official Federal holiday. It is kind of a big deal. Every human being on Earth has a mom and a dad. You may or may not know them, but it does take two to tango, they say, and every single person does have a mom and a dad. There are a lot of dads that are separated, and there is a lot of disjointedness. What we are watching in culture is culture pushing back on men, to challenge men to be better dads. I applaud a good thing that is happening in culture with that. We are literally seeing the statistics on this. The numbers on it bear out. Literally in this generation of dads right now, they are three times more likely to spend more time with their kids than the dads during the 1960s. It is an interesting shift that is happening. We have fewer dads out there, but the dads that are there in America are looking at their kids and saying: I want to spend more time with them. Good. We need more engaged dads. Quite frankly, being a dad is a courageous job and a challenging job but exceptionally important. And it is not just being a breadwinner, it is not just being a disciplinarian, it is just being there for their child. I first want to say happy Father's Day to my own dad, but I also want to be able to challenge all dads that are out there to turn to your kids and to rededicate again, not just this weekend, but to rededicate again to actually spending more time with your kids because healthy families are the most basic building block of culture. I have said it to people over and over again: Healthy families make healthy communities, make a healthy nation. And when I hear people complain about the status of where we are as a nation, I have to tell you, the first place that I look are dads and to say how are dads doing because dads will define a tremendous amount of the strength of our Nation and the strength of our culture. If dads back away from their families, families get weaker, communities get weaker, the Nation gets weaker. If dads are engaged with their kids and with their families, the Nation gets stronger, communities get stronger. Now, it is not just me speaking on this; I mean, you can go to any statistic that you want to be able to go to. The research out there for youth and adult offenders, between--depending on a State and a place--between 70 percent and 85 percent of incarcerated individuals do not have a dad in their life. They came from fatherless homes. Around 85 percent of the abortions that happen in our country, year to year, happen with a single mom when no dad is around and no man is around--85 percent. That is a woman who is making an incredibly difficult decision to take the life of the child, often because she is afraid she will not have the resources or the support to be able to support this child, and so she makes this decision to take the life of a child instead. I have a friend of mine that often says behind every abortion is an irresponsible man. Dads, dads are important. Now, it is not something we can legislate, though I would tell you there are initiatives that are out there. Right now there is fatherhood.gov if people want to go to that site that encourages ideas for dads. It is not just up for Father's Day, it is up all the time. And people can go to fatherhood.org. Right now, the Ad Council is running an ad campaign across the entire country that just is called "Be a Good Dad Today." That is cultural encouragement on these things. But there are also things that we are working on as well: marriage penalty, for instance, in our tax law. If there are areas of our tax law that actually give you greater benefit not being married than married, those things need to be fixed. And there are several of those. The Brookings Institute for years has asked the most basic question: How does someone rise out of poverty? If someone is born in poverty, how do they rise out of poverty? For years, they have done this study, and the same three things rise up over and over again every time they do this study: if you graduate high school, if you have a job of any type, and if you wait until after marriage to have children. If those three things are true, 97 percent chance you rise out of poverty. That is someone making good decisions, and it allows the next generation to also be successful as well. That is just good tax policy to be able to incentivize ways that we can keep families together and to encourage families in that way. The Trump administration has also made some changes to be able to encourage more dads to make alimony payments; if there is a divorce that happens and a child is there, for the dad to make sure he is providing alimony. It is incredibly important to that woman, that mom, that is raising those kids to still have the financial support and for that dad to still show his financial support, I hope, as well as his love and encouragement to those kids. The Trump administration is now saying if a dad is not paying child support, they can't get a passport, and if a dad is not paying child support, they can have their tax refund, if they are getting that, withheld. Good for them to be able to encourage that man to be able to be responsible as well. But, ultimately, you can't legislate being a good dad. That is a decision that a man makes. Now, I would tell you, I have talked to men, and they have said: Hey, I didn't have a man in my life and so it is tough to be able to learn how to do that. I have talked to plenty of folks in churches and in communities and friends and neighbors that are just encouraging other dads to be able to be a better dad. It is a good gift to the next generation to be able to do that. I will tell you this, pure and simple: Every child needs a mom. Every child needs a dad. There is no substitute. Many people in this body know I am a former youth pastor, and I would have parents that came up to me all the time and say: You are such an influence on my child for teaching and role modeling. And I would say that is very kind, but there is no influence that is a bigger influence on a child than their mom and dad. The path of their life will be set by their mom or dad. So dads should not think it is somebody else's responsibility; it is theirs. If the next generation is going to be patriotic, if the next generation is going to love God, if the next generation is going to make good decisions, if the next generation is going to have a hard work ethic, if the next generation is going to learn to be kind, if the next generation is going to stand up for what is right, it is going to be because a dad invested that into that child's life. So if you want to see the Nation stronger, dads engage. That is what is going to make the Nation stronger. Every child needs a guide, a role model. They need to see the courage and kindness and strength of a dad. They need more than just dad jokes. They need a dad present. That is what makes the biggest difference. Could I just say from my own context, the Scripture is full of conversations challenging dads to love their children, and, quite frankly, children to honor their parents. Let me just give you a couple of them. In Malachi 4:6. It says: The role of the Prophet Elijah was to turn the heart of the fathers back to their children and the hearts of the children to their fathers lest there be a curse on the land. What a clear statement: to turn the hearts of the fathers back to their children and the children to their father; if not, there is a curse on the land. And how about this one? Just a simple challenge from Paul, who, interestingly enough, was not a dad but was somebody that understood the importance there. Paul in Ephesians 6:4. It says: Fathers don't exasperate your children. Don't just push them, push them, push them. But instead he said: Bring them up in the training and the admonition of the Lord. It is a very clear statement to dads to say don't just yell at your kids; train them on how to be able to love God and love people, train them up in the right way because if you want a church and community and a family to be better, dads need to be engaged with their kids. So happy Father's Day to my dad, happy Father's Day to all the dads that are out there. And if I can make just the most simple cultural challenge, if we really want a stronger nation, there is no vote that we will take in this body today that will make the Nation stronger than just dads loving their kids and spending time with them and helping them know how to be able to walk with God and live a patriotic life and serve their family and community. There is no vote we will take that will help our Nation more than that. I yield the floor.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The Senator from Indiana.

Insider Trading (Executive Session)

Pages S2921–S2922 · Official text

Todd Young (R-IN)

Mr. President, Americans don't appear to agree on very much these days, but there is at least one thing on which the American people can agree; it is this thing that brings the American people together. Our citizens, no matter their politics, don't trust their leaders. The list of institutions that Americans have lost faith in is long. We know this. We also know that Congress is at the bottom. In fact, over 80 percent of Americans disapprove of the job we are doing in this building. The legislative branch is the foundation of representative government. It is urgent, it is essential that we earn the trust of the American people back. You see, we are charged with putting the interests of our constituents over our own interests. We are their voice. And yet many of the people we represent believe we are failing to honor that basic commitment. It is no wonder many are losing faith, losing trust. We are their voice. A faith in government has eroded over decades. There are many causes. A lot of fingers can be pointed. There is plenty of blame to go around. And we know that the task of restoring trust is going to be a long-term project. But I am here today to argue that there is an immediate step that we need to take to restore a measure of trust in this institution, and it is imminently achievable. We can prevent its Members from using their positions of public trust to enrich themselves, to enrich their families, by banning stock trading among Members of Congress. You see, as lawmakers, we write and pass bills that significantly impact the market. We do it on a daily basis. We sit on committees of jurisdiction that oversee entire sectors of America's economy. We have access to briefings and updates on a regular basis that provide nonpublic market information. There is little to prohibit Members of Congress from using such privileged information to guide their personal selection of stocks. In fact, in the last two decades, Members have made trades conspicuously timed around market-moving events, events shaped by information they had access to or legislation that they helped advance. Of course, this creates a direct conflict of interest between public duty and personal financial interest. And it is also a troubling double standard. Most people say isn't insider trading a Federal crime for all Americans? And it is, but when it comes to Members of Congress trading on information gained through public service, enforcement is quite rare and very difficult to police. So it is no wonder many Americans are convinced that the market is rigged for a privileged set of citizens who can manipulate it for their gain. Now, to be fair, in 2012, Congress made some headway in addressing this unfairness. They passed the STOCK Act. This law, get this, mandates that lawmakers report stock trades over $1,000 within 30 days of the transaction. But the enforcement mechanism and initial fine of a mere $200 is virtually toothless. So, the underlying problem remains, and it should not. Today, roughly 200 Members of Congress own shares in publicly traded companies. Many of them, most of them, are good people. They are ethical people. They came here for all the right reasons, and many have not lost their way. And among those 200 Members, many sit on committees that craft policy for and conduct oversight on the very industries in which they invest. In an era of deep partisanship, most Americans--no matter their political beliefs, their party, their underlying ideology, the geography in which they live, their gender, their age--they see this as a problem. How much of a problem? Well, according to a survey conducted by the University of Maryland's School of Public Policy, 86 percent of our population supports a prohibition on congressional stock trading. There aren't many issues like this. In a divided America, this could unify America. Our Congress could be unified by exercising the will of the American people and banning Members of Congress from trading stocks. What do Republicans say? Mr. President, 87 percent of Republicans think this is a problem, think we should ban Members of Congress from trading stocks. You go across the country, almost 9 out of 10 Republicans you talk to will say we should do it. And why have we not? What about Democrats? Mr. President, 87--88 percent, rather, of Democrats, almost 9 out of 10. Independents--81 percent. So, listen, there are two bills that we already have. I don't need to draft a new bill. Let's recognize our colleagues' handiwork and get something important done. Two bills that would accomplish this in the U.S. Senate: The first bill, the Stop Insider Trading Act, would just prevent Members of Congress, their spouses, and their dependent children from trading individual stocks, and it would strengthen disclosure and enforcement requirements. And unlike current law, the bill would impose meaningful financial penalties for violations. Under this bill, lawmakers who fail to comply with the law's mandates would be fined the greater of $2,000--probably still not enough but enough maybe to get it passed through the Senate; we can increase it later--be fined the greater of $2,000 or 10 percent of the investment value, plus the forfeiture of any net gain realized from the sale. The second bill, the Restore Trust in Congress Act, would prohibit Members of Congress from trading individual stock. It would establish guidelines for Members to divest existing holdings within a defined period. It would also empower congressional ethics offices to enforce compliance through meaningful penalties. Now, look, there is no easy or quick way to restore complete trust in Congress, faith in this essential institution of democratic government. But prohibiting Members of Congress from leveraging their positions of public trust for personal enrichment would go a long way. I think most Americans would acknowledge that it would be a meaningful step toward that goal. Passing these bills will ensure stock trading comes to an end in Congress and help restore trust in us, those who serve. I would even call it--as a personal matter, it would be a gesture of self-respect for politicians to embrace this reform. It is what the people we represent want. So I just ask my colleagues: Let us be beyond reproach. Let us avoid all appearances of impropriety. Let us not disappoint the American people again. It is time to ban Members of Congress from trading stock. I yield the floor.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The Senator from Louisiana.

Iran (Executive Session)

Page S2922 · Official text

John Kennedy (R-LA)

Mr. President, last night, I read the memorandum of understanding between the United States and Iran. I read it twice. And for what it is worth, here is my conclusion: I think we ought to give peace a chance. And that is all I am saying today. You are entitled to your opinion, but all I am saying today is I think we ought to give peace a chance. I have--all week long, even before the memorandum came out--I have heard all the speculation about the agreement, the rank speculation. I have listened to people say: Well, I don't like this, and I don't like that; or this is in it and it shouldn't be and this isn't in it and it should be; and if we do this, this is going to happen. And it is all rank speculation. The people offering these points of view, to which they are entitled, they are not clairvoyant. They are not any more clairvoyant than I am. Just like me, they have to wait for the future, like everybody else. Here is what I see in the document. The only certainty, the only practical, real consequence of this document is that for 60 days America has removed its blockade of the Strait of Hormuz. And for 60 days, Iran has removed its blockade of the Strait of Hormuz, which means ships containing oil and natural gas and fertilizer can go back and forth just like they were before the conflict started. The other practical consequence is that Iran will be able to start selling its oil again for 60 days. The other thing that we are certain of is that, as a result of this agreement, the price of oil is going down. And as a result of that, the price of gasoline is going down. And as a result of the Strait of Hormuz being opened, the price of fertilizer, for example, and other commodities that go back and forth through the Strait of Hormuz are coming down, and that is a good thing. And that is all we know. That is all--that is the only practical consequence of this document. Now, in the document, Iran says that it is willing to negotiate for 60 days to get rid of its fissile material that it can use to make a nuclear weapon, including, but not limited to, its centrifuges that it uses to enrich the uranium. And in the document, Iran says: We are willing to renounce our desire to have a nuclear weapon. And in the document, Iran says: For 60 days, we are willing to negotiate some sort of inspection protocol so that the world can go in and make sure that Iran is telling the truth. They have got 60 days to do it--not 160, not a year. They have got 60 days. And President Trump has said if they don't do it, I think his expression was: I'll start dropping bombs on their head again. That is the other thing that we know. Now, this might be a good time to say that--as I have said all week and as I have said in another context before--I trust the Iranian Government like I trust gas station sushi. The Iranian Government--not the Iranian people--the Iranian Government are a bunch of religious nuts. Their religion tells them that if you--if you and I or anybody--don't agree with all the tenets of their religion, that they want to kill you and hurt you the entire time you are dying. As far as I am concerned, if your religion tells you, in order to be devout, you have to kill somebody, you probably ought to get another religion. My experience with the Iranian Government--not the Iranian people--is that they lie like they breathe. They lie like fish swim. They learned to lie before they could--before they learned to talk. But you know what, they have got 60 days to prove otherwise. Sixty days--not 160, not a year. They have got 60 days to prove otherwise. And if they don't prove it, the bombing is going to start again. I heard President Trump say it last night, big as Dallas, right there on television: They got 60 days. And if they don't do it, if they are jacking me around, I am going to start bombing again. The other thing that I am certain of today is that Iran is immeasurably weaker than it was a year ago, than it was before the United States and Israel bombed their nuclear facilities last June, and before the conflict that we have watched transpire over the last couple of months--immeasurably weaker. There are whole swathes of Iran that look like the aftermath of a bar brawl. There are entire regions in Iran that look like something out of "Mad Max" 4. We have bombed the living bejesus out of them. We haven't destroyed all their missiles, but we have destroyed a bunch of them. We have destroyed their weapons production factories. We have destroyed their entire navy. We have destroyed a lot of their drones. We have just given them a curb stomping. Hated to do it, but we did what we have to do. The private sector--Iran has got--I don't know how anybody is eating or living in Iran. They have got 70 percent inflation, huge unemployment. In Iran today--and I regret this, but it had to be done. In Iran today, its public and private sectors are held together with spit and duct tape, and all the President has done is said: OK. For 60 days, I am going to give peace a chance and give you a chance to do what you say you are going to do. It is 60 days. That is it. I hope it works out, but I have my doubts. The President is taking a big risk here, and he has been roundly criticized by my Democratic friends, which I don't really get. You know, since the conflict started, my Democratic colleagues have been offering bill after bill after bill to stop the conflict and to take the authority away from the executive branch and prosecute. I don't know how many bills it has been--a squillion. It has been bill after bill after bill. They haven't passed. But now that the President has done it, the Democrats are unhappy. I was reading the New York Times this morning. I mean, they are just bashing this agreement which they have been asking for. Now, I don't mean any disrespect, but I discount what is in the New York Times because I know the folks running the New York Times, and the folks running the New York Times hate Republicans as much as the Devil loves sin. The New York Times and the people running the New York Times would endorse a dead armadillo over a live Republican if the dead armadillo had a "D" behind its name. That is just the way it is. I get it. They are entitled to their opinion. The New York Times has been called many things--some good, some bad--but they have never been called unbiased. That is just a fact that goes with the turf. Once again, this is America--you are entitled to your opinion. But I wanted to come down this morning to say that I think we ought to give peace a chance. I think we ought to give peace a chance. It is only 60 days, and we are just going to have to trust the President on this one. We will know soon, and I hope it works. I hope our giving peace a chance makes peace possible. My work here is done. I can see myself out. I suggest the absence of a quorum.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The clerk will call the roll.

The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be rescinded.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Modernization, Accountability, and Planning for Broadband Funding Act

Pages S2922–S2924 · Official text

MODERNIZATION, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND PLANNING FOR BROADBAND FUNDING ACT

Mr. President, I rise today to discuss an issue that is near and dear to the State of Nebraska and to rural America, and that is the issue of closing the digital divide for unserved and underserved communities. My husband Bruce and I raised our family on a cattle ranch near Valentine, NE, so I know what it means to live in a community where reliable internet is a luxury--it is not a given--and I know the opportunities rural America is missing as a result, from education and telehealth to entrepreneurship and precision agriculture. Over the past decade, Congress has provided tens of billions of dollars for hundreds of programs administered by more than a dozen Federal Agencies. The centerpiece of that investment was the BEAD Program--a more than $40 billion broadband deployment initiative included in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, and it was enacted into law nearly 5 years ago. As part of that legislation, I worked in a bipartisan fashion with Senator Cortez Masto to create the Broadband Funding Map--an FCC tool that provides a public overview of broadband infrastructure deployment projects that are funded with Federal dollars. But now we must ask, are those dollars making a difference for the families, for the businesses, and for the communities that need them the most? The American people, Federal Agencies, and broadband providers deserve clarity so they can make informed decisions about where additional investment is needed. This will also help avoid duplicative Federal funding. Since then, we have identified a need for fresh oversight of the FCC's management of this tool. That is why Senator Cortez Masto and I introduced the MAP for Broadband Funding Act. At its core, this bill is about accountability. It will strengthen oversight of the Federal Communications Commission and direct it to review how usable and accurate that map really is for the public and also for providers. It also tasks the Government Accountability Office with ensuring Federal Agencies are reporting information correctly. If the map is flawed, then the billions of dollars that are tied to it risk missing the mark. I am proud that this bipartisan bill cleared the Senate Commerce Committee unanimously in February. Now it is time for the full Senate to pass it too. Americans will be better connected and better served because of it. Mr. President, as if in legislative session and notwithstanding rule XXII, I ask unanimous consent that the Senate proceed to the immediate consideration of Calendar No. 407, S. 2585.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The clerk will report the bill by title.

The senior assistant legislative clerk read as follows:

Text printed in the Record (177 characters)

A bill (S. 2585) to modernize and improve the Broadband Funding Map in order to promote the most efficient use of Federal funds for broadband deployment, and for other purposes.

There being no objection, the Senate proceeded to consider the bill, which had been reported from the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, with an amendment to strike all after the enacting clause and insert the part printed in italic, as follows:

Text printed in the Record (5,896 characters)

SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. This Act may be cited as the "Modernization, Accountability, and Planning for Broadband Funding Act" or the "MAP for Broadband Funding Act". SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS. In this Act: (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means-- (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. (2) Broadband funding map.--The term "Broadband Funding Map" means the Deployment Locations Map, as defined in section 60105(a) of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (47 U.S.C. 1704(a)). (3) Broadband infrastructure.--The term "broadband infrastructure" has the meaning given that term in section 60105(a) of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (47 U.S.C. 1704(a)). (4) Commission.--The term "Commission" means the Federal Communications Commission. (5) NTIA.--The term "NTIA" means the National Telecommunications and Information Administration. SEC. 3. BROADBAND FUNDING MAP MODERNIZATION. (a) In General.--The Commission, in coordination with NTIA, shall collect data submitted for the Broadband Funding Map by relevant Federal agencies on a reasonable and timely basis pursuant to section 60105(d) of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (47 U.S.C. 1704(d)), in order to promote the most efficient use of Federal funds for broadband deployment and prevent inefficient use or fragmentation of Federal funding for broadband infrastructure. (b) Inquiry.-- (1) Notice of inquiry.-- (A) In general.--Subject to subparagraph (B), not later than 270 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Commission shall initiate a notice of inquiry concerning the optimum functionality and transparency of the Broadband Funding Map, including the quality and completeness of the data populated to the Broadband Funding Map. (B) Request for vote.--Any Commissioner may request a vote at the Commission level prior to the initiation of a notice of inquiry required under subparagraph (A). Upon such request, the notice of inquiry required under subparagraph (A) may not proceed unless a majority of the Commissioners vote to approve the notice of inquiry. (2) Evaluation considerations.--In the inquiry, the Commission shall include evaluation of the following considerations: (A) The adequacy with which Federal agencies have been able to collect and submit the required categories of data pursuant to section 60105(d) of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (47 U.S.C. 1704(d)) to date. (B) The usability of such existing categories of data described in subparagraph (A) to the public, and whether any category should be added, eliminated, or otherwise altered for improved user experience. (C) The timeliness of periodic updates from Federal agencies to the Broadband Funding Map pursuant to section 60105(e) of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (47 U.S.C. 1704(e). (D) Whether the scope of programmatic data to be reported to the Broadband Funding Map pursuant to section 60105(d)(1) of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (47 U.S.C. 1704(d)(1)) should be expanded. (E) Whether third-party mapping data should be incorporated to improve the functionality and transparency of the Broadband Funding Map. (F) Any manners in which the Commission should potentially augment or streamline the Broadband Funding Map with existing Commission mapping tools. (3) Completion.--Not later than 120 days after the initiation of the inquiry under paragraph (1), the Commission shall complete the inquiry. SEC. 4. GAO STUDY AND REPORT. (a) In General.--Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall-- (1) conduct a study on the roles, responsibilities, and progress to date of Federal agencies to maintain the Broadband Funding Map and ensure the completeness and continued relevance of the Broadband Funding Map; and (2) submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the study under paragraph (1) that includes the findings and conclusions of the Comptroller General. (b) Requirements.--In conducting the study required under subsection (a), the Comptroller General shall review the following: (1) The extent to which each eligible Federal agency is submitting programmatic data to the Broadband Funding Map adequately and in compliance with section 60105 of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (47 U.S.C. 1704), including identification of any-- (A) successful best practices in submitting such data to the Commission; and (B) challenges resulting in incomplete data submissions from an agency or individual program to the Commission. (2) The proficiency of the Commission's management of the Broadband Funding Map and related interagency collaboration. (3) Whether the Commission has sufficient authority to collect the necessary data from Federal agencies to populate the Broadband Funding Map. (4) The respective data collection efforts of NTIA pursuant to the ACCESS BROADBAND Act (47 U.S.C. 1307) and section 60105 of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act ( 47 U.S.C. 1704). (5) The effectiveness of coordination among the Commission, NTIA, and other relevant Federal agencies that provide funding for broadband infrastructure deployment, including the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of Housing and Urban Development, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services, pursuant to section 60105(g) of the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (47 U.S.C. 1704(g)). (6) How enhanced use of the Broadband Funding Map by relevant Federal agencies could improve taxpayer savings. (7) The feasibility and potential benefits of incorporating third-party mapping data into the Broadband Funding Map.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the committee-reported substitute amendment be agreed to and that the bill, as amended, be considered read a third time.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered. The committee-reported amendment in the nature of a substitute was agreed to.

The bill was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading and was read the third time.

I know of no further debate on the bill, as amended.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Is there further debate? If not, the bill having been read the third time, the question is, Shall the bill pass? The bill (S. 2585), as amended, was passed.

I ask unanimous consent that the motion to reconsider be considered made and laid upon the table.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI)

I yield the floor.

Executive Calendar

Page S2924 · Official text

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The Senator from Rhode Island.

Unanimous Consent Request--S. Res. 554 (Executive Calendar)

Pages S2924–S2925 · Official text

Mr. President, I think it is virtually undisputed, among people who are not on fossil fuel's payroll, that climate change is real. Earlier this year, I came to the floor, and I asked my colleagues if they could all agree on that simple, scientific fact. Well, unfortunately, they could not. So I came back. I returned to the floor in hopes that my Republican colleagues could, at least, agree to some of the simple truths that make up the bigger picture of climate change. I asked if we could agree, for instance, that sea levels are rising due to carbon emissions--again, essentially zero dispute on that fact in the scientific community--but Republicans objected. I asked if we could agree that oceans are warming. Oceans are warming by multiple zettajoules. That is a number with 21 zeros behind it. It is a massive, massive measured scientific fact. And yet Republicans sent someone to the floor to object. Again, there is essentially no nonfossil fuel-funded science disputing any of this. And I have to put the fossil fuel-funded science in air quotes because it is not real science. It is just designed to look like science and tell a lie in scientific vocabulary. So if the environmental realities are too much for the Senate to acknowledge, perhaps my colleagues will at least recognize the economic threats that are emerging. So here is today's simple truth: Climate change is driving up the cost of homeowners insurance. Can we agree on that? Well, let me break down why we should agree on that. Climate change drives extreme weather disasters, including hurricanes and floods and wildfires. Disasters like those destroy homes and destroy infrastructure, and all that destruction carries a heavy cost. Before the Trump administration stopped the practice in 2025, NOAA--the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration--actually used to track the costs of this destruction every year. Thanks to NOAA, we have all this data going back that shows that climate disasters and climate costs have been increasing--quite dramatically, actually. This chart draws on NOAA data from before 2025 and other aggregated data since that, and it shows that the increase in climate change-driven weather has been very notable between 1980 and today--from here up to here. Costs of the disasters spike in particular years, depending on the type of disasters and where the impacts occurred. Hurricanes Harvey, Maria, and Irma made 2017--here, that--the costliest year on record. But setting aside the spikes, the average cost is steadily increasing, along with the frequency of disasters. And these costs fall first where? On the insurance companies. In 2023, insurers lost money in 18 of 50 States. That is an increase from 12 States 5 years previously and 8 States in 2013--8 to 12 to 18. The losses to insurers are also increasing. To offset these climate-driven losses, insurance companies raised their premiums. And, sure enough, from 2013 to 2022, home insurance premiums more than doubled, rising to be over 20 percent of mortgage payments, on average. When a family starts with a pretty big payment like their home insurance payment and it then doubles, that is a big hit to the family's finances. We know this increase isn't just inflation because insurance premiums are increasing 40 percent faster than inflation. We know that this cost increase is driven by climate change, and we know it because the numbers don't lie. You can look at the areas with the highest climate risk, and you see that the cost increases most in those counties, the ones at most risk from climate change. The largest increases in insurance rates between 2014 and 2023 happened in the highest climate risk areas--obvious and true. In high-risk States like Florida and Louisiana, premiums are estimated to average more than $14,000 and $11,000 respectively. That is not by accident. That is because those low-lying States are being hammered by increasingly violent and wet storms and hurricanes, combined with rising sea levels. Both phenomena are driven by climate change. Higher home insurance means less money to spend on household essentials like groceries and gas, which are already more expensive than ever. But higher insurance rates are not actually a family's worst-case scenario. The worst-case home insurance scenario for a family is nonrenewal. More and more, in high climate risk counties across the country, insurance companies, unwilling to take on this additional risk, are refusing to insure homes at all. This is a nightmare for homeowners. First of all, you have the enormous hassle of having to go out and find new insurance, which probably costs more and is worse. But also, most lenders won't approve a mortgage unless the borrower also purchases insurance. And if the home is uninsurable, guess what. The home is unmortgageable, and an unmortgageable home is almost inevitably an unsellable home. When you lose your insurance, lenders may also force place a new home insurance policy on you to replace the policy that was canceled. Force-placed insurance obviously protects first the lender's interest, not the homeowner's property, and it almost always costs much, much more, and it covers less. And it is added to the mortgage payment, and that can be a huge financial blow to a family. All of this added cost and risk means that climate change is dragging down home equity value, undermining the primary driver of wealth appreciation for America's middle class, and, by the way, reducing property tax revenue for things like schools and public safety and basic services provided by local government. The bottom line here is that climate risk has moved from the science department to the economics department, and it has landed hard in home insurance, and Americans are paying the price. So as if in legislative session and notwithstanding rule XXII, I ask unanimous consent that the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs be discharged, and the Senate proceed to the immediate consideration of S. Res. 554; further, that the resolution be agreed to, the preamble be agreed to, and the motions to reconsider be considered made and laid upon the table.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Is there objection? The Senator from Wyoming.

Cynthia M. Lummis (R-WY)

Mr. President, reserving the right to object, this resolution asks us to accept, without scrutiny, that correlation equals causation. It is true that premiums are rising, but this Senate deserves an honest accounting of why. Replacement costs are up because Biden-era climate regulations drove up the price of lumber, appliances, and labor--regulations the Trump administration is now working to unwind because of the damage they did. When it costs more to build a home, it costs more to insure one. That is not a climate story. It is a policy failure story. If we are serious about lower premiums, the answer is simple: Build more homes that people can afford. Every regulation that makes construction more expensive means fewer homes are built. Constrained supply drives up values, and higher home values mean higher premiums. That is not a partisan talking point. That is economics. We don't need more climate mandates. We need more housing. And we can start by getting the 21st Century ROAD to Housing Act to the President's desk. The resolution being offered today offers us a bumper sticker. American homeowners deserve real solutions. With that, Mr. President, I object.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The objection is heard. The Senator from Rhode Island.

Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI)

Mr. President, I would just point out briefly in response to my distinguished colleague that an entire industry understands that climate risk is driving homeowners insurance. The home insurance industry is actually under both a business model requirement and a fiduciary legal obligation to do its very, very best to predict risk, figure out what is driving that risk, and act accordingly. For that reason, we had the president of Aon testify in the Budget Committee about how climate risk is damaging insurance markets. We have an editorial by a board member of the biggest insurance company in the world, Allianz. We have warnings from the risk manager--former risk manager--of Goldman Sachs. We have warnings from the former head of the Bank of England, now the Prime Minister of Canada. We have warnings from the Home Mortgage Association. We have warnings from the international Financial Stability Board. There is an enormous amount of very solid and responsible data that comes not out of the environmental community but out of the financial community warning about the looming great climate insurance collapse. And if we refuse to pay attention to it, we will fail in our duties. I yield the floor.

Sheldon Whitehouse (D-RI)

I suggest the absence of a quorum.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The clerk will call the roll.

The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be rescinded.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered. The Senator from Hawaii.

Tribute to Rhoda Magbitang and Lee Anne Wong (Executive Calendar)

Page S2925 · Official text

Mr. President, I join everyone in Hawaii in congratulating chefs Rhoda Magbitang and Lee Anne Wong on their recent wins on "Top Chef" and "Last Chef Standing." Both chefs displayed incredible skill and perseverance in their respective competitions and showcased what makes Hawaii's food scene so special, with our unique blend of cultures and cuisines. I continue to think Hawaii is among the best eating places on the planet. I am so proud of both of them. Chef Magbitang, who was born and raised in the Philippines and now lives in Waimea on the Big Island, paid tribute to her roots, sharing her take on classic Filipino dishes that she grew up eating. Meanwhile, Chef Wong completed 24 challenges in 24 hours, winning with an ahi tuna dish prepared in a French-Japanese fusion style. Chef Wong's restaurant, Papa'aina at the Pioneer Inn in Lahaina, was destroyed in the fires 3 years ago, but her cooking, infused all over with local ingredients and produce, lives on at Koko Head Cafe on O'ahu. We are so lucky to have her and Chef Magbitang and so many other outstanding chefs who make Hawaii, Hawaii. Congratulations on your wins. You have made Hawaii proud.

Trump Administration (Executive Calendar)

Page S2925 · Official text

Mr. President, $600 million to build a ballroom at the White House, $100 million to build a triumphal arch, $250 million to renovate the Kennedy Center, $60 million to host a UFC fight on the south lawn of the White House--these are the things Donald Trump is putting his time and energy into right now, along with a whole lot of taxpayer money. Meanwhile, gas is more than 4 bucks a gallon nationally and $5.58 in Hawaii, grocery prices keep going up, electricity bills are through the roof, millions of Americans don't have health insurance at all this year, and rents and mortgages are almost impossible to keep up with. This is not a question of whether you like sports or monuments. I like sports. I like UFC. I think the Capital City of the most powerful Nation in the history of the world should be beautiful and modern and vibrant. But that is not the point. This is a President who is so thoroughly distracted with his own personal pet projects that he has no time to do anything to lower prices and fix people's actual problems. It is not that these are events that have overtaken his agenda--this is his agenda. These are his initiatives that he came up with that he is excited about. It is plainly obvious that Donald Trump is distracted with things that have nothing to do with regular people's lives, but you don't have to take my word for it. Last week, after inflation reached the highest level in 3 years, he said:

Text printed in the Record (21 characters)

I love the inflation.

After a few weeks, as a war of his own making was ravaging people's paychecks, he said:

Text printed in the Record (51 characters)

I don't think about Americans' financial situation.

"I don't think about Americans' financial situation." This is not making a partisan accusation; those are his words. People all across the country are eating less and driving less and saving less and seeing the doctor less because of his actions--wars, tariffs, tax cuts for billionaires paid for by cutting working people's healthcare--and yet all he can think about is where his next military adventure might be or what new monument he can build for himself. It is not hard to imagine a focused and energetic President who exerts their authority to make people's lives better, easier, more affordable, more fulfilling. And in the past, even when we didn't agree with the President from the other party on solutions, at least we agreed on the problems; at least we agreed on what a Presidency was for--but not this President. The problem was never that the Kennedy Center was too woke. The problem was never that gas was too cheap. No one woke up thinking "Gee, I wish we were involved in more wars" or "Man, I really ought to be throwing bigger parties for the President's 80th birthday." No one asked for this. I want to be clear. No one asked for this--not the people who elected Donald Trump the second time, not the people who voted against Donald Trump the second time. No one asked for this. No one wants this. But we do have a President who is at the end of his political career, and with nothing to lose electorally, all he can think about is himself and his legacy--not you. I yield the floor. I suggest the absence of a quorum.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The clerk will call the roll.

The bill clerk proceeded to call the roll.

Katie Boyd Britt (R-AL)

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be rescinded.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Katie Boyd Britt (R-AL)

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the previously scheduled rollcall vote begin immediately.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Vote on Holding Nomination (Executive Calendar)

Pages S2925–S2926 · Official text

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The question is, Will the Senate advise and consent to the Holding nomination?

Katie Boyd Britt (R-AL)

I ask for the yeas and nays.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Is there a sufficient second? There appears to be a sufficient second.

The clerk will call the roll. The senior assistant executive clerk called the roll.

The following Senators are necessarily absent: the Senator from North Dakota (Mr. Hoeven), the Senator from Kentucky (Mr. McConnell), the Senator from Florida (Mrs. Moody), the Senator from Kansas (Mr. Moran), the Senator from South Carolina (Mr. Scott), and the Senator from Alabama (Mr. Tuberville). Further, if present and voting: the Senator from North Dakota (Mr. Hoeven) would have voted "yea".

I announce that the Senator from Maryland (Ms. Alsobrooks), the Senator from Colorado (Mr. Bennet), the Senator from Delaware (Ms. Blunt Rochester), the Senator from Illinois (Ms. Duckworth), the Senator from Illinois (Mr. Durbin), the Senator from Arizona (Mr. Kelly), and the Senator from New Jersey (Mr. Kim), are necessarily absent. The result was announced--yeas 48, nays 39, as follows:

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Armstrong Banks Barrasso Blackburn Boozman Britt Budd Capito Cassidy Collins Cornyn Cotton Cramer Crapo Cruz Curtis Daines Ernst Fischer Graham Grassley Hagerty Hawley Husted Hyde-Smith Johnson Justice Kennedy Lankford Lee Lummis Marshall McCormick Moreno Murkowski Paul Ricketts Risch Rounds Schmitt Scott (FL) Shaheen Sheehy Sullivan Thune Tillis Wicker Young Baldwin Blumenthal Booker Cantwell Coons Cortez Masto Fetterman Gallego Gillibrand Hassan Heinrich Hickenlooper Hirono Kaine King Klobuchar Lujan Markey Merkley Murphy Murray Ossoff Padilla Peters Reed Rosen Sanders Schatz Schiff Schumer Slotkin Smith Van Hollen Warner Warnock Warren Welch Whitehouse Wyden Alsobrooks Bennet Blunt Rochester Duckworth Durbin Hoeven Kelly Kim McConnell Moody Moran Scott (SC) Tuberville The nomination was confirmed. (Mr. MORENO assumed the Chair.) (Mr. GRAHAM assumed the Chair.) The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Moreno). Under the previous order, the motion to reconsider is considered made and laid upon the table, and the President will be immediately notified of the Senate's actions. The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Husted). The Senator from New Jersey.

Farm Bill (Executive Calendar)

Pages S2926–S2927 · Official text

Cory A. Booker (D-NJ)

Mr. President, I want to talk about a real crisis in America that we are not talking enough about. We have a farm crisis going on in the United States of America. It is facing our entire country. It is facing our rural areas, and it is facing some of the most noble Americans in our country who are part of a great tradition and a great heritage that is vital to all Americans. We are in the midst of a farm crisis, and we are in the midst of a nutrition crisis. And despite the need for Congress to step up to this moment, to meet this crisis, and pass a bold farm bill, it is not happening right now. Since we passed our last farm bill in 2018, we have lost over 150,000 farms--most of them small farms. That is an average of 51 farms we have lost every single day for the past 8 years. And the farmers who have managed to hang on are telling me that the economics of farming simply do not work for them anymore, and they fear that we are on the brink of another 1980s-type of farm crisis. I am hearing more and more now from farmers about the reality that most of them have to seek off-farm employment just to be able to keep their families afloat. Now, this trend has been going on for years. It is a trend that we saw under Democratic Presidents and Republican Presidents. It demands a bipartisan response. I know the policies of this administration, though, are making the situation worse for farmers--not better. They are acting as an incendiary to this horrible fire. We see this President's reckless tariff policies have driven up costs for farmers; President Trump's reckless war in Iran, which closed the Strait of Hormuz, drove up costs for our farmers; USDA's decision to cancel critical programs that farmers were relying upon such as local food purchasing programs for schools and food banks--these are all things that have severely hurt our farmers. USDA's staffing cuts and field office closures have further injured our farmers, and I could go on with that list. But the heart of this problem that our farmers are facing, the heart of the problem is the massive amount of corporate concentration that has taken place in our food system over many decades as both Republican and Democratic administrations stopped enforcing our Federal anti-trust laws. Farmers are now being squeezed by monopolies on all sides. A handful of companies now control the inputs that farmers need like seeds and fertilizers and drive up those prices. And at the same time, farmers now have very few buyers for their products, and so they are not being paid a fair price for their crops and for their animals. Back in 2018, as I worked on my first farm bill here in the Senate, I went on a tour to meet with farmers--not just in New Jersey but also in Missouri, Illinois, and Kansas. Some of the farmers I met with were Democrats and some Republicans, but what I heard consistently from all of them was that our current farm system was not working for farmers. Farmers and ranchers told me about how decades ago they would have many buyers competing and bidding up the price for their livestock, but now, today, they often only had one buyer who was able to dictate a low purchase price undercutting them as they made more profit. I heard heart-wrenching stories about farmers whose land has been in their families for many generations but were now on the verge of losing their farm. Farmers told me about how the current system was created to keep farmers growing commodity crops like corn and soy for animal feed rather than healthy foods to feed their communities they cared about because nearly all of our farm bill subsidies and safety net programs are designed to benefit big farmers growing a handful of commodity crops but not to support the farmers that grow the food that people eat like fruits and vegetables. And these farmers were right. While our Federal dietary guidelines tell us that 50 percent of our diet should consist of fruits and vegetables, less than 10 percent of our farm bill agricultural subsidies actually go to farmers that grow fruits and vegetables. And that has led us to the second crisis I mentioned: The nutrition crisis in the United States of America. Diet-related chronic disease is now the No. 1 killer of Americans. Every single day in America, 2,700 people die from diet-related diseases. That is nearly a million Americans dead every year from what we eat. Half of adults are now prediabetic or diabetic--one in four of our teenagers are. Half the children alive in this country today are projected to be obese by the time they are 35. Cancer rates in young people are climbing. Dementia rates across our country are climbing. And a chorus of doctors and researchers are now tying this explosion of diet-related diseases directly to the ultraprocessed foods Americans are eating every single day. And so what our farmers need right now--and what all Americans need--is for Democrats and Republicans to come together and pass a much bolder bipartisan farm bill that provides immediate assistance to our farmers--the assistance that they desperately need. We are losing farmers every day, and this body and the House and the President are not rising to meet this crisis. Farmers are wondering: Who is fighting for us? We need to show them that we are--in concrete policies that address their issues, that address this farm crisis, and for the millions of Americans suffering from preventable diseases that affects the nutrition crisis too. Farmers in America--our fellow Americans that farm--need a farm bill that provides substantial emergency financial assistance to all of our struggling farmers--and especially our specialty crop farmers who have so far been shortchanged in this administration. Farmers need a farm bill that puts more money into conservation programs and begins to reform those programs to better serve farmers and help them diversify their farms. And farmers need a farm bill that makes other policy changes to help our farmers and ranchers--policy changes like restoring mandatory country-of-origin labeling, reforming our Federal checkoff programs that are so broken, strengthening the Packers and Stockyards Act to protect our farmers and ranchers from abuses by big meatpacking companies creating a real farm safety net for specialty crop farmers in America. Farmers need a bold farm bill that reinstates funding for healthy food purchases from our local farmers for schools and food banks. Farmers need a bold farm bill that scales up programs like SNAP Double Bucks that purchase fresh fruits and vegetables from small farmers and gets those healthy foods to families that are participating in the SNAP program. Not only would a bold farm bill like that be a lifeline to our farmers, but it would be an example of using food as medicine and provide healing--healing--to Americans suffering from diabetes and other diet-related diseases. But unfortunately, how did the House of Representatives--the Republican-led House respond in this moment? Well, they passed a farm bill that fails to meet this crisis, that fails to lead when people are looking for help, that fails to meet the needs of our farmers and our families. They passed a farm bill that would hurt our farmers by preempting State laws such as Prop 12 that create new markets for our farmers. The Senate now has to do better. Democrats and Republicans in this Chamber must come together. We must put aside poison pills such as Prop 12 preemption and pesticide preemption and negotiate a bold farm bill that helps our farmers and families and meets this crisis that has been growing and growing and growing. And at a time when we are seeing President Trump's policies causing food crisis to increase at an alarming rate, that bold farm bill must reverse the destructive Republican SNAP cuts that already left nearly 1 million of our children today going to bed hungry. I hope that we rise to this occasion in the Senate. I hope that we are a nation that knows our fundamental health and well-being rely on American farmers. They protect our heritage. They are stewards of our land. They are the hope for a better, healthier future. Let's stand together, join together, and be bold, be strong, and bring about a better deal--a new deal--for our farmers.

Juneteenth (Executive Calendar)

Pages S2927–S2928 · Official text

Mr. President, this week, not many hours from now, we are going to celebrate Juneteenth. We all know the story of Juneteenth, that there were slaves in Texas that had not gotten the word that they were free. A civil war that cost so much blood and treasure to this country--no other war has seen so many Americans dead--and yet, at the end of that war, many, many people had not heard the Emancipation Proclamation, did not know they were free. It wasn't until that fateful day on Juneteenth that slaves--now free people--in Texas heard about their freedom. There was jubilation. There was celebration. And the tradition of Juneteenth started. I am very familiar. It is hard for me to walk on this Senate floor, this sacred civic space--it is hard for me to walk here and not recognize the history. Right after Reconstruction, we saw the first Black person ever to walk on this floor. We saw a Black Senator and a Black Senator elected to this body--not popularly elected--but back then we put our legislators in the Senate by votes of State legislatures. We saw House Members come from Southern States, as well, being elected in free, fair elections in that Reconstruction period--because freedom in America is not just defined by not having chains. Freedom in America means being able to participate in this democracy. And in that brief period of the Reconstruction era, we saw free and open elections. African Americans rushed to the polls and voted at 70 and 80 percent and began to elect people in fair elections. We saw multicultural legislators. We saw Blacks and Whites in States sharing power. It was extraordinary, this brief window of time. But then the Reconstruction period ended, and a reign of terror fell throughout the South. We saw Black elected officials, Black judges, Black mayors being dragged out of their offices, beat, and some of them lynched. We saw laws being passed by State legislatures to bar Black people from voting, to put on poll taxes and other extraordinary hurdles to stop African-American participation and African-American voting. That very idea of being free was now undermined and undercut by a set of unfair laws. And what happened to Blacks in the Senate? What happened to Blacks in the House of Representatives? Well, they disappeared. I know the last speech--I have read it before--by George Henry White. The last Black person, in 1901, gave the final speech, and he predicted that one day African Americans would return to our Federal legislature, would return to the House of Representatives, would return to the States. It is called the "Phoenix Speech" because he predicted that one day Blacks would return to these bodies, one day elections would be free, one day we would reclaim our democracy of one person and one vote. It was 1901, and he was from North Carolina. And it wouldn't be until the 1990s that another Black person would come to be elected from North Carolina. From those days in the 1870s and 1880s, with that reign of terror and the denial of vote, it wasn't until the 1960s that laws were secured, passed through the U.S. Senate and the U.S. House, that gave the right to vote a more fair and equal chance. It was called the Voting Rights Act of 1965, this extraordinary piece of legislation that secured the right to vote for African Americans. And, finally, African Americans start returning to our legislature. We saw Edward Brooke get elected to the U.S. Senate. We saw Carol Moseley Braun be elected to the U.S. Senate. The third person was Barack Obama, elected to the U.S. Senate. And I was No. 4--the fourth Black person in history to be elected to this body. After this history of horror and struggle and pain, after girls were killed in a bombing, the Edmund Pettus Bridge marchers beaten on Bloody Sunday, Goodman, Chaney, and Schwerner being killed in Mississippi, the stories of horror of those folks who tried to stand up for the right to vote, tried to fight to advance the cause of equal voting--finally, in 1965, the Voting Rights Act was passed--equality at the polling place, justice returned. And this body and the Chamber across the Capitol began to see, as was predicted by George Henry White, Blacks come back to Congress--justice, fairness, equality secured by this Chamber, secured by Congress, signed by a President. The Voting Rights Act of 1965 held strong and allowed that fairness to be seen and allowed voters to have a fair say. But here, as we get ready to celebrate Juneteenth and those ideals of freedom, I have to stand here on this Senate floor, recount this history, and say that we are at another crisis point in our democracy because the Supreme Court now has gutted the Voting Rights Act, eviscerated section 2. And what has happened as a result? Before the ink was dry, we saw Southern States--those same States that, a century before, used the legislative power at the State level to eviscerate Black voting fairness, they raced really quickly to draw congressional lines on their maps with the express purpose of diluting African-American voting power, literally eliminating districts where African Americans had fair representation, in order to stop them from having a voice in Congress. Here we are celebrating Juneteenth, but there is an irony--a painful, bittersweet truth--that is being told that, right now, we are seeing legislature after legislature in the very States that made up the former Confederacy moving with all deliberate speed to try to stop African Americans from having a fair say, a fair voice, equal rights in voting. And the consequence of that is already being seen. Just like George Henry White, who knew he would not last one more election cycle, I see colleagues now who know that their districts have been diced up with intentionality in order to stop their voters from having a representative in Congress. What did our ancestors struggle for? What did generations who swore an oath to this flag that this would be a nation of liberty and justice for all, what do those people who died in the movement, what do those folks who struggled and sacrificed, what do those folks who literally watched, finally, fairness and equality coming to maps in the South, what are they to say now? I can't stand on this floor as one of the few and still only a handful of African Americans ever to serve in this body without knowing upon whose shoulders I stand, the debt that I owe, the price that they paid so that we should have a Federal Government that is truly of the people, for the people, and by the people. We know our history is full of dirty tricks and unfair games that were played to stop some people from voting, so that even though those folks made up majorities in their communities, they would have no say in Congress. It is a bitter, ugly, wretched history that we have overcome. It speaks to the greatness of our Nation that we have overcome. It speaks to the mightiness of a rainbow coalition of Americans--Black folks and White folks, people from all backgrounds--who joined arms and sang songs and marched toward freedom that helped this country to evolve and to grow into a more perfect Union. And here we are, on the eve of Juneteenth, and we see not a stride forward but a stride back, but a step back, but our democracy being knocked down again by people who do not believe in the ideals of a democracy, of fair voting, fair maps, fair representation. But I am here to tell you right now that progress is not always linear, that we are not in a nation that always, always marches forward. We have seen setbacks before. We have seen challenges, pains, and sorrows. What I am here to tell you is that this most recent dark chapter that is ongoing right now will come to an end. I am here to tell you that weeping may endure through the night, but joy cometh in the morning. I am here to tell you that we may have a setback and we may have a falling down, but this is not a failure. This is not final. We will fight. I am not talking about a physical contest. I am talking about what makes democracies thrive, which is when we stand up and organize, we stand up and mobilize, we stand up and make sure that our voices are heard. On this Juneteenth, we need to recommit ourselves, like our ancestors did, to the highest ideals of our democracy, which are freedom and liberty. And how are these rights secured upon our Nation? It is by people in this country standing up and securing those rights through action. We are not a nation whose story is powerful people preying upon the powerless. We are a nation that has shown that the people hold the power and that the power of the people is greater than the people in power. Six people in black robes, they were wrong in Plessy v. Ferguson; they were wrong in Korematsu. We overcame them then, and we can overcome them now. The people united for the cause of freedom is the great story of America, and it is time that our generation--benefiting from the fruits of liberty, from the toiling hands of those in the past--it is time for our generation to earn the right of democracy by sweating for it and struggling for it now. This Juneteenth, let us cry "freedom" again but not with our mouths. Let's do it with our sleeves rolled up and ready to organize and mobilize in the days to come--because this next election is not right or left; it is right or wrong--so that we can elect people to this body and the other that will restore voting rights, that will restore voting freedom, that will restore the ideals of fairness. That is the end, that is the aim, and that is how we overcome again. That is how we, as a people, secure liberty and justice for all.

Tribute to Sarah Rojas (Executive Calendar)

Pages S2928–S2929 · Official text

Mr. President, I stand here with joy and sadness. I stand here with humble gratitude that I cannot express. Today, I want to recognize one of the more extraordinary people I have worked with in my life and one of the more extraordinary members of my staff, whose today is her last day. That person is my dear, dear friend Sarah Rojas. It is very difficult to put into words the role that Sarah has played in my life and on my team. For 13 years--for my entire time as a U.S. Senator--she has done almost every job in a Senate office. She is our utility player. She has been a special assistant to the director of special projects, acting communications director twice, to legislative director, to deputy chief of staff, to one of my most trusted counsels. She has played every position imaginable. To her colleagues on my staff, she is that leader everyone looks up to and someone that everyone genuinely considers, like I do, that she is a friend, someone you can lean on. To the people of the great State of New Jersey, gosh, I wish you all knew how incredible of a public servant she is and has been to New Jersey's interests. She is one of those people who, for millions of people in my State--her labor, her work, her counsel have made things better for New Jersey. To me, I don't call her Sarah; I call her, usually, Rojas. I am in public. I am in the light. I get jeers and applause. I get recognition and calls to do better. But I stand strong through it all because of the people around me, the people who encourage me, who keep my feet on the ground, the people who don't let my positive press get to my head or my negative press get to my heart. Sarah has been one of those great ballasts in my life--keeping me balanced, keeping me grounded, keeping me inspired and encouraged. She has superpowers, to be honest with you. One of them is her empathy. One of them is her capacity to care. One of them is her ability to make everybody around her feel her love. I am devastated, actually, really sad that Sarah is leaving DC, although a consolation I get is that she is going to be in Jersey. I love the fact that she is going home. Watching Sarah for 13 years of her life--I have seen her get better every day. Sarah has grown as a person, and she has grown as a leader. Thirteen years being witness to her blossoming is a privilege. I want to thank not just her today on the floor, but I want to thank her incredible family. I want to thank her husband Nick--not just for rescuing her from those days when she was a single woman; I want to thank her husband Nick for being the rock in her life that has made her stronger for us all. I want to celebrate her parents Joy--such an appropriate name--and Chris, whom I want to wish a very happy Father's Day to. Chris and Joy, thank you for raising such an extraordinary child. I love what James Baldwin said. He said that children are never good at listening to their elders, but they never fail to imitate them. Sarah is who she is because of her parents. Her sister Emily, I am grateful for as well. I have a sibling--two siblings, actually, and they are also part of that circle of support. I want to thank her for that. I thank them all, all of her family, for support, for encouragement, for the latitude when she has had to work late hours, for showing up when I have had to take her away from perhaps the center of her life, which is Sadie. Sadie, I hope one day years from now, somebody will show you this video. I don't know if you will understand it in the present moment, but I hope you are going to look back and hear what I say to you, Sadie. Sadie, you should be proud of your mom. You should be in awe of her. Sadie, your mother is one of the more phenomenal people I know, and that makes me confident you are going to be phenomenal, too, Sadie. You have a rock star mom--maybe not known by millions, but to all who know her, she is a star that illuminates not just your life but all of our lives. Four years ago, Sarah lost a very important person in her life, and I want to honor them as well: her grandmother Gloria Rojas. Again, these names like "Joy" and "Gloria" say so much about the people. Gloria was this extraordinary trailblazer. It is another reason why I know how she got to be so great--how Sarah did. Gloria was the first Latina broadcast journalist in New York. She was a big deal. But she once said that the big news stories are not always the most satisfying; it is the little stories where you can really make a difference. It is this idea that is such a human thing. It is this idea in life that is just so true, that the smallest things we do often matter the most. Every interaction, every conversation, every person you encounter, making them feel seen, making them feel valued, making them feel worthy, that is the legacy we can leave. Indeed, to Gloria, her granddaughter Sarah, that is the legacy she is carrying forward, this understanding that in most days of our lives, the biggest thing we can do will most often be a small act of kindness, decency, and love. If you live every day of your life with that kindness, with that decency, with that love, you will make a change in this world that you cannot even fully appreciate or understand. That is the last 13 years of Sarah Rojas--showing up every day, showing up fully herself, with unapologetic empathy, with courageous compassion, with remarkable consistency. Every day that I have known Sarah Rojas, as we tried our best to serve the State of New Jersey, every day, she illuminated our lives. So I am excited, Sarah--I am excited, Rojas--to know that you will continue to serve, continue to make change, and continue to make a difference. But on this day, your last day serving in the U.S. Senate, I want you to know that you are loved; I want you to know that your grandmother in Heaven, that your daughter as she grows, that your parents and all of us who love you, we recognize you, we celebrate you, and we thank you for showing a level of patriotism that is the core of what we have talked about for years--that patriotism is love of country and you cannot love your country unless you love--truly love--all your country men and women. Thank you, Sarah, for 13 years of service. Thank you for loving and living so large. Thank you for making an indelible difference in your service to the U.S. Senate.

Senate Pages (Executive Calendar)

Page S2929 · Official text

Mr. President, I want to note something to you, sir. The pages that are serving right now--they seem great. They have been here for, what, 10 days, sir? I don't know if you recognize the fact, though, that as admirably and deserving, as kind and generous as they are, they are kind of half-pages because they are not taking class. They are classless pages. I would like the Record of the Senate to remark that they have no class. I mean that in a literal sense. I mean, they are very polite people. But I just wanted to add that into the Record, today, sir. Do you agree, Mr. President? Without objection, I would like to make that known.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

I think it is well known that they are here without class.

Cory A. Booker (D-NJ)

Yes. I yield the floor.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

The Senator from Virginia.

Iran (Executive Calendar)

Pages S2929–S2933 · Official text

Mr. President and to all here, I rise today to speak about the breaking news that the President has entered into a memorandum of understanding with Iran to end the war he started on February 28. The news has included a release from the White House of a memorandum of understanding with Iran about the end to the war. We in the Senate have not been briefed on this. We have received news accounts from journalists that have the terms of the memorandum. But the White House has confirmed that those terms are accurately reported. So I want to rise today and take some time to analyze the memorandum, what we know about it but also what we don't know about it since there are some agreements that are still needing to be forthcoming in the next 60 days. First, I want to tell everyone how we got here. The United States and Iran have been engaged in a back-and-forth sort of war attrition against each other since about the 1950s. The sad reality is we were friends; we were allies in World War II. The Iranian people loved the United States because the United States helped guarantee their independent sovereignty and borders at a conference in Tehran that took place in the middle of World War II. But for some reason that is just so tragic to contemplate, the United States decided to topple the democratic elected Government of Iran in 1953 and install a dictatorship over the Iranian people. That then led to intense resentment of the United States. When the Iranian people overthrew the dictatorship in 1979, those who took control of Iran were hardliners. They hated the United States because of this 26-year dictatorship that they suffered under. And since that moment in 1979, it has been back and forth between our two nations. Iran invaded our Embassy, violating international law, and held dozens of Americans hostage for 400-plus days. The United States funded Iraq to wage a war against Iran in which hundreds of thousands of Iranians were killed. Iran funded proxy terror groups that bombed the U.S. Marine barracks and Embassy in Beirut, killing hundreds of Americans. The United States shot down an Iranian commercial aircraft in 1989, killing nearly 300 Iranian civilians. The United States invaded both of Iran's next door neighbors to topple their governments. Iran then funded proxy groups to attack U.S. soldiers in their region. We have been back and forth, the United States and Iran, sadly--beginning as friends--since the 1953 decision of the United States to topple the Iranian Government. If more war with Iran were the answer, we would have found it a long time ago. So I took to the floor of the Senate immediately after the President started this war to say the war was illegal because he had not consulted with Congress before waging it, the war was foolish because 25 years of war in the Middle East should have taught us something, and the war was likely to lead to very, very significant negative consequences for the United States. That has, in fact, happened. Fourteen U.S. troops have lost their lives. We have spent probably already in excess of $50 billion in taxpayer money to prosecute this war, and we have a huge bill still to pay, both to reconstitute infrastructure that Iran has attacked in the region and replenish munition stocks that have been depleted. Thousands of civilians in Iran, including schoolchildren, have been killed during this campaign. I am very thankful that we found an off-ramp to this war. Even though the war was illegal and stupid and foolish and destructive, finding an off-ramp is a good thing. So I am happy that the administration has negotiated an end to the war, and I pray that the negotiation and the end to the war will hold. But I want to remind everybody who is paying attention to this that there was a different path, and it was a path of diplomacy. President Obama, in his first term--but it really began more in his second term--determined that 50 years of hostilities between the United States and Iran was just too much and we needed to find a path forward in the relationship. We don't have a magic wand to wave to make the Iranian Government a good government, a nondictatorial government, we can't affect completely how Iran treats its people, but we can start to find some path to start building some kind of a relationship after war being a constant essentially since 1953. And so President Obama and his team, especially Secretary of State John Kerry and Secretary of Energy Ernie Moniz, worked over the course of many years to find an Iranian nuclear deal to control Iran's nuclear ambitions. That deal, the runup to the deal was announced in late 2013, and between 2013 and 2015, when the deal was finalized, the administration briefed us repeatedly--I am on the Foreign Relations Committee, I am on the Armed Services Committee--from the very announcement that "we are going to try to find a deal" to the deal being finalized 2 years later, dozens of dozens of briefings with administration officials, visits to the region to talk to nations in the region, allied nations, European nations about the deal and, finally, the deal was done. And that deal controlled Iran's nuclear ambitions peacefully, without a single bomb being dropped, without a single school being destroyed, without a single schoolchild being killed--the United States in our best tradition. In our best tradition, we are a diplomatic nation. Teddy Roosevelt won the Nobel Prize for helping broker the end of the Russo-Japanese war, and since then many Nobel Prizes have gone to Americans, American leaders, not just Presidents but diplomats like Ralph Bunche and others for putting the United States forward as a diplomatic nation, and that nuclear deal with Iran, though not perfect--few deals are perfect--and though not covering all aspects of Iranian bad behavior, finally, got the United States and Iran in the same room where they could communicate and hopefully find a path to get out of a state of back-and-forth war that essentially had been constant since 1953. When Donald Trump became President in 2017, he said he wanted to destroy the Obama nuclear deal. I am convinced the President didn't understand the deal. I am convinced he wanted to destroy the deal for one reason, President Barack Obama, who is opening his Presidential library in Chicago today. Donald Trump wanted to destroy it because President Barack Obama had done it. That was the only thing he understood about the deal, and that was all he needed to know about the deal. And so he set out to do what no American President had ever done. The United States has never backed out of diplomatic deals before. Other nations do, but we lead diplomatic deals; we don't shatter them. President Trump was told by his first Secretary of Defense Gen. Jim Mattis, courageous Marine general: Don't back out of this deal. Don't back out of the deal. His own Secretary of Defense. President Trump was told by his first Secretary of State Rex Tillerson: Don't back out of this deal. Don't back out of it. President Trump's top two National Security Advisors told him: Maintain the deal. He ignored them. He ignored them. I visited allies throughout the region and around the world. They said this deal is working. Iran is complying with it. Iran is not magically transformed into a working democracy or a nation that respects human rights, but we have controlled their nuclear program. And we have other tools to control other aspects of their bad behavior that we are free to use. Don't get out of this deal. But President Trump tore up the deal. He tore up the deal early into his first-term Presidency, despite all the advice that he shouldn't. Many of us in the Senate said: If you tear up this deal and make diplomacy impossible, you will make war inevitable. American troops are likely to die if you destroy diplomacy. And that has now proven to be true. We told President Trump something else: If you take a nuclear deal that is working and tear it up, North Korea will back away from the table in nuclear negotiations because why would they agree to enter into a nuclear agreement with the United States if the United States would just walk out of a deal that was working? And we have essentially been correct in that because there has been no meaningful forward progress on nuclear negotiations with North Korea since Donald Trump made the foolish decision to tear up that deal. The reasons they asserted for tearing up the deal were very vague at the time: It doesn't go far enough. Obama was a disaster. The deal was a disaster. His officials would come before the committees, and we would ask them basic questions about the deal. I remember once asking a Trump national security nominee who was trashing the deal: Have you even read the first page of this deal? Tell me what is on the first page of the deal--on the first page. The official could not. All they knew is we have got to get rid of this because President Obama did it, and this Nation and the region have suffered as a result. And, OK, so now, now we have a new deal announced by President Trump, this memorandum of understanding. And what I want to do for the next few minutes is compare the deal that Donald Trump tore up with the memorandum of understanding that he has just announced. Let's start with the most important thing, what I call the forever promise. Both Presidents Obama and Trump wanted a forever promise that Iran would not get nuclear weapons. That was kind of like the headline. Other things are really important details, but both have said Iran cannot get a nuclear weapon. Let me read from page 1 of the JCPOA, the deal that President Obama and his administration negotiated. Page 1:

Text printed in the Record (104 characters)

Iran reaffirms that under no circumstances will Iran ever seek, develop, or acquire any nuclear weapons.

That is a forever promise. "[U]nder no circumstances will Iran ever seek, develop, or acquire any nuclear weapons." Donald Trump tore up a forever promise. What is the language in the memorandum that has just been announced? It is point 8 of the memorandum.

Text printed in the Record (68 characters)

Iran reaffirms that it shall not procure or develop nuclear weapons.

Now, you might read these things and say: Well, they are basically the same, but notice the difference in the language. In the JCPOA, "[U]nder no circumstances will Iran ever seek, develop, or acquire any nuclear weapons." The reference is to today, but it is to the infinite future, ever, under no circumstances, any weapons. All of that language is out in point 8 in the memorandum.

Text printed in the Record (65 characters)

Iran reaffirms it shall not [produce] or develop nuclear weapons.

An English teacher can tell us whether those two phrases mean the same thing, but the JCPOA language talks about "forever," and the Trump MOU does not. Why did Donald Trump tear up the forever promise? Why did Donald Trump prefer going to war than getting a forever promise to avoid war and save lives and save taxpayer money? Now, the deal and the JCPOA have other terms as well, and I want to walk through them with you. I am walking through terms. On the left, you see the JCPOA. This is the deal that the Obama administration negotiated in 2015. And the MOU refers to the 14-point memorandum that was released yesterday by the Trump administration. Limitation on centrifuges that used to enrich uranium: The JCPOA had significant limitations on centrifuges; the MOU has none. Now, to be fair, the MOU says we are going to continue to negotiate for 60 days, and that period can be extended by mutual agreement, but the deal that Donald Trump tore up had limitations on centrifuges and the memorandum that he signed at Versailles yesterday does not. How about limitations on enrichment? Centrifuges are just machines that are designed to enrich uranium, but what about actual limitations on the enrichment of uranium? Well, the JCPOA, negotiated over the course of many years, had significant limits on Iran enriching uranium. The memorandum of understanding, who knows? There are no limits in the memorandum. There is an agreement to keep talking for the next 60 days or potentially to extend it, but as of now, this MOU contains no limitations on the enrichment of uranium. How about limitations on research? Research into nuclear weapons is a key component of any nuclear program, to do the research to know how to convert enriched uranium into a weapon and a weapon that can be delivered via some system to impose damage on military and civilian targets. The JCPOA that Donald Trump tore up, the forever promise that he tore up, had very significant limitations on Iran doing nuclear research. The memorandum of understanding has no limitations. Now, it may be that there will be agreements about limitations in the next 60 days, but as of now, there are none. How about the destruction of uranium? When the JCPOA was done, Iran had a stockpile of enriched uranium, so even if you limit enrichment, well, what do you do with the stockpile? What do you do with the stockpile of uranium that can be used for a nuclear weapon? In the JCPOA, Iran agreed to destroy its stockpile of enriched uranium, and that meant that when Donald Trump became President, Iran had precisely zero kilograms of enriched uranium. Well, what does the memorandum that Donald Trump has put before us, that he signed at Versailles, what does it say about uranium destruction? It does not compel uranium destruction. It is not even a question mark like we don't know for the next 60 days. What the MOU says about enriched uranium is that Iran agrees to downblend its enriched uranium. And what that means is, you take uranium that has been enriched to a high percentage of 60 percent or north that is much more able to quickly be converted into weapons grade, and then you dilute it backward, downblending it backward with the addition of nonuranium materials so that the enrichment level is lower, but they haven't agreed to destroy it. And there is a problem with that. Anybody who downblends uranium can then spin it back up to the enriched level. And so, in this particular area, it is not even a question mark what the MOU does. What the MOU requires is not the destruction of the enriched uranium but a downblending of the uranium that can be reconstituted to weapons grade. Why would we have accepted that? Finally, one of the most important parts of any agreement with Iran is inspections because just because somebody says they are going to do something, you don't know that they are going to do something. They might lie. And Iran has lied and Iran has cheated and other nations have, too, when it comes to their nuclear programs. There is a famous example. The United States many, many decades ago got into a nuclear agreement with North Korea, and North Korea hid activities. And so the international agency that monitors nuclear weaponry and material around the world, the International Atomic Energy Agency based in Vienna, they had already developed an inspection protocol that North Korea was following, but they were end running it by hiding stuff. And so the IAEA had to develop something called the additional protocol that means we have to do these additional steps to make sure we catch cheating. The JCPOA mandated the most intrusive inspections of the world for Iran--the normal protocol of inspections, but Iran also agreed in the JCPOA, as a forever promise, this did not have an expiration date on it, to allow the more intrusive inspections mandated under the additional protocol written by the IAEA, precisely to catch nations that would be prone to cheat. Well, what about the MOU and inspections? We don't know. We are going to agree to talk for the next 60 days or maybe longer, but the MOU has no guarantee about inspecting the Iranian regime's nuclear activities, a regime that has cheated in the past and will cheat again if we don't have a significant inspection regime.

So the forever deal that Donald Trump tore up had all of these provisions in it. And by tearing up the forever promise, he put us on a path that one day was going to lead to war and the death of American troops. And what have we gotten in return? We don't know. We don't know. We don't know. We don't know. And we will get uranium downblending, not uranium destruction. All right. Let's keep looking at this comparison. Sanctions--there are numerous sanctions against Iran, and there are basically three kinds of sanctions. There are sanctions that are imposed by Congress. There are sanctions that are imposed by the Executive--the President. And there are sanctions that are imposed by the United Nations, international sanctions--three kinds of sanctions. Iran, in giving up any nuclear program, wants relief from sanctions. Those sanctions have punished the Iranian economy. And I give applause to my colleagues on both sides of the aisle. If we had not done sanctions legislation, Iran wouldn't be at the table right now. So this is something that Congress can take some credit in. What did the JCPOA do with respect to sanctions? Under the JCPOA, Iran was relieved from nuclear sanctions with snapback upon violation. So if Iran violated any of the terms of the nuclear deal, the sanctions were still on the books, and they would snap back. But get this. On the JCPOA, it specifically said that nonnuclear sanctions remain. They are not frozen. They are not eliminated. They are not waived. They remain in place because the United States and the international community have sanctions against Iran for its ballistic missile program and we have sanctions against Iran for gross human rights violations and we have sanctions against Iran for terrorism and funding proxies in the region. And the JCPOA that we did in 2015 said: Listen, we will give you relief from nuclear sanctions, but we are not giving you relief from all these other sanctions. We are going to keep using them against you until you correct the other bad behavior that you are engaged in. Pretty good deal. Pretty good deal. And that was why Secretaries Mattis and Tillerson told President Trump: Don't tear up the deal. Maintain the deal on the nuclear program and keep using--because it is working--and keep using all the sanctions against Iran for all their other bad behavior. So keep the deal and then keep the pressure on. You can do both, and you will improve Iranian behavior. But Donald Trump tore up the forever deal. And what did we get instead in the memorandum of understanding? The point that deals with sanctions says the United States will move to terminate all sanctions: nuclear, nonnuclear, congressional, executive, international. It will get the U.N. to drop international sanctions. The MOU says the United States will not impose further sanctions, giving up so much more leverage than was given in the JCPOA. Why would we give relief from sanctions against the missile program or against human rights abuses to get a nuclear deal? Why not just give relief from nuclear sanctions? But the MOU suggests it is complete sanctions relief for Iran. Let's talk about some things that Iran gets in addition to sanctions relief. In a couple of these areas, the JCPOA and the MOU are somewhat the same. How about Iranian assets? Iran has a lot of assets around the world in banks and bank accounts, and they have been frozen in connection with the sanctions policy--hundreds of billions of dollars of Iran's money that they cannot use. Both the JCPOA and the MOU suggest that Iranian assets should be unfrozen with some time and, you know, testing along the way, but there are basically some similarities between the two agreements in the unfreezing of Iranian assets. How about Iranian oil? That is one of the main features of their economy, the sanctions of a blockade of Iran being able to sell oil. Both the JCPOA and the memorandum have basically said Iran should be able to sell their oil. Again, this could be phased, but both are similar kind of in the concept that Iran should be able to sell oil just like the United States sells oil and other nations sell oil. How about this little tricky issue: payments to Iran? In addition to releasing assets, which isn't really a payment--it is just letting them use their own money--in addition to oil, which is not really a payment--it is just letting them use their own oil--what about payments to Iran? The JCPOA had a payment to Iran that many criticized heavily. It was a $1.7 billion payment. Why did the United States pay that money to Iran in the JCPOA? It was the repayment of a debt. Iran had paid the United States for weapons right before the revolution in 1979, and the United States never delivered the weapons. And so $1.7 billion in the JCPOA was the United States paying in 2015--repaying the debt that Iran had given us money, and we hadn't given them the weapons--with interest. And so, yes, there was a $1.7 billion repayment of the debt. How does it compare to the MOU? Well, if you don't like $1.7 billion, I am going to tell you this: You are not going to like $300 billion. The MOU says the United States and regional partners will do a--at least--at least--$300 billion reconstruction fund in Iran to help them rebuild what we bombed since February 27. I was here on the floor and heard a lot of my colleagues complain about this $1.7 billion repayment of a debt. I am very interested what they think about a guaranteed reparations fund whereby the United States and other nations will work to put $300 billion into rebuilding the Iranian economy. Getting near the end here. How about this? How about the engagement of other countries in trying to craft a diplomatic deal? The JCPOA was crafted by a group called the P5+1. It was every permanent member--P5--P for "permanent"--every permanent member of the U.N. Security Council--and that is--let's see--France, U.K., United States, China, Russia, plus one--Germany. Germany was not a permanent member of the Security Council. And it was the six nations, and it is an interesting six. We are not around the table much with China and Russia these days. We are often not trying to do something with them; we are often checked off against them. But on this issue, these adversaries had the same interest we had. They did not want Iran to have a nuclear weapon. Russia borders with Iran. There has been a history of some challenges there. China wants to limit the number of nations in the nuclear club. And so they were glad to join us, and the negotiation took place with all of these allies around the table. What about the MOU? Who was engaged as allies in the United States in negotiating this agreement? Nobody. The greatest Nation in the world with the greatest set of alliances--NATO and the Quad, AUKUS and all these nations--who did Donald Trump include in negotiating this deal? No one. He talked to Israel about it. They are furious about the deal. He didn't talk to our European allies. He started the war and then said: Oh, you got to help us with the strait. You started this war without even talking to us, and now you expect us to come in? None of our allies--and the United States is chief in the world in having the best network of alliances. Donald Trump not only wouldn't consult with Congress--and I am used to that--he wouldn't even consult with our allies, and he wouldn't even bring to the table these nations that had been our adversaries who also don't want Iran to have a nuclear weapon. Look, if you go into a war without a plan, without a rationale, without the support of Congress, without the support of the American people, and without the support of allies, what are the odds that it is not going to go the way you want? How about a dispute resolution mechanism? Like, you do a deal, and one side thinks the other side is cheating. Well, the JCPOA had one. All the parties to the deal could say Iran is cheating and file a complaint with the International Atomic Energy Agency that was doing the inspections, and there was a mechanism for figuring out who was cheating and who wasn't. And so, for example, if Iran was found cheating on its nuclear obligation, say, with the destruction of enriched uranium, the sanctions could snap back, or there could be other consequences. What about a dispute resolution under the MOU? There is none. Donald Trump was asked about this. What about a--well, we will just start dropping bombs on their heads again. That is not a dispute resolution mechanism. That is just, like: Well, let's just go back to war--maybe more American troops at risk, maybe more damage done to the economy, maybe people paying more at the gas pump. Hopefully in the discussions over the next 60 days, which could be extended by mutual consent, there will be a dispute resolution mechanism, but there is not one now. What about the Strait of Hormuz? Critical chokepoint for petroleum and other aspects of the global economy. Under President Obama and under the JCPOA, the strait was never closed. They remained open to global commerce, not only for Iran, but other nations too. President Trump's war led to the closing of the Strait of Hormuz, to enormous economic damage to America and the world. And, yes, as part of the MOU, Iran has agreed that the strait will be opened. Better that they should never have been closed than that you have to do a deal and give up a lot to get them to reopen. Let's talk about one other thing about the Strait of Hormuz. This one was an unusual provision of the MOU: future control of the Strait of Hormuz--future control of the Strait of Hormuz. The MOU says that Iran and Oman will administer traffic through the Strait of Hormuz, will develop a plan to do so, and the plan has to be in accord with international law. The United States has never said that before, acknowledged the power, acknowledged the right of Iran to be the administrator of the Strait of Hormuz. The JCPOA certainly didn't recognize Iranian control of the Strait of Hormuz, but the memorandum of understanding does. And I believe that poses very, very severe risk of continued chokepoints in the strait in ways that can harm global commerce and ultimately harm American families. All right. So that is my assessment of the comparison of the JCPOA and the MOU. The JCPOA had an ironclad forever promise about no nuclear weapons ever, not any, under any circumstances ever. Donald Trump tore that up, and he got a watered-down promise that might also be a forever promise, but it is certainly watered down from what was in the JCPOA. And then you see in all these areas the limitations that the JCPOA had to cement that forever promise. The MOU doesn't have it. You see the United States giving up on sanctions for nonnuclear activity--international sanctions, congressional sanctions--and the JCPOA didn't give that up. And you see the United States agreeing for the first time that Iran and Oman will have the right, the role, to administer traffic in the Strait of Hormuz. So let's compare. Let's compare the forever deal that Donald Trump tore up, that led us to an illegal and foolish war, to the memorandum that he just announced yesterday. It ain't hard. It is not hard. Giving a lot more to get a lot less, that is what the MOU is when you compare it to the forever deal that Donald Trump tore up. One of the 14 servicemembers who died was from Virginia--Robert Marzan--who was a senior warrant officer in the Army. He was in his 50s. He was very close to retirement--Spotsylvania County, which is about an hour south of here, deployed all over the world in his role. He died early in that attack on the position in Kuwait. Because we didn't really let allies know what we were doing, when Iran started firing at United States' positions in nations like Kuwait, we weren't ready for it.

And Robert Marzan was one of the people killed right at the start of this war, right about the same time as all those schoolkids in Iran were killed, when we mistakenly bombed a school. When you make a mistake in something like this, people lose their lives who shouldn't: troops, children, innocent bystanders. Our military is the best in the world, and when it comes to operations, they perform the best in the world. The only problem they ever get into is when they are subjected to decisions by civilian leaders who are stupid. Most agree now that the Vietnam war was a huge disaster. It wasn't a disaster because our troops didn't do well. Our troops did great. They served honorably. But for some reason, our civilian leadership decided to take over the failed French colonial project in Southeast Asia and step into France's shoes, when we had never done that before, and inherited a war we had no business being in. I think the number of deaths in the Vietnam war was about 56,000 U.S. troops because civilian leaders made a stupid decision. In Iraq, our troops performed bravely. They performed heroically. I was the Governor of Virginia, and I went to an awful lot of deployments and a lot of homecomings. I went to the wakes, and I went to the funerals of Virginians who were Active Duty or in the Reserves, and many were in the Virginia National Guard. They performed heroically and ably, but they were undermined by stupid decisions by a national leadership that persuaded Congress in 2002 that we needed to go to war because Iran had weapons of mass destruction when they didn't. All the after studies suggested that that intel was false. We went to war because civilian leaders sent our kids into war under false pretenses, and so many never came home. In Iraq and Afghanistan together, there were 14,000 deaths and more than 60,000 injuries--so many in Iraq. We never should have been there to begin with except leaders made horrible decisions. I believe the history of this Iran war is going to be written, and the history is going to start with a decision to tear up a forever diplomatic deal; to walk away from diplomacy, which is something the United States never should do; that when we tore up the deal--and Iran said: Fine. We can enrich again. Fine. We can have centrifuges again, and we can have uranium again--that the tearing up of that deal was essentially lighting the spark that led to an unnecessary war and to unnecessary death. An off ramp to an illegal and stupid war is still something to be applauded. My prayer is that this holds. As weak as it is compared to what we had and as tragic as it is that we have incurred the losses we have incurred because we decided to walk away from diplomacy, I hope it holds. I hope it holds and we put behind us needless U.S. wars in the Middle East and we invest those billions of dollars on our own people and in our own schools and in our own healthcare system instead of foolishly waging unnecessary and illegal wars far from home. I come from the most, I think, military State in the country. We have Active Duty, Guard, Reserve, DOD civilian, DOD contractor, military families. Virginia's map is a map of American military history: Appomattox, Yorktown, the Pentagon. We train all marine officers at Quantico. We have the biggest naval base in the world in Norfolk. The biggest military office in the world is the Pentagon in Arlington. I come from the most military State in this country. One of my kids is a marine. We are so pro-military. But what my military families ask me is: Make sure we have the tools to do the job, but don't ask us to do a stupid job. Don't order our best and brightest--don't order our kids--to do foolish missions based on inadequate deliberation without a clear plan or rationale or without allies or without consulting with Congress and with the American public. We will hear a lot about this deal, I am sure, in the days to come because under a bill that I authored with some colleagues back in 2015, the Iran Nuclear Agreement Review Act, this memorandum has to be submitted to Congress for a review. So I am sure we will hear a lot more about it on the floor. I have spent some time digging deeply back into the JCPOA--I was very involved in it at the time--and digging into this MOU, and I will just conclude with this conclusion: We gave an awful lot more to get an awful lot less than what we had and foolishly destroyed when President Trump walked out of the diplomatic deal that was working. I yield the floor. I suggest the absence of a quorum.

The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr. Moreno)

The clerk will call the roll.

The senior assistant legislative clerk proceeded to call the roll.

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the order for the quorum call be rescinded.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Unanimous Consent Agreement--Executive Calendar (Executive Calendar)

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Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that, notwithstanding rule XXII, at a time to be determined by the majority leader in consultation with the Democratic leader, the Senate proceed to executive session to consider the following nomination: Calendar No. 758, Darrell Owens, to be U.S. Representative to the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe; that the Senate vote on the nomination without intervening action or debate; that the motion to reconsider be considered made and laid upon the table and the President be immediately notified of the Senate's action.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Legislative Session

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Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the Senate resume legislative session and be in a period of morning business, with Senators permitted to speak therein for up to 10 minutes each.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Cuba

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Peter Welch (D-VT)

Mr. President, whatever one thinks of the Cuban Government--and I am one who believes its repressive policies and mismanagement of the economy have caused immense hardship for the Cuban people--the depth of misery and desperation people in Cuba are currently experiencing is largely due to the oil blockade, for which the United States is responsible. More than 84 percent of Cuba's total energy supply relies on oil and petroleum products. Cuba's economy is entirely dependent on imported fuel to power its electrical grid, agriculture, and transportation needs, the country typically requiring around 100,000 barrels per day to function normally. Since January 30, the United States has imposed an illegal blockade on oil shipments to Cuba, so the island is entirely dependent on domestic production which consists of heavy, high-sulfur crude that cannot be easily refined. When asked about the humanitarian crisis on the island, where electricity is unavailable most hours of the day and night and hospitals, schools, and factories have all but ceased to function, the Trump administration routinely blames the Cuban authorities. Any objective observer knows that is a convenient oversimplification. Imagine if there was no electricity in this country for lack of access to oil, due to the hostile acts of another government. We would rightly condemn it as an act of war. Cuba is a bankrupt country the size of Virginia that poses no threat to the United States. And today, Cuba's economy has all but collapsed. According to the United Nations, the impact of the oil blockade has been devastating for Cuba's health system. More than 100,000 surgeries have been delayed, including 12,000 pediatric procedures, due to acute shortages of medicines and medical supplies. Survival rates for children with cancer have fallen from 85 percent to 65 percent. That amounts to thousands of children who would otherwise be alive today. More than 2.5 million people are experiencing water shortages--more than one-fifth of the total Cuban population. The national water system is functioning with only 37 percent of the fuel required, and 84 percent of water pumping runs on electricity. Food prices have increased by 18 percent. Energy shortages are disrupting agricultural production, food processing, refrigeration, and distribution. Hunger and malnutrition are widespread. The lack of electricity and water, combined with food shortages, is causing psychological distress and exhaustion, especially among children, the elderly, and caregivers. The streets are overflowing with rotting garbage. The hurricane season is beginning, and rising temperatures are creating conditions for a surge in vector-borne and waterborne diseases when the health system is already stretched to its limits. The bottom line is this: All basic services, from potable water and sanitation to food production and healthcare, are being severely impacted by the lack of fuel and electricity caused by the U.S. oil blockade. The energy crisis is also limiting the ability of the UN and other humanitarian agencies to deliver aid already committed, with dozens of containers of food and medical supplies reportedly still sitting in ports due to the lack of fuel. The UN's Plan of Action to respond to the crisis is only 21 percent funded. The U.S. has offered $100 million through private mechanisms like the Catholic Church, but it has not yet been delivered. We would all like to see a better government in Cuba, one that cares more about the Cuban people than in holding onto power and enriching themselves. I would say the same about other corrupt, undemocratic governments, including some we treat as partners. But the American people have always opposed using food and medicine as a weapon. That has been a bedrock principle that Republican and Democratic administrations, and the Congress, have reaffirmed over decades. By cutting off the oil, we are imposing collective punishment on Cuba's most vulnerable people. Children and the elderly are dying needlessly. I urge Secretary of State Rubio to consider the human cost of the administration's oil blockade. It is illegal. It is immoral. It is preventable. And it is beneath this country.

Vote Explanation

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Ruben Gallego (D-AZ)

Mr. President, I missed the following votes, but had I been present, I would have voted: No on rollcall vote No. 177, Confirmation of Executive Calendar No. 760, Michelle Steel, of California, to be Ambassador to the Republic of Korea. No on rollcall vote No. 178, Motion to invoke cloture on Executive Calendar No. 763, George Holding, of North Carolina, to be United States Director of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Yes on rollcall vote No. 179, Motion to discharge S. Res. 616, a resolution requesting information on Honduras's human rights practices pursuant to section 502B(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

Recognizing Gronen

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Joni Ernst (R-IA)

Mr. President, as chair of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship, each week I recognize an outstanding Iowa small business that exemplifies the American entrepreneurial spirit. This week, it is my privilege to honor Gronen of Dubuque County, IA, as the Senate Small Business of the Week. Founded in 1999 by John and Mary Gronen, Gronen began as a small, family-owned construction company focused on masonry work and historic rehabilitation projects in Dubuque's Washington Neighborhood. As Dubuque natives, John and Mary shared a vision of restoring neglected properties, strengthening neighborhoods, and preserving the city's historic character. What started with a small construction crew and commitment to community-driven revitalization has grown into successful redevelopment and property development firms. Over the past 25 years, Gronen has expanded beyond historic rehabilitation into commercial and residential development, property management, development consulting, and real estate services. Today, the company operates through Gronen Restoration, Gronen Properties, Gronen Development, and DBQ Property Group, employing 70 individuals and serving clients throughout Iowa and the broader Midwest. For years, Gronen has continued transforming underutilized properties into productive community assets. The company has contributed to numerous redevelopment efforts across Dubuque, including work associated with the Field of Dreams project and the award-winning Steeple Square redevelopment. Through these and other projects, Gronen has helped create housing opportunities and spurred economic growth while preserving Iowa's rich architectural heritage. Beyond its business operations, Gronen remains deeply engaged in the Dubuque community. The company supports and partners with organizations, including the Dubuque Chamber of Commerce, Greater Dubuque Development, Dubuque Forward, Heritage Works, Smart Growth Development, and the HEART housing program. Through these efforts, Gronen continues to invest in the long-term success of the communities it serves. Gronen's commitment to excellence has earned national and industry recognition, including the Tony Goldman Award, the J. Timothy Anderson Award, and recognition from the International Federation for the Roofing Trade. These honors reflect the company's leadership in historic preservation, community revitalization, and innovative redevelopment. I am pleased to recognize John and Mary Gronen, along with the entire Gronen team, for their dedication to Dubuque and Iowa. I look forward to their continued success and wish them the very best in the years ahead.

Executive and Other Communications

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The following communications were laid before the Senate, together with accompanying papers, reports, and documents, and were referred as indicated:

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EC-3930. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act, the certification of a proposed license for the export of firearms, parts, and components controlled under Category I of the U.S. Munitions List to Oman in the amount of $1,000,000 or more (Transmittal No. DDTC 26-023); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3931. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act, the certification of a proposed license amendment for the export of defense articles, including technical data, and defense services to Denmark, Norway, Poland, and the United Kingdom in the amount of $100,000,000 or more (Transmittal No. DDTC 26-026); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3932. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act, the certification of a proposed license amendment for the export of defense articles, including technical data, and defense services to the United Kingdom in the amount of $25,000,000 or more (Transmittal No. DDTC 26-030); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3933. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(c) and 36(d) of the Arms Export Control Act, the certification of a proposed license amendment for the export of defense articles, including technical data, and defense services for the manufacture of significant military equipment abroad to Italy (Transmittal No. DDTC 25-149); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3934. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act, the certification of a proposed license for the export of firearms, parts, and components controlled under Category I of the U.S. Munitions List to Ukraine in the amount of $1,000,000 or more (Transmittal No. DDTC 26-045); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3935. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act, the certification of a proposed license for the export of firearms, parts, and components controlled under Category I of the U.S. Munitions List to the United Kingdom in the amount of $1,000,000 or more (Transmittal No. DDTC 26-042); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3936. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act, the certification of a proposed license for the export of defense articles, including technical data, and defense services to Israel and Italy in the amount of $25,000,000 or more (Transmittal No. DDTC 26-034); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3937. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(c) of the Arms Export Control Act, the certification of a proposed license amendment for the export of defense articles, including technical data, and defense services to France, Germany, and Italy in the amount of $100,000,000 or more (Transmittal No. DDTC 26-011); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3938. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act, the Army's proposed letter(s) of offer and acceptance to the Government of Brazil for defense articles and services estimated to cost $330 million (RSAT Case 26-62); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3939. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act, the Army's proposed letter(s) of offer and acceptance to the Government of Singapore for defense articles and services estimated to cost $73 million (RSAT Case 26-67); to the Committee on Foreign Relations. EC-3940. A communication from the Senior Bureau Official, Legislative Affairs, Department of State, transmitting, pursuant to section 36(b)(1) of the Arms Export Control Act, the Navy's proposed letter(s) of offer and acceptance to the Government of Kuwait for defense articles and services estimated to cost $235.9 million (RSAT Case 26-56); to the Committee on Foreign Relations.

Reports of Committees

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The following reports of committees were submitted:

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By Mr. CRUZ, from the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, without amendment: S. 1898. A bill to establish a demonstration program for the active remediation of orbital debris and to require the development of uniform orbital debris standard practices in order to support a safe and sustainable orbital environment, and for other purposes (Rept. No. 119-128).

Executive Reports of Committees

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The following executive reports of nominations were submitted:

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By Mr. CRUZ for the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. *Coast Guard nominations beginning with Capt. Matthew T. Brown and ending with Capt. Torrence B. Wilson, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on November 18, 2025. (minus 1 nominee: Capt. Blake L. Novak) *Coast Guard nomination of Rear Adm. (lh) Russell E. Dash, to be Rear Admiral. *Coast Guard nomination of Joanna K. Hiigel, to be Rear Admiral. *Coast Guard nominations beginning with Capt. John F. Barresi and ending with Capt. Jacqueline M. Leverich, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on March 19, 2026. *Coast Guard nomination of Tabitha A. Schiro, to be Rear Admiral (Lower Half). *Coast Guard nomination of Dorothy J. Hernaez, to be Rear Admiral (Lower Half). *Coast Guard nomination of Tevin A. White, to be Lieutenant Commander.

Ted Cruz (R-TX)

Mr. President, for the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation I report favorably the following nomination lists which were printed in the Record on the dates indicated, and ask unanimous consent, to save the expense of reprinting on the Executive Calendar that these nominations lie at the Secretary's desk for the information of Senators.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

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*Coast Guard nominations beginning with Edward J. Abma and ending with Devon D. Zych, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on January 29, 2026. (minus 1 nominee: Jess M. Gallant) *Coast Guard nomination of Jon M. Kreischer, to be Captain. *Coast Guard nominations beginning with Ronzelle L. Green and ending with Tabitha A. Schiro, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on February 23, 2026. *Coast Guard nominations beginning with Christopher P. Rabalais and ending with Todd A. Ray, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record on June 4, 2026. By Mr. GRASSLEY for the Committee on the Judiciary. Don Richard Berthiaume, Jr., of Virginia, to be Inspector General, Department of Justice. Benjamin M. Flowers, of Ohio, to be United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit. Matthew A. Schwartz, of New York, to be United States Circuit Judge for the Second Circuit. Michael J. Hendershot, of Ohio, to be United States District Judge for the Northern District of Ohio. Arthur Roberts Jones, of Texas, to be United States District Judge for the Southern District of Texas. Jeffrey T. Kuntz, of Florida, to be United States District Judge for the Southern District of Florida. John George Edward Marck, of Texas, to be United States District Judge for the Southern District of Texas. Sean Costello, of Alabama, to be United States Attorney for the Southern District of Alabama for the term of four years.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

*Nomination was reported with recommendation that it be confirmed subject to the nominee's commitment to respond to requests to appear and testify before any duly constituted committee of the Senate.

(Nominations without an asterisk were reported with the recommendation that they be confirmed.)

Introduction of Bills and Joint Resolutions

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The following bills and joint resolutions were introduced, read the first and second times by unanimous consent, and referred as indicated:

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By Mr. KIM (for himself and Mr. Rounds): S. 4823. A bill to amend the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 to include quantum information science and technology in the areas covered by the Program on China and Transformational Exports; to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. By Mr. SHEEHY (for himself, Mr. Padilla, Mr. Bennet, Mr. Hickenlooper, and Mr. Curtis): S. 4824. A bill to amend section 5545 of title 5, United States Code, to provide hazard pay for carrying out prescribed burns, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. By Mr. SANDERS: S. 4825. A bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to impose an excise tax on systemically important AI activity, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Finance. By Mr. CORNYN (for himself, Mr. Coons, Mr. Wicker, Mr. Kaine, Mr. Grassley, and Mr. Whitehouse): S. 4826. A bill to amend the Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act to authorize the use of amounts in the Ukraine Support Fund for purchases by the Government of Ukraine of defense articles and services to respond to and recover from the consequences of the aggression of the Russian Federation; to the Committee on Foreign Relations. By Mr. CORNYN (for himself and Mr. Padilla): S. 4827. A bill to reauthorize a program for preventing outages and enhancing the resilience of the electric grid, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. By Mr. SCHMITT: S. 4828. A bill to reaffirm the Declaration of Independence as an Organic Law of the United States; considered and passed. By Ms. BALDWIN (for herself, Ms. Duckworth, Mr. Sanders, Mr. Wyden, Mr. Welch, and Ms. Hassan): S. 4829. A bill to amend title 49, United States Code, to provide for certain remedies for air transportation passengers with disabilities who are discriminated against, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. By Mr. SCHATZ (for himself and Ms. Hirono): S. 4830. A bill to designate the facility of the United States Postal Service located at 86-014 Farrington Highway in Waianae, Hawaii, as the "United States Representative Colleen Hanabusa Post Office Building"; to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. By Mr. MARKEY (for himself, Mr. Schatz, Mr. Sanders, Ms. Baldwin, Ms. Warren, Mr. Blumenthal, Mr. Fetterman, and Mr. Booker): S. 4831. A bill to prohibit, or require disclosure of, the surveillance, monitoring, and collection of certain worker data by employers, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. By Ms. SMITH (for herself and Mr. Rounds): S. 4832. A bill to amend the Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act to allow the Secretary of Agriculture to enter into self-determination contracts with Indian Tribes and Tribal organizations to carry out supplemental nutrition assistance programs; to the Committee on Indian Affairs. By Mr. MARKEY (for himself, Mr. Schatz, Mr. Sanders, Ms. Baldwin, Ms. Warren, Mr. Blumenthal, and Mr. Fetterman): S. 4833. A bill to prohibit certain uses of automated decision systems by employers, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. By Mr. SCOTT of Florida: S. 4834. A bill to limit expenditures for foreign student work authorizations, and for other purposes; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. CRAMER (for himself and Mr. Kim): S. 4835. A bill to enhance the administration of export control licenses under the Export Control Reform Act of 2018, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. By Mr. RICKETTS: S. 4836. A bill to amend the Food and Nutrition Act of 2008 to allow for blended workforces to carry out the supplemental nutrition assistance program under certain conditions, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. By Mr. VAN HOLLEN (for himself, Mr. Kaine, Mr. Booker, Ms. Alsobrooks, and Mr. Schiff): S. 4837. A bill to amend the District of Columbia Home Rule Act to provide for the automatic appointment of judges to the District of Columbia courts without the advice and consent of the Senate, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. By Mr. DAINES: S. 4838. A bill to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 to exempt certain employees engaged in outdoor recreational outfitting or guiding services from minimum wage and maximum hours requirements; to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. By Mr. RICKETTS (for himself and Ms. Cortez Masto): S. 4839. A bill to require the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to study how partnerships between financial technology companies and banking organizations can support new banking organization formation and community bank health, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. By Mrs. BLACKBURN (for herself and Mr. Kelly): S. 4840. A bill to expedite consideration of proposals for additions to, removals from, or other modifications with respect to entities on the Entity List; to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs. By Mr. SCHIFF (for himself and Mrs. Hyde-Smith): S. 4841. A bill to amend the Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 to allow for commodities under the emergency food assistance program to be ordered through the Department of Defense Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program; to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. By Mr. SCHIFF (for himself, Mrs. Hyde-Smith, Ms. Klobuchar, and Mr. Justice): S. 4842. A bill to amend the Agricultural Marketing Act of 1946 to permanently authorize the Resilient Food Systems Infrastructure Program, to establish regional food systems hubs, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry. By Mr. BLUMENTHAL (for himself, Mr. Scott of South Carolina, Mr. Murphy, and Mr. Bennet): S. 4843. A bill to amend the Higher Education Act of 1965 to promote comprehensive campus mental health and suicide prevention plans, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. By Mr. HEINRICH (for himself, Mr. Welch, Mrs. Fischer, Mr. Curtis, Mr. Bennet, Mr. Wyden, Ms. Alsobrooks, Mr. Blumenthal, Mr. Van Hollen, Ms. Slotkin, Mr. Gallego, Mr. Durbin, Mr. Merkley, Mrs. Gillibrand, and Mr. Markey): S. 4844. A bill to drive innovation in developing next-generation protection for firefighters by accelerating the development of PFAS-free turnout gear, and for other purposes; to the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions. By Ms. SLOTKIN (for herself, Ms. Baldwin, Mr. Gallego, Mr. Kelly, Ms. Klobuchar, Mr. Padilla, Ms. Rosen, and Mr. Warnock): S. 4845. A bill to require explicit Congressional approval for troops or armed men at polling places for the only exception in the United States Code, and for other purposes; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

Submission of Concurrent and Senate Resolutions

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The following concurrent resolutions and Senate resolutions were read, and referred (or acted upon), as indicated:

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By Mr. SCHIFF (for himself, Mr. Markey, and Mr. Padilla): S. Res. 778. A resolution recognizing and honoring Cambodian veterans of the Khmer National Armed Forces for their sacrifices, their support of the Armed Forces of the United States, and their defense of freedom in Southeast Asia; to the Committee on Foreign Relations. By Mr. BOOKER (for himself, Mr. Durbin, Mr. Van Hollen, and Ms. Klobuchar): S. Res. 779. A resolution recognizing the contributions of Black people to the musical heritage of the United States and the need for greater access to music education for Black students and designating June 2026 as "Black Music Month"; to the Committee on the Judiciary. By Mr. BOOKER (for himself and Mr. Van Hollen): S. Res. 780. A resolution expressing support for the designation of June 19, 2026, as "World Sickle Cell Awareness Day" in order to increase public awareness across the United States and global community about sickle cell disease and the continued need for empirical research, early detection screenings, novel effective treatments leading to a cure, and preventative care programs with respect to complications from sickle cell anemia and conditions relating to sickle cell disease; to the Committee on Foreign Relations. By Mr. CORNYN (for himself, Mrs. Gillibrand, Mr. Sanders, Mr. King, Ms. Cortez Masto, Mr. Blumenthal, Mr. Cramer, Mr. Padilla, Mr. Hickenlooper, Ms. Hirono, Mr. Whitehouse, Mrs. Blackburn, Mrs. Shaheen, Mr. Young, Mr. Booker, Mr. Wyden, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Kelly, Mr. Merkley, Mr. Scott of South Carolina, Mr. Justice, and Mrs. Britt): S. Res. 781. A resolution commemorating June 19, 2026, as "Juneteenth National Independence Day" in recognition of June 19, 1865, the date on which news of the end of slavery reached the slaves in the Southwestern States; to the Committee on the Judiciary.

Additional Cosponsors

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At the request of Mr. Booker, the name of the Senator from Maryland (Ms. Alsobrooks) was added as a cosponsor of S. 40, a bill to address the fundamental injustice, cruelty, brutality, and inhumanity of slavery in the United States and the 13 American colonies between 1619 and 1865 and to establish a commission to study and consider a national apology and proposal for reparations for the institution of slavery, its subsequent de jure and de facto racial and economic discrimination against African Americans, and the impact of these forces on living African Americans, to make recommendations to the Congress on appropriate remedies, and for other purposes. At the request of Ms. Hirono, the name of the Senator from Washington (Mrs. Murray) was added as a cosponsor of S. 193, a bill to repeal the Alien Enemies Act. At the request of Mr. Scott of Florida, the name of the Senator from Pennsylvania (Mr. McCormick) was added as a cosponsor of S. 473, a bill to amend the Older Americans Act of 1965 to include screening for loneliness and coordination of supportive services and health care to address the negative health effects of loneliness, to require a report on loneliness, and for other purposes. At the request of Mr. Schmitt, the name of the Senator from Kansas (Mr. Marshall) was added as a cosponsor of S. 494, a bill to establish a national plan to coordinate research on epilepsy, and for other purposes. At the request of Mrs. Gillibrand, the names of the Senator from Kansas (Mr. Marshall) and the Senator from Nevada (Ms. Rosen) were added as cosponsors of S. 1289, a bill to require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins in commemoration of the 25th anniversary of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States and to support programs at the National September 11 Memorial and Museum at the World Trade Center. At the request of Mr. Daines, the names of the Senator from West Virginia (Mrs. Capito) and the Senator from New Mexico (Mr. Heinrich) were added as cosponsors of S. 1547, a bill to amend title 54, United States Code, to reauthorize the National Parks and Public Land Legacy Restoration Fund, and for other purposes. At the request of Mr. Cotton, the name of the Senator from Missouri (Mr. Schmitt) was added as a cosponsor of S. 1705, a bill to require the Secretary of Commerce to issue standards with respect to chip security mechanisms for integrated circuit products, and for other purposes. At the request of Mr. McCormick, the name of the Senator from Ohio (Mr. Husted) was added as a cosponsor of S. 1808, a bill to permit a registered investment company to omit certain fees from the calculation of acquired fund fees and expenses, and for other purposes. At the request of Ms. Murkowski, the names of the Senator from Rhode Island (Mr. Whitehouse) and the Senator from Florida (Mrs. Moody) were added as cosponsors of S. 1892, a bill to clarify that amounts from declinations should be deposited in the Crime Victims Fund and to temporarily provide additional deposits into the Crime Victims Fund. At the request of Mrs. Hyde-Smith, the name of the Senator from West Virginia (Mr. Justice) was added as a cosponsor of S. 1919, a bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to establish a domestic cotton consumption credit. At the request of Mr. Whitehouse, the name of the Senator from New Jersey (Mr. Kim) was added as a cosponsor of S. 2096, a bill to amend titles 10 and 38, United States Code, to make certain improvements in the Transition Assistance Program and Solid Start Program to address mental health issues, and for other purposes. At the request of Ms. Baldwin, the name of the Senator from Virginia (Mr. Warner) was added as a cosponsor of S. 2195, a bill to award a Congressional Gold Medal, collectively, to the brave women who served in World War II as members of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps and U.S. Navy Nurse Corps. At the request of Mr. Booker, the name of the Senator from Maryland (Ms. Alsobrooks) was added as a cosponsor of S. 2203, a bill to authorize the Secretary of Health and Human Services to build safer, thriving communities, and save lives, by investing in effective community-based violence reduction initiatives, and for other purposes. At the request of Mr. Padilla, the name of the Senator from Rhode Island (Mr. Reed) was added as a cosponsor of S. 2265, a bill to require the Secretary of the Treasury to mint coins in commemoration of the 2028 Olympic and Paralympic Games in Los Angeles, California, and the 2034 Olympics and Paralympic Winter Games in Salt Lake City, Utah. At the request of Mr. Marshall, the name of the Senator from Missouri (Mr. Schmitt) was added as a cosponsor of S. 2355, a bill to amend the Public Health Service Act to provide for hospital and insurer price transparency. At the request of Mr. Lee, the name of the Senator from Texas (Mr. Cornyn) was added as a cosponsor of S. 3077, a bill to amend title 18, United States Code, to provide appropriate standards for the inclusion of a term of supervised release after imprisonment, and for other purposes. At the request of Mr. Cornyn, the name of the Senator from South Carolina (Mr. Graham) was added as a cosponsor of S. 3332, a bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to increase the exclusion of gain from the sale of a principal residence, and for other purposes. At the request of Mr. McCormick, the name of the Senator from Florida (Mr. Scott) was added as a cosponsor of S. 3519, a bill to amend the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 to provide for control of remote access to items, and for other purposes. At the request of Mrs. Shaheen, the names of the Senator from Pennsylvania (Mr. McCormick) and the Senator from Michigan (Ms. Slotkin) were added as cosponsors of S. 4189, a bill to reduce the price of insulin and provide for patient protections with respect to the cost of insulin. At the request of Mrs. Capito, the name of the Senator from Kansas (Mr. Moran) was added as a cosponsor of S. 4221, a bill to amend the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 to repeal the modification of the definition of adjusted taxable income for purposes of the limitation on business interest. At the request of Mr. Ricketts, the name of the Senator from Mississippi (Mr. Wicker) was added as a cosponsor of S. 4464, a bill to amend the Federal Meat Inspection Act and the Poultry Products Inspection Act to ensure that consumers can make informed decisions in choosing between meat and poultry products and cell-cultivated protein products, and for other purposes. At the request of Mr. Young, the name of the Senator from Texas (Mr. Cornyn) was added as a cosponsor of S. 4629, a bill to prohibit the provision of Federal funds to State and local governments and school districts for payment of obligations, to prohibit the Federal Reserve banks, the Department of the Treasury, and other Federal agencies from financially assisting State and local governments and school districts that have defaulted on their obligations, and for other purposes. At the request of Mr. Coons, the name of the Senator from Delaware (Ms. Blunt Rochester) was added as a cosponsor of S. 4664, a bill to authorize the Safer Choice Program within the Environmental Protection Agency, and for other purposes. At the request of Mr. Graham, the name of the Senator from Louisiana (Mr. Kennedy) was added as a cosponsor of S. 4671, a bill to amend chapter 44 of title 18, United States Code, to enhance penalties for theft of a firearm from a Federal firearms licensee. At the request of Mr. Merkley, the name of the Senator from Alaska (Mr. Sullivan) was added as a cosponsor of S. 4720, a bill to amend the High Seas Driftnet Fishing Moratorium Protection Act to authorize the Secretary of Commerce to consider nations with open registries in the Secretary's identification of nations engaging in or endorsing illegal, unreported, or unregulated fishing. At the request of Mr. Hickenlooper, the names of the Senator from Nebraska (Mr. Ricketts), the Senator from Maine (Mr. King), the Senator from Mississippi (Mr. Wicker) and the Senator from Oregon (Mr. Wyden) were added as cosponsors of S. 4730, a bill to amend the National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 to authorize capacity building grants for community college agriculture and natural resources programs. At the request of Mrs. Hyde-Smith, the name of the Senator from Louisiana (Mr. Cassidy) was added as a cosponsor of S. 4805, a bill to require the United States Executive Directors at the international financial institutions to oppose certain projects involving shrimp production.

Senate Resolution 778--Recognizing and Honoring Cambodian Veterans of the Khmer National Armed Forces for Their Sacrifices, Their Support of the Armed Forces of the United States, and Their Defense...

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SENATE RESOLUTION 778--RECOGNIZING AND HONORING CAMBODIAN VETERANS OF THE KHMER NATIONAL ARMED FORCES FOR THEIR SACRIFICES, THEIR SUPPORT OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE UNITED STATES, AND THEIR DEFENSE OF FREEDOM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Mr. SCHIFF (for himself, Mr. Markey, and Mr. Padilla) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations:

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Whereas Cambodian veterans of the Khmer National Armed Forces (also known in French as the "Forces armees nationales khmeres" and referred to in this resolution as the "FANK"), played a significant role in the fight against communism during the Vietnam war, standing shoulder-to-shoulder with the Armed Forces of the United States in the defense of freedom and democracy in Southeast Asia; Whereas, through their courageous actions, the FANK successfully captured and destroyed significant enemy supplies, thereby disrupting the logistical capabilities of adversarial forces; Whereas the FANK played a pivotal role in gathering and providing vital intelligence to the Armed Forces of the United States, which significantly contributed to operational success and strategic planning in the region; Whereas the intelligence provided by the FANK included crucial information on enemy troop positions, movements, and strength, enabling the Armed Forces of the United States to make informed decisions that saved lives and advanced the mission of promoting stability and security; Whereas the members of the FANK have faced profound challenges, including loss of life, personal sacrifice, and the enduring impact of conflict, yet have remained steadfast in their commitment to their country and allies; Whereas, recognizing the FANK's role in Phnom Penh on April 12, 1975, in providing critical support and protection that facilitated the safe evacuation of United States Embassy personnel, ensuring the safe passage of United States diplomats and citizens from a rapidly deteriorating situation; Whereas, after the fall of Phnom Penh on April 17, 1975, an estimated of 1,500,000 to 3,000,000 members of the FANK and Cambodian people lost their lives during the Khmer Rouge genocide; Whereas the FANK members and their families were targeted and executed, along with a wide range of people, including intellectuals, professionals, scholars, artists, religious figures, and anyone associated with the former Government of Cambodia or perceived as a threat, during the "Killing Fields" regime; Whereas many FANK personnel, their family members, and other Cambodians fled their homeland to escape the Khmer Rouge regime to find freedom in the United States and other nations; Whereas veterans of the FANK and other Cambodians who resettled in the United States found refuge in the country where they suffered severe mental health and socioeconomic challenges, but were determined to build new lives; Whereas veterans of the FANK who risked their lives fighting for freedom in the Cambodian civil war should be honored for their distinguished service and for the contributions they provided to the United States; Whereas many of these brave individuals witnessed unimaginable horrors, lost comrades, and endured personal loss that has left deep psychological scars, extending far beyond physical impact; Whereas veterans and survivors of genocide are at a higher risk for mental health disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, and anxiety; Whereas veterans of the FANK were founders of, and served in, local not-for-profit organizations, engaging with the Federal Government, local and State governments, and with other community and religious organizations, advocating on behalf of and educating Cambodian people in the United States; Whereas, along with other Cambodian refugees and immigrants, veterans of the FANK have done much to further successful resettlement to help new refugees and immigrants in socioeconomic, psychological, cultural, and educational development; and Whereas, while remembering and honoring the lives of members of the FANK, and other lives lost during the genocide, the new generation of Cambodian Americans continue to be an integral part of American society, including by serving others as health care professionals, teachers, and servicemembers: Now, therefore, be it Resolved, That the Senate-- (1) recognizes the sacrifices made by Cambodian veterans of the Khmer National Armed Forces in their unwavering commitment to protect their nation and support allied efforts alongside the United States in the early 1970s; (2) expresses profound gratitude to the Khmer National Armed Forces for their invaluable partnership, which has been instrumental in advancing the shared goals of freedom, security, and prosperity in the region; and (3) acknowledges the historical significance of the contributions of the Khmer National Armed Forces during that period to the fight for freedom in shaping the future of southeast Asia.

Senate Resolution 779--Recognizing the Contributions of Black People to the Musical Heritage of the United States and the Need for Greater Access to Music Education for Black Students And...

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THE MUSICAL HERITAGE OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE NEED FOR GREATER ACCESS TO MUSIC EDUCATION FOR BLACK STUDENTS AND DESIGNATING JUNE 2026 AS "BLACK MUSIC MONTH" Mr. BOOKER (for himself, Mr. Durbin, Mr. Van Hollen, and Ms. Klobuchar) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary:

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Whereas spirituals, ragtime, blues, jazz, gospel, classical composition, and countless other categories of music have been created or enhanced by Black people and are etched into the history and culture of the United States; Whereas the first Africans transported to the United States came from a variety of ethnic groups with a long history of distinct and cultivated musical traditions, brought musical instruments with them, and built new musical instruments in the United States; Whereas spirituals were a distinct response to the conditions of slavery in the United States and expressed the longing of the enslaved for spiritual and bodily freedom, for safety from harm and evil, and for relief from the hardships of slavery; Whereas jazz, arguably the most creative and complex music that the United States has produced, combines the musical traditions of Black people in New Orleans with the creative flexibility of blues music; Whereas masterful trumpeters Louis Armstrong and Miles Davis achieved national and international recognition with the success of "West End Blues" by Louis Armstrong in the 1920s and "So What" by Miles Davis in the late 1950s; Whereas Thomas Dorsey, the "Father of Gospel Music", used his composing talents to merge sacred and secular styles that created a revolution in music; Whereas talented jazz pianist and vocalist Nat King Cole recorded more than 150 singles and sold more than 50,000,000 records; Whereas the talent of Ella Fitzgerald, a winner of 13 Grammy Awards, is epitomized by a rendition of "Summertime", a bluesy record accompanied by melodic vocals; Whereas Natalie Cole, the daughter of Nat King Cole, achieved musical success in the mid-1970s as a rhythm and blues artist with the hits "This Will Be" and "Unforgettable"; Whereas, in the 1940s, bebop evolved through jam sessions, which included trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie and alto saxophonist Charlie Parker, held at clubs in Harlem, New York, such as Minton's Playhouse; Whereas earlier classical singers such as Elizabeth Taylor Greenfield, one of the first widely known Black vocalists, and other early Black singing pioneers, including Nellie Mitchell Brown, Marie Selika Williams, Rachel Walker Turner, Marian Anderson, and Flora Batson Bergen, paved the way for the female Black concert singers who have achieved great popularity during the last 50 years; Whereas the term "rhythm and blues" originated in the late 1940s as a way to describe recordings marketed to Black people and replaced the term "race music"; Whereas lyrical themes in rhythm and blues often encapsulate the Black experience of pain, the quest for freedom, joy, triumphs and failures, relationships, economics, and aspiration and were popularized by artists such as Ray Charles, Ruth Brown, Etta James, and Otis Redding; Whereas the musical virtuoso Reverend Richard Smallwood, a composer and arranger of classical gospel music, continues to inspire audiences and performers worldwide; Whereas soul music originated in the Black community in the late 1950s and early 1960s, combines elements of Black gospel music, rhythm and blues, and jazz, and was popularized by artists such as Aretha Franklin, James Brown, Ray Charles, Sam Cooke, Bill Withers, and Jackie Wilson; Whereas Motown, founded as a record label in 1959, evolved into a distinctive style known for the "Motown Sound", a blend of pop and soul musical stylings made popular by prominent Black artists such as Marvin Gaye, James Mason, and Mary Wells; Whereas go-go, developed by Black musicians in the mid-1960s and combining funk, soul, and Latin music, was popularized by artists such as Chuck Brown and Rare Essence, and is the "official music of Washington, DC"; Whereas Harry Belafonte, a singer, actor, activist, and a supporter and confidant of Martin Luther King, Jr., throughout the civil rights movement, influenced by his Caribbean roots, popularized calypso music in the United States; Whereas, in the early 1970s, the musical style of disco emerged and was popularized by programs such as Soul Train and by artists such as Donna Summer; Whereas reggae is a genre of music that originated in Jamaica in the late 1960s and incorporates some of the musical elements of rhythm and blues, jazz, mento, calypso, and African music, and was popularized by artists such as Bob Marley; Whereas rock and roll was developed from Black musical styles such as gospel and rhythm and blues and was popularized by artists such as Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, and Jimi Hendrix; Whereas rap, arguably the most complex and influential form of hip-hop culture, combines blues, jazz, and soul and elements of the Black musical tradition with Caribbean calypso, dub, and dance hall reggae; Whereas the development and popularity of old-style rap combined confident beats with wordplay and storytelling, highlighting the struggle of Black youth growing up in underresourced neighborhoods; Whereas Dayton, Ohio, known as the "Land of Funk", helped give rise to the genre of funk as a mixture of soul, jazz, and rhythm and blues and popularized bands such as the Ohio Players, Heatwave, Roger and Zapp, and Lakeside; Whereas contemporary rhythm and blues, which originated in the late 1970s and combines elements of pop, rhythm and blues, soul, funk, hip hop, gospel, and electronic dance music, was popularized by artists such as Whitney Houston and Aaliyah; Whereas Prince Rogers Nelson, a Minnesota native, was a one-of-a-kind artist who made "Purple Rain" a household name, First Avenue a landmark, and brought international fame to Minnesota's music scene; Whereas the incredible Billie Holiday created a cultural reset by recording "Strange Fruit", originally a poem that depicted lynching in the Southern United States, which became the first protest song of the civil rights era; Whereas the talented jazz artist Duke Ellington pushed boundaries with his hits "It Don't Mean a Thing if It Ain't Got That Swing" and "Sophisticated Lady" and received 13 Grammy Awards and the Presidential Gold Medal; Whereas Sister Rosetta Tharpe, known as the "Godmother of Rock 'n' Roll", combined her distinctive guitar style with melodic blues and traditional gospel music that influenced the likes of Aretha Franklin and Chuck Berry; Whereas Tina Turner, known as the "Queen of Rock 'n' Roll", stunned audiences with her powerful vocals, was the first woman or Black musician to be featured on the cover of Rolling Stone, and received 12 Grammy Awards during her lifetime; Whereas trailblazer Florence Price was the first noted Black female composer to gain national status and the first Black woman to have her composed work performed by a major national symphony orchestra; Whereas the classical singer Marian Anderson broke down racial barriers by performing at the Lincoln Memorial in 1939 after being denied the opportunity to sing in front of an integrated audience at the Daughters of the American Revolution Constitution Hall in Washington, DC; Whereas country music singer Charley Pride was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame in 2000 and has had more than 40 hits reach number 1 on the country charts; Whereas Nina Simone, one of the most prominent and extraordinary soul singers, has music spanning more than 4 decades that impacted generations with detailed storytelling; Whereas musician Bobby McFerrin brought joy to audiences everywhere with his smash hit "Don't Worry Be Happy"; Whereas famous saxophone player John Coltrane made his impact on genres like bebop, jazz, and rhythm and blues through his work such as "A Love Supreme"; Whereas David Jolicoeur, also known as Trugoy the Dove, was a founding member of hip-hop groups De La Soul and Native Tongues and used his passion for rap music to spread positive messages within his community; Whereas musical force Marvin Gaye used his versatility as an artist to produce hits like "I Heard It Through the Grapevine" and "Ain't No Mountain High Enough"; Whereas Sylvia Robinson, a New Jersey native, was an American singer, record producer, and founder of Sugar Hill Records and is widely credited with launching the hip-hop genre internationally; Whereas New Jersey resident Q-Tip, also known as Kamaal Fareed, along with his fellow members of A Tribe Called Quest--Phife Dawg, Jarobi White, and Ali Shaheed Muhammad--helped define uplifting and conscious hip-hop; Whereas East Orange, New Jersey, native Whitney Houston, one of the most recognizable voices in music, sold more than 220,000,000 records worldwide, making her one of the best-selling artists of all time, and holds the Guinness World Record as the most awarded female artist with more than 400 career awards. Whereas Camden, New Jersey, native Leon Huff and his longtime partner Kenny Gamble are Grammy-winning songwriters and producers, who founded Philadelphia International Records and produced more than 170 gold and platinum records for artists such as Billy Paul, Lou Rawls, The O'Jays, Patti LaBelle, and Phyllis Hyman; Whereas Black Music Month was established 47 years ago by songwriter and producer Kenny Gamble, broadcaster Dyana Williams, and radio executive Ed Wright under the auspices of the Black Music Association; Whereas the National Museum of African American Music in Nashville, Tennessee, serves as the official home of Black Music Month and is dedicated to preserving and celebrating the central role of Black music in American culture; Whereas a recent study by the National Arts Education Data Project found that 49 percent of all students attending schools with a predominately African-American student population do not participate in school music programs; Whereas Black students scored the lowest of all ethnicities in the most recent National Assessment for Educational Progress arts assessment; Whereas Black students often receive a music education that does not reflect their own culture; Whereas students who are eligible for the school lunch program established under the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.) have significantly lower scores on the music portion of the National Assessment for Educational Progress arts assessment than students who are ineligible for that program, which suggests that students in low-income families are disadvantaged in the subject of music; Whereas a study found that-- (1) nearly \2/3\ of music ensemble students were White and middle class, and only 15 percent of those students were Black; and (2) only 7 percent of music teacher licensure candidates were Black; and Whereas students of color face many barriers to accessing music education and training, especially in large urban public schools: Now, therefore, be it Resolved, That the Senate-- (1) recognizes-- (A) the contributions of Black people to the musical heritage of the United States; (B) the wide array of talented and popular Black musical artists, composers, songwriters, and musicians who are underrecognized for contributions to music; (C) the achievements, talent, and hard work of Black pioneer artists and the obstacles that those artists overcame to gain recognition; (D) the need for Black students to have greater access to, and participation in, culturally relevant music programs in schools across the United States; and (E) Black History Month and Black Music Month as an important time-- (i) to celebrate the impact of the Black musical heritage on the musical heritage of the United States; and (ii) to encourage greater access to music education so that the next generation may continue to greatly contribute to the musical heritage of the United States; and (2) designates June 2026 as "Black Music Month".

Senate Resolution 780--Expressing Support for the Designation of June 19, 2026, as "World Sickle Cell Awareness Day" in Order to Increase Public Awareness Across the United States and Global...

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SENATE RESOLUTION 780--EXPRESSING SUPPORT FOR THE DESIGNATION OF JUNE 19, 2026, AS "WORLD SICKLE CELL AWARENESS DAY" IN ORDER TO INCREASE PUBLIC AWARENESS ACROSS THE UNITED STATES AND GLOBAL COMMUNITY ABOUT SICKLE CELL DISEASE AND THE CONTINUED NEED FOR EMPIRICAL RESEARCH, EARLY DETECTION SCREENINGS, NOVEL EFFECTIVE TREATMENTS LEADING TO A CURE, AND PREVENTATIVE CARE PROGRAMS WITH RESPECT TO COMPLICATIONS FROM SICKLE CELL ANEMIA AND CONDITIONS RELATING TO SICKLE CELL DISEASE Mr. BOOKER (for himself and Mr. Van Hollen) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on Foreign Relations:

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Whereas sickle cell disease (referred to in this preamble as "SCD") is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders, a genetic condition present at birth, and a major health problem in the United States and worldwide; Whereas the 2026 theme of World Sickle Cell Awareness Day, "Closing the Survival Gap: Equity in Sickle Cell Disease", is an immediate call to close the survival gap and push towards a universal cure; Whereas, in 1972, Dr. Charles Whitten cofounded the Sickle Cell Disease Association of America to improve research, education, and health care for SCD patients and which is now headquartered in Hanover, Maryland; Whereas, in 1972, Congress passed the National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act (Public Law 92-294; 86 Stat. 136), which, for the first time, provided authority to establish education, information, screening, testing, counseling, research, and treatment programs for SCD; Whereas sickle cell trait (referred to in this preamble as "SCT") is a gene mutation that causes a single misspelling in the DNA instructions for hemoglobin, a protein that aids in carrying oxygen in the blood, and can result in chronic complications for individuals living with SCD, including anemia, stroke, infections, organ failure, tissue damage, intense periods of pain referred to as vaso-occulsive crises, and even premature death; Whereas SCT occurs when an individual inherits 1 copy of the sickle cell gene from 1 parent, and, although most individuals who have SCT live normal lives, when both parents have SCT, there is a 25 percent chance that any of their children will have SCD; Whereas there are an estimated 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 individuals with SCT in the United States, with many unaware of their status; Whereas approximately 100,000 individuals have SCD in the United States, with 1 out of every 365 African-American births and 1 out of every 16,300 Hispanic-American births resulting in SCD, and nearly 1 out of 13 African-American babies are born with SCT; Whereas SCD affects millions of individuals throughout the world, especially individuals of genetic descent from certain countries in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Central America, Saudi Arabia, India, and the Mediterranean basin; Whereas the variance relating to the prevalence of SCT ranges greatly by region and demography, with overall rates as high as 40 percent in parts of Africa; Whereas approximately 1,000 children in Africa are born with SCD each day, 50 to 80 percent of whom will die before their fifth birthday; Whereas, in 2006, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution, adopted by the United Nations in 2009, recognizing SCD as a public health priority with a call to action for each country to implement measures to tackle the disease, and in 2010, the World Health Assembly passed a resolution relating to preventing and managing birth defects, including SCD; Whereas screening newborns for SCD is a crucial first step for families to obtain a timely diagnosis, to obtain comprehensive care, and to decrease the mortality rate for children with respect to SCD; Whereas, in 2023, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (commonly known as "HSCT" or bone marrow transplant) was the only cure for SCD, and the Food and Drug Administration has since approved 2 gene therapies that have been demonstrated to cure SCD; Whereas there is an immediate need for lifesaving therapeutics that can improve the duration and quality of life for individuals with SCD; Whereas, in 2020, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine developed a comprehensive strategic plan and blueprint for action to address SCD, which highlights the need to develop new innovative therapies and to address barriers to the equitable access of approved treatments; Whereas, in 2020, the Department of Health and Human Services, in partnership with the American Society of Hematology and the SickleInAfrica Consortium, and in collaboration with the World Health Organization, hosted a webinar for a joint effort to strengthen efforts to combat SCD during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond; Whereas the late Kwaku Ohene-Frempong, M.D., Professor Emeritus of Pediatrics at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania and American Society of Hematology member who founded and served as a member of the Global Sickle Cell Disease Network, was a leader in advancing the body of knowledge in SCD research, public health, and medicine and is recognized as immeasurably benefitting thousands of children worldwide; and Whereas, although June 19, 2026, has been designated as "World Sickle Cell Awareness Day" to increase public awareness across the United States and global community about SCD, there remains a continued need for empirical research, early detection screenings, novel effective treatments leading to a cure, and preventative care programs with respect to complications from sickle cell anemia and conditions relating to SCD: Now, therefore, be it Resolved, That the Senate-- (1) supports the goals and ideals of World Sickle Cell Awareness Day; (2) commits to ensuring equitable access to new sickle cell disease (referred to in this resolution as "SCD") treatments by shining the light among all economic, racial, and ethnic groups to improve health outcomes for individuals living with SCD; (3) calls on the Department of Health and Human Services to create global policy solutions aimed at providing support for the global community with respect to SCD and, in partnership with local governments, the domestic resources needed to provide access to newborn screening programs, therapeutic interventions, and support services with respect to SCD; (4) supports eliminating barriers to equitable access to innovative SCD therapies, including cell, gene, and gene-editing therapies in the Medicare and Medicaid systems for the most vulnerable patients; (5) encourages the people of the United States and the world to hold appropriate programs, events, and activities on World Sickle Cell Awareness Day to raise public awareness of SCD traits, preventative-care programs, treatments, and other patient services for those suffering from SCD, complications from SCD, and conditions relating to SCD; (6) encourages the President to form a Sickle Cell Disease Interagency Group, which should include the Department of Health and Human Services, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the National Institute of Health, the Food and Drug Administration, and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, to work toward policies that will support equitable and appropriate access to innovative SCD therapies; and (7) with respect to the policies described in paragraph (6), urges the interagency group described in that paragraph to consider options that not only address access to potential future curative treatments for SCD, but also address the biases that the populations most affected by SCD continue to face within the United States and global healthcare systems.

Senate Resolution 781--Commemorating June 19, 2026, as "Juneteenth National Independence Day" in Recognition of June 19, 1865, the Date on Which News of the End of Slavery Reached the Slaves In...

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SENATE RESOLUTION 781--COMMEMORATING JUNE 19, 2026, AS "JUNETEENTH NATIONAL INDEPENDENCE DAY" IN RECOGNITION OF JUNE 19, 1865, THE DATE ON WHICH NEWS OF THE END OF SLAVERY REACHED THE SLAVES IN THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES Mr. CORNYN (for himself, Mrs. Gillibrand, Mr. Sanders, Mr. King, Ms. Cortez Masto, Mr. Blumenthal, Mr. Cramer, Mr. Padilla, Mr. Hickenlooper, Ms. Hirono, Mr. Whitehouse, Mrs. Blackburn, Mrs. Shaheen, Mr. Young, Mr. Booker, Mr. Wyden, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Kelly, Mr. Merkley, Mr. Scott of South Carolina, Mr. Justice, and Mrs. Britt) submitted the following resolution; which was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary:

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Whereas news of the end of slavery did not reach the frontier areas of the United States, in particular the State of Texas and the other Southwestern States, until months after the conclusion of the Civil War, more than 2\1/2\ years after President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863; Whereas, on June 19, 1865, Union soldiers, led by Major General Gordon Granger, arrived in Galveston, Texas, with news that the Civil War had ended and the enslaved were free; Whereas African Americans who had been slaves in the Southwest celebrated June 19, commonly known as "Juneteenth National Independence Day", as inspiration and encouragement for future generations; Whereas African Americans from the Southwest have continued the tradition of observing Juneteenth National Independence Day for more than 150 years; Whereas Juneteenth National Independence Day began as a holiday in the State of Texas and is now a Federal holiday that is celebrated in all 50 States and the District of Columbia as a special day of observance in recognition of the emancipation of all slaves in the United States; Whereas Juneteenth National Independence Day celebrations have been held to honor African-American freedom while encouraging self-development and respect for all cultures; Whereas the faith and strength of character demonstrated by former slaves and the descendants of former slaves remain an example for all people of the United States, regardless of background, religion, or race; Whereas slavery was not officially abolished until the ratification of the 13th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States in December 1865; and Whereas, over the course of its history, the United States has grown into a symbol of democracy and freedom around the world: Now, therefore, be it Resolved, That the Senate-- (1) commemorates June 19, 2026, as "Juneteenth National Independence Day"; (2) recognizes the historical significance of Juneteenth National Independence Day to the United States; (3) supports the continued nationwide celebration of Juneteenth National Independence Day to provide an opportunity for the people of the United States to learn more about the past and to better understand the experiences that have shaped the United States; and (4) recognizes that the observance of the end of slavery is part of the history and heritage of the United States.

Text of Amendments

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SA 5855. Ms. ROSEN (for herself, Ms. Cortez Masto, and Mrs. Blackburn) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle E of title III, add the following: SEC. 358. CLASSIFICATION OF CERTAIN FACILITIES AS LOCATIONS WHERE CONTAMINATION OCCURRED AND MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES WERE EXPOSED TO TOXIC SUBSTANCES. (a) In General.--The Secretary of Defense shall classify the following locations as a location where contamination occurred: (1) On and after January 27, 1951, the Nevada Test and Training Range, including the Nevada National Security Site (as such site is defined on May 19, 2026). (2) Any facility on the most recent list of facilities covered under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 (42 U.S.C. 7384 et seq.) published in the Federal Register by the Secretary of Energy. (b) Identification Process.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary of Defense shall establish a process to identify members of the Armed Forces and former members of the Armed Forces that were stationed at a facility specified in subsection (a). (2) Documentation.--The Secretary of Defense shall establish a process to permit members of the Armed Forces and former members of the Armed Forces to provide documentation or evidence of their assignment at a facility specified in subsection (a) to assist the Secretary in identifying those members and former members under paragraph (1). (3) Efforts.--The Secretary of Defense shall make all efforts to identify individuals described in paragraph (1) and shall not require members of the Armed Forces or former members of the Armed Forces to submit evidence of their stationing. (c) Sharing of Information.--The Secretary of Defense shall share with the Secretary of Veterans Affairs all information and documentation gathered under subsection (b) in order to provide the Secretary of Veterans Affairs with adequate documentation of the service of members of the Armed Forces and former members of the Armed Forces at facilities specified in subsection (a) and any injuries, exposures, or illnesses related to such service, for the purpose of establishing any claim for benefits under the laws administered by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to which such members and former members are legally entitled. ______

SA 5856. Ms. SMITH submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ____. REVOCATION OF CHARTER OF INCORPORATION OF THE LOWER SIOUX INDIAN COMMUNITY. The request of the Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota to surrender the charter of incorporation issued to that community and ratified on July 17, 1937, pursuant to section 17 of the Act of June 18, 1934 (commonly known as the "Indian Reorganization Act") (48 Stat. 988, chapter 576; 25 U.S.C. 5124), is hereby accepted and that charter of incorporation is hereby revoked. ______

SA 5857. Ms. SMITH submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. __. TRANSFER OF ADDITIONAL FEDERAL LAND TO THE LEECH LAKE BAND OF OJIBWE. (a) Findings.--Section 2(a)(5) of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Reservation Restoration Act (Public Law 116-255; 134 Stat. 1140) is amended by striking subparagraph (B) and inserting the following: "(B) does not intend immediately to modify the use of the Federal land.". (b) Inclusion of Additional Federal Land.--Section 2 of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Reservation Restoration Act (Public Law 116-255; 134 Stat. 1139) is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)(1)-- (A) in subparagraph (A)-- (i) by striking "means the approximately" and inserting "means-- "(i) the approximately"; (ii) in clause (i) (as so designated), by striking the period at the end and inserting "; and"; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: "(ii) any other land managed by the Secretary, through the Chief of the Forest Service, located in the Chippewa National Forest in Cass County, Minnesota, which records maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs show was sold without the unanimous consent of the rightful landowners."; and (B) in subparagraph (B)-- (i) by redesignating clauses (i) and (ii) as clauses (ii) and (iii), respectively; and (ii) by inserting before clause (ii) (as so redesignated) the following: "(i) any land transferred pursuant to an agreement entered into between the Secretary and the Tribe under subsection (c)(2);"; (2) in subsection (c)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "paragraph (2)" and inserting "paragraphs (2) and (3)"; (B) by redesignating paragraph (2) as paragraph (3); and (C) by inserting after paragraph (1) the following: "(2) Agreement.-- "(A) In general.--On agreement between the Secretary and the Tribe, the Secretary shall substitute, for purposes of the transfer under paragraph (1), alternative National Forest System land located in Cass County, Minnesota, on an acre-for-acre basis, for those parcels of Federal land to be transferred under that paragraph in a manner that avoids in-holdings and provides a preference for land adjacent to or near existing Leech Lake trust lands and lands of cultural importance to the Tribe, to the maximum extent practicable. "(B) Frequency of transfers.--Pursuant to an agreement entered into under subparagraph (A), the Secretary may transfer land to the Secretary of the Interior on a rolling basis as that land is identified and surveys are completed."; and (3) in subsection (d)-- (A) in paragraph (1)-- (i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting "described in subsection (b)(1)(A)(i)" after "Federal land"; and (ii) in subparagraph (B), in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking "submit a map and legal description of the Federal land" and inserting "submit maps and legal descriptions of the Federal land transferred pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (c), as applicable,"; (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) by striking "map and legal description" and inserting "maps and legal descriptions"; and (ii) by striking "map or legal description" and inserting "maps or legal descriptions"; and (C) in paragraph (3), by striking "map and legal description" and inserting "maps and legal descriptions". (c) Reaffirmation.--Congress reaffirms the applicability of section 97A.151 of the Minnesota Statutes, including the settlement agreement ratified by that section, for purposes of ensuring that the hunting, fishing, and recreation rights of non-Tribal members remain unchanged by the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Reservation Restoration Act (Public Law 116-255; 134 Stat. 1139) and the amendments made to that Act by this section. (d) Implementation.--In implementing the amendments made by this section, the Secretary of Agriculture, acting through the Chief of the Forest Service, shall provide for public engagement and comment in accordance with applicable laws (including regulations). ______

SA 5858. Mrs. BLACKBURN (for herself and Mr. Kelly) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title XII, insert the following: SEC. 12__. EXPEDITED CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR ADDITIONS TO, REMOVALS FROM, OR OTHER MODIFICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO ENTITIES ON THE ENTITY LIST. Section 1754 of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4813) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(g) Expedited Consideration of Proposals for Additions to, Removals From, or Other Modifications With Respect to Entities on the Entity List.-- "(1) In general.--Any member of the End-User Review Committee may submit a proposal directly to the Committee requesting a vote of all members of the Committee for additions to, removals from, or other modifications with respect to the Entity List. A proposal to add an entity to the Entity List shall be made in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (4). "(2) Consideration.--Subject to paragraph (4)(B), the End-User Review Committee shall vote to approve or disapprove a proposal submitted under paragraph (1) not later than 30 days after the date on which the proposal is submitted to the Committee. "(3) Additional information.--The chairperson of the End-User Review Committee, with the concurrence of the member of the Committee that submitted a proposal under paragraph (1), may suspend for an additional 15 days the time period specified in paragraph (2) with respect to consideration of the proposal if the chairperson and the member determine that additional information is required in order to make a determination with respect to the proposal, including the impact and effect of the proposal. "(4) Additions to the entity list.-- "(A) In general.--An entity may be added to the Entity List if the End-User Review Committee by majority vote of its members has determined that the entity has engaged, is engaged, or is at risk of engaging in activities contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States. "(B) Licensing policy.-- "(i) In general.--Subject to clause (ii), there shall be in effect a policy of presumption of denial for all applications for a license to export, reexport, or in-country transfer any item subject to the Export Administration Regulations if an entity added to the Entity List under this subsection is or would be a party to a transaction with respect to which the application applies. "(ii) Exception.--The licensing policy required by clause (i) shall not apply with respect to an entity described in such clause if the members of the End-User Review Committee agree by majority vote to apply a different policy with respect to the entity for all or specific types of items subject to the Export Administration Regulations that would be in the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States. "(C) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this paragraph may be construed to limit or otherwise affect the escalation procedures unrelated to the End-User Review Committee. "(5) Administrative provisions.-- "(A) In general.--Each member of the End-User Review Committee shall have 1 vote with respect to matters described in this subsection. The chairperson of the Committee shall not have the authority to make determinations or override any voting decision with respect to such matters. "(B) Suspension of voting period.--The chairperson of the End-User Review Committee may suspend the 30-day voting period described in paragraph (2) if the members of the Committee unanimously agree to postpone the vote. "(C) Notice; implementing authority.--The chairperson of the End-User Review Committee shall notify the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Export Administration of all final decisions of the Committee with respect to additions to, removals from, or other modifications with respect to the Entity List under this subsection so that the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Export Administration may implement all such modifications. "(6) Definitions.--In this subsection: "(A) End-user review committee; committee.--The terms `End-User Review Committee' and `Committee' mean-- "(i) the End-User Review Committee established under section 744.16(d) of the Export Administration Regulations; or "(ii) any successor committee. "(B) Entity list.--The term `Entity List' means the list maintained by the Bureau of Industry and Security of the Department of Commerce pursuant to subsection (a)(2) and set forth in Supplement No. 4 to part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations (or successor regulations).". ______

SA 5859. Mr. REED (for himself and Ms. Collins) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle C of title VIII, add the following: SEC. 850. JOB CORPS SHIPBUILDING-DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL BASE PIPELINE ACT OF 2026. (a) Alignment of Job Corps With the Defense Industrial Base.-- (1) In general.--The National Imperative for Industrial Skills program of the Department of Defense (or a successor program) shall maximize the use of and expand on the activities of Job Corps centers and registered apprenticeship programs to train the skilled industrial workers that are needed in the defense industrial base. (2) Referral of military recruits to job corps.--Military recruiters shall make each military recruit who is ineligible to enlist in the military as a result of the requirements of section 520 of title 10, United States Code, aware of the opportunity to enroll in Job Corps and registered apprenticeship programs in order to meet the standards for enlistment or learn skills that can contribute to the defense industrial base. (3) Job corps trade realignment.--In order to address shortages of skilled industrial workers in the defense industrial base, the Secretary of Defense may, through the National Imperative for Industrial Skills program (or a successor program) and grants to Job Corps center operators as provided in accordance with section 158(f) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3208(f)), support the change of trades offered at a Job Corps center, including at a Job Corps transition hub at an existing center or at a new site in close proximity to a shipyard or other defense industrial base suppliers, to align with the needs of the defense industrial base, including through investments in curricula development, equipment, and facilities. (4) Definitions.--For purposes of this subsection: (A) Enrollee; job corps; job corps center.--The terms "enrollee", "Job Corps", and "Job Corps center" have the meanings given such terms in section 142 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3192). (B) Job corps center operator.--The term "Job Corps center operator" has the meaning given the term "operator" in such section of such Act. (C) Job corps transition hub.--The term "Job Corps transition hub" means an advanced career training program under section 148 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3198) that facilitates the onboarding and retention of enrollees into the defense industrial base. (D) Registered apprenticeship program.--The term "registered apprenticeship program" means an apprenticeship program that is registered under the Act of August 16, 1937 (commonly known as the "National Apprenticeship Act"; 50 Stat. 664, chapter 663; 29 U.S.C. 50 et seq.). (b) Extension of Shipbuilding Special Incentive to the Job Corps.--Section 8696(b)(2) of title 10, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "(G) The Job Corps program established under section 143 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3193) or an individual Job Corps center operator as defined in section 142 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3192).". (c) Job Corps Conforming Reforms.-- (1) Success in military recruitment as a graduate of job corps.--Section 142(5) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3192(5)) is amended by inserting "enlisted in the military with a score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test that is above the thirty-first percentile," before "or completed". (2) Grants to job corps centers.--Section 158(f) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3208(f)) is amended-- (A) by striking the heading and inserting "External Funding"; (B) by striking "The Secretary may accept on behalf of the Job Corps or individual Job Corps centers charitable donations of cash" and inserting the following: "(1) In general.--The Secretary (or the Secretary of Agriculture, as appropriate), on behalf of the Job Corps, or a Job Corps center operator, on behalf of such center, may accept grants and charitable donations of cash"; (C) by inserting "grants and" before "donations are"; (D) by striking "available for appropriate use" and inserting "used exclusively"; and (E) by adding at the end the following: "(2) Transfer of property.--Notwithstanding sections 501(b) and 522 of title 40, United States Code, any property acquired by a Job Corps center shall be directly transferred, on a nonreimbursable basis, to the Secretary. "(3) Prohibition of offset using external funding.--An operator that accepts a grant or charitable donation under paragraph (1) may not use the grant or charitable donation to fulfill the cost of any obligation imposed on the operator under an agreement under section 147. "(4) Prohibition on restrictions for job corps placement.--A grant or charitable donation under paragraph (1) may not include terms that restrict the placement or employment options of an enrollee or graduate. "(5) Public reporting.-- The Secretary shall publicly disclose on annual basis a list of grants and charitable donations received under paragraph (1), which shall include the amount and source of each grant or charitable donation and the Job Corps center that was designated as the beneficiary of each grant or charitable donation.". (3) Local authority to realign trades.--Section 151 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3201) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(d) Local Authority.--Subject to the limitations of the budget approved by the Secretary for a Job Corps center, the operator of a Job Corps center shall have the authority, without prior approval from the Secretary, to-- "(1) hire staff and provide staff professional development; "(2) set terms and enter into agreements with Federal, State, or local educational partners, such as secondary schools, institutions of higher education, child development centers, units of Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps programs established under section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, or employers; and "(3) engage with and educate stakeholders (including eligible applicants for the Job Corps) about Job Corps operations, selection procedures, and activities.". (4) Streamlined enrollment of veterans and military recruits into the defense industrial base.-- (A) In general.--Subsection (b) of section 144 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3194) is amended-- (i) in the heading, by inserting "and Certain Other Armed Forces Members" after "Veterans"; and (ii) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by inserting "or a member of the Armed Forces eligible for pre-separation counseling of the Transition Assistance Program under section 1142 of title 10, United States Code," after "a veteran". (B) Background check exemption.--Section 145(b) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3195(b)) is amended-- (i) in paragraph (1)(C), by inserting "except with respect to an individual described in paragraph (4)," before "the individual"; and (ii) by adding at the end the following: "(4) Individuals exempted from background check.--An individual described in this paragraph is-- "(A) an individual who is-- "(i)(I) a member of the Armed Forces eligible for pre-separation counseling of the Transition Assistance Program under section 1142 of title 10, United States Code; or "(II) a veteran who left the Armed Forces not more than 90 days before the date on which the veteran applies to enroll in the Job Corps; and "(ii) not ineligible for retired pay as provided by section 12740 of title 10, United States Code; or "(B) a military recruit who-- "(i) is ineligible to enlist in the military as a result of the requirements of section 520 of title 10, United States Code; and "(ii) not more than 90 days before the date on which the recruit applies to enroll in the Job Corps, passed a background check as part of the enlistment process.". ______

SA 5860. Mr. YOUNG submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of title X, add the following:

Subtitle __Helping Allies Respond to Piracy, Overfishing, and Oceanic Negligence Act

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SEC. 10_1. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "Helping Allies Respond to Piracy, Overfishing, and Oceanic Negligence Act" or the "HARPOON Act". SEC. 10_2. DEFINITIONS. In this subtitle: (1) Commandant.--The term "Commandant" means the Commandant of the Coast Guard. (2) Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; iuu fishing.--The terms "illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing" and "IUU fishing" mean activities described as illegal fishing, unreported fishing, or unregulated fishing in paragraph 3 of the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, adopted at the 24th Session of the Committee on Fisheries in Rome on March 2, 2001. (3) Secretary.--The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Defense. SEC. 10_3. COUNTER-IUU FISHING PROGRAM ENHANCEMENT. (a) In General.--The Secretary and the Commandant, in coordination with the Secretary of State, may seek to engage with foreign partners to establish joint patrols to enhance counter-IUU fishing efforts, combat transnational crime, and enhance regional security. (b) Report.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary and the Commandant, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall jointly submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on engagements with foreign partners under subsection (a), including-- (A) an identification of specific regions and countries interested in increased cooperation to combat IUU fishing; (B) a description of any limitations on enhanced counter-IUU fishing partnerships due to insufficient resources or authorities; (C) recommendations for increased program effectiveness in counter-IUU fishing operations; (D) an assessment of the effectiveness of ongoing counter-IUU fishing partner operations; (E) an identification of authorities provided in sections 331 and 333(a) of title 10, United States Code, pursuant to which such counter-IUU fishing operations are conducted; and (F) any other information the Secretary, the Commandant, and the Secretary of State consider appropriate. (2) Appropriate committees of congress defined.--In this subsection, the term "appropriate committees of Congress" means-- (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives. ______

SA 5861. Mr. YOUNG submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title XVI, insert the following:

Subtitle ___--National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026

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SECTION ___1. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026". SEC. ___2. DEFINITIONS. Section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801) is amended-- (1) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), the first paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the "Subcommittee on Economic and Security Implications"), and the second paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the "Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science") as paragraphs (7), (9), (12), (13), (18), and (19), respectively; (2) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following: "(4) Federal laboratory.--The term `Federal laboratory' has the meaning given such term in section 4 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703). "(5) Foreign country of concern.--The term `foreign country of concern' means-- "(A) a country that is a covered nation (as such term is defined in section 4872(f) of title 10, United States Code); and "(B) any country that the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, and the Director of National Intelligence, determines to be engaged in conduct that is detrimental to the national security or foreign policy of the United States. "(6) Foreign entity of concern.--The term `foreign entity of concern' means a foreign entity that is-- "(A) designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the Secretary of State under section 219(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a)); "(B) included on the list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury (commonly known as the `SDN list'); "(C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a government of a foreign country that is a covered nation (as such term is defined in section 4872(f) of title 10, United States Code); "(D) alleged by the Attorney General to have been involved in activities for which a conviction was obtained under-- "(i) chapter 37 of title 18, United States Code (commonly known as the `Espionage Act'); "(ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18, United States Code; "(iii) chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code (commonly known as the `Economic Espionage Act of 1996'); "(iv) the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); "(v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 236 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, and 2284); "(vi) the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or "(vii) the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); or "(E) determined by the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Director of National Intelligence, to be engaged in unauthorized conduct that is detrimental to the national security or foreign policy of the United States."; (3) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by striking "(a)" each place it appears; (4) by inserting after paragraph (7), as so redesignated, the following new paragraph: "(8) National laboratory.--The term `National Laboratory' has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)."; (5) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so redesignated, the following: "(10) Quantum applications.--The term `quantum applications' means uses of quantum information science, engineering, and technology, including quantum algorithms and software, quantum computing and quantum-classical hybrids, quantum sensing, quantum networking, quantum encryption, quantum simulation, or quantum communications applications. "(11) Quantum computing.--The term `quantum computing' means any of a variety of quantum computing technologies, including quantum annealing and quantum gate-model systems that utilize a variety of architectures, such as superconductors, ion traps, photonics, neutral atoms, atomic spin, electron spin, or topological qubits."; (6) by amending paragraph (12), as so redesignated, to read as follows: "(12) Quantum information science, engineering, and technology.--The term `quantum information science, engineering, and technology' means the understanding, translation, use, or application of the laws of quantum physics for the storage, transmission, manipulation, computing, simulation, or measurement of information."; and (7) by inserting after paragraph (13), as so redesignated, the following: "(14) Quantum networking.--The term `quantum networking' means the transmission of quantum information and the distribution and use of entanglement across nodes to enable new information technology applications and fundamental science. "(15) Quantum sensing.--The term `quantum sensing'-- "(A) means the use of quantum mechanics to enhance or enable new sensors; and "(B) can include uses of superposition and entanglement, nonclassical states, and advances in accuracy and precision enabled by quantum control. "(16) STEM.--The term `STEM' means the academic and professional disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, including computer science. "(17) Supply chain shock.--The term `supply chain shock'-- "(A) means an event causing severe or serious disruption to normal operations or capacity in a supply chain; and "(B) includes-- "(i) a natural disaster; "(ii) a pandemic; "(iii) a biological threat; "(iv) a cyber attack; "(v) a geopolitical conflict; "(vi) a terrorist or geopolitical attack; "(vii) a trade disruption caused by-- "(I) a foreign country of concern; or "(II) an entity or an individual subject to the jurisdiction of such a country; and "(viii) an event for which the President declares a major disaster or an emergency under section 401 or 501, respectively, of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170; 42 U.S.C. 5191).". SEC. ___3. PURPOSES. Section 3 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8802) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (1)-- (A) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows: "(A) to expand the number of researchers, educators, and students with training in quantum information science, engineering, and technology to develop a domestic workforce pipeline and retain international talent to the extent consistent with national security and international competitiveness;"; (B) in subparagraph (B), by striking "science at the" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology at the"; (C) in subparagraph (D)-- (i) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (ii) by striking "and" after the semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following: "(F) to facilitate development of quantum applications, including quantum-hybrid applications, to promote innovation; and "(G) to support advancements in emerging technologies that could benefit from or benefit the development of quantum technology and promote research, development, demonstration, and application of such emerging technologies in quantum information science, engineering, and technology and scientific discovery."; (2) in paragraph (2), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (3) in paragraph (3), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (4) in paragraph (4)-- (A) by inserting "National Laboratories," after "Federal laboratories,"; and (B) by striking "and" after the semicolon; (5) in paragraph (5)-- (A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A)-- (i) by inserting "partnerships, research collaborations, and" after "international"; and (ii) by striking "science and technology security" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in subparagraph (A), by striking "and" after the semicolon; (C) in subparagraph (B), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following: "(C) to facilitate cooperation in the advancement of quantum capabilities among the United States and its strategic allies and partners to strengthen and secure the quantum-relevant supply chain and related ecosystem; and "(D) to coordinate on potential export or strategic trade controls where appropriate; and"; and (6) by adding at the end the following: "(6) improving the maturity and scale of the quantum industry.". SEC. ___4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE PROGRAM. Subsection (b) of section 101 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8811) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (1)-- (A) by striking "development" and inserting "research, development, and near-, medium-, and long-term demonstration"; and (B) by striking "information science and technology"; (2) in paragraph (2)-- (A) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (B) by inserting "infrastructure," after "demonstration,"; (3) in paragraph (3)-- (A) by inserting "and retain" after "to develop"; and (B) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (4) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows: "(4) provide for interagency planning and coordination of Federal quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, development, demonstration, standards engagement, and other activities under the Program, including activities authorized pursuant to section 234 of the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (Public Law 115-232; 10 U.S.C. 4001 note), quantum educational activities and programs authorized pursuant to section 10661 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19261), and activities conducted at any Federal laboratory or National Laboratory;"; and (5) in paragraph (5)-- (A) by striking "industry and universities" and inserting "industry, universities, and strategic allies and partners"; and (B) by inserting ", including human resources" after "resources". SEC. ___5. NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE. Section 102 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8812) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)(2)-- (A) in subparagraph (A), by inserting "who shall be" before "appointed"; and (B) by amending subparagraph (B) to read as follows: "(B) staff comprising employees detailed from the Federal departments and agencies specified in section 103(b)."; and (2) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (3), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology research, development, workforce, and international"; (B) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows: "(4) ensure coordination among the collaborative ventures or consortia established under this Act, including under section 201(a), the Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education established under section 302(a), the National Quantum Information Science Research Centers established under section 402(a), and the Quantum Economic Development Consortium;"; (C) in paragraph (6), by striking "; and" and inserting a semicolon; (D) in paragraph (7)-- (i) by inserting "nonprofit research organizations," after "universities,"; and (ii) by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (E) by adding after paragraph (7) the following: "(8) promote understanding and adoption of viable quantum capabilities that strengthen the United States economy, as may be appropriate; "(9) track, monitor, and promote policies that will ensure the stability of the United States quantum workforce, quantum supply chain, domestic quantum industry, and international trade; and "(10) ensure coordination and avoid unnecessary duplication of existing quantum-related activities, other activities carried out under this Act, and other related programs, as appropriate.". SEC. ___6.

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SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE. Section 103 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8813) is amended-- (1) in subsection (d)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "the quantum information science and technology research," and inserting "quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, quantum application development, and demonstration,"; (B) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; and (ii) by inserting "skillset" before "diversity"; (C) in paragraph (5)-- (i) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; and (ii) by inserting "and conduct comparative benchmarking of Federal investments and research strategies relative to those of strategic allies and partners of the United States and other countries" after "development efforts"; (D) in paragraph (6)-- (i) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (ii) by striking "and" after the semicolon; (E) in paragraph (7)-- (i) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (F) by adding at the end the following: "(8) facilitate interagency partnership opportunities to advance quantum applications related to advanced manufacturing, biotechnology, critical minerals, chemistry, space, and other sectors; and "(9) evaluate the competitiveness and capabilities of the United States in quantum technologies with respect to quantum computing, sensing, networking, and applications."; (2) in subsection (g)(2)-- (A) in paragraph (A), by inserting "numbers" after "budget"; (B) in paragraph (B), by inserting "numbers" after "budget"; and (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs: "(D) Metrics for measuring the impact of the Program for the current fiscal year, for each Federal department and agency described in subsection (b). "(E) Value proposition as a result of each interagency partnership opportunity."; (3) in subsection (h)(2)(A), by inserting ", including a description of agency roles and responsibilities" before the period; and (4) by adding at the end the following new subsection: "(i) Quantum Use Cases.-- "(1) In general.--The Subcommittee shall identify potential use cases for quantum technologies that could advance the missions of Federal departments and agencies participating in the Program. "(2) Quantum on-ramp.--For each potential use case identified pursuant to paragraph (1) for a Federal department or agency, the head of the Federal department or agency may, in consultation with the Subcommittee, develop a plan to enable such department or agency to address the potential use case. "(3) Comparison to artificial intelligence technologies.--For any potential use case identified under paragraph (1) for a Federal department or agency, the head of the department or agency may, in consultation with the Subcommittee, consider the quantum use case's interplay with artificial intelligence and compare its anticipated costs, functionality, and benefits. "(4) Reporting.--The Subcommittee, as part of the annual report on the budget for the Program under subsection (g), shall report progress in carrying out the activities under this subsection, including information relating to the following: "(A) The potential use cases identified pursuant to paragraph (1). "(B) The status of plans developed pursuant to paragraph (2). "(C) Any obstacles to addressing such potential use cases, including lack of funding.". SEC. ___7. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ADVISORY COMMITTEE. Section 104 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8814) is amended-- (1) by amending subsection (b) to read as follows: "(b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee shall consist of members, appointed by the President, who-- "(1) are representative of-- "(A) industry; and "(B) universities and Federal laboratories that are qualified to provide advice and information on quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, development, demonstrations, standards, STEM education and workforce, technology transfer, economics, and national security, or research security; and "(2) may hold doctoral degrees in physical sciences, mathematics, computer science, engineering, or related fields."; (2) in subsection (d)(2)-- (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in subparagraph (D)-- (i) by striking "to" and inserting "promote innovation, foster a robust United States quantum industry, and"; and (ii) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (C) in subparagraph (E), by inserting ", including to address any gaps that may exist in basic research, capabilities, workforce, supply chain, or coordination among participating Federal agencies" before the semicolon; (D) in subparagraph (F), by striking "open standards for, quantum information science and technology; and" and inserting "international standards in open and transparent standardization systems for quantum information science, engineering, and technology;"; (E) in subparagraph (G)-- (i) by striking "societal,"; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (F) by adding at the end the following new subparagraphs: "(H) the domestic and international cooperation needs and goals of the Program, including those related to infrastructure and the supply chain of quantum information science, engineering, and technology; and "(I) the degree to which quantum information science, engineering, and technology-- "(i) is enhancing or can enhance-- "(I) the capabilities of the United States advanced industrial economy; and "(II) Federal, State, and local government capabilities and services; and "(ii) can protect or optimize critical infrastructure (as such term is defined in section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C. 5195c(e)))."; (3) in subsection (e)-- (A) by inserting "through December 31, 2030" after "thereafter"; and (B) by adding at the end the following new sentence: "In the first such report required after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Advisory Committee shall assess the benefits and opportunities to strengthen quantum communications corridors in which Federal laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other entities conducting quantum information science, engineering, and technology research are connected via quantum communication networks capable of securely transmitting information."; (4) by redesignating subsections (e) through (g) as subsections (f) through (h), respectively; and (5) by inserting after subsection (d) the following: "(e) Performance and Usefulness Assessment of National Quantum Initiative Program.-- "(1) Annual evaluation required.--Not less frequently than once each year, the Advisory Committee shall, in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness, progress, and usefulness of activities carried out under the Program. "(2) Elements.--Each evaluation under paragraph (1) shall assess-- "(A) which Federal programs or activities within the Program have made measurable progress toward program goals; "(B) which Federal programs within the Program have produced tangible scientific, workforce, or commercial outcomes; "(C) which programs or activities within the Program have overlapping missions or duplicative structures; "(D) resource utilization and return on investment of each major component of the Program; and "(E) barriers to performance or implementation of the Program, including structural, regulatory, or administrative challenges. "(3) Report to congress.--Not later than March 1 of each year, the Advisory Committee shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report summarizing the findings of the Advisory Committee with respect to the evaluation most recently conducted under paragraph (1), including specific recommendations for-- "(A) improvements to the Program; "(B) consolidation or termination of programs or activities within the Program; and "(C) realignment of funding to high-impact areas within the Program. "(4) Public summary.--The Advisory Committee shall make a public-facing summary of each report submitted under paragraph (3) available on the website of the Advisory Committee to promote transparency and accountability.". SEC. ___8. SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE. Section 105 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8814a) is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (10), by striking "and" after the semicolon; (B) by redesignating paragraph (11) as paragraph (12); and (C) by inserting after paragraph (10) the following: "(11) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and"; and (2) in subsection (c)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "information science" and inserting "information science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting "or to supply chains" before the semicolon; (C) in paragraph (3), by inserting "or supply chains" before the semicolon; (D) in paragraph (5)-- (i) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "quantum information science"; and (ii) by inserting "any" before "export controls"; (E) in paragraph (6), by striking "information science" and inserting "information science, engineering, and technology"; (F) in paragraph (7), by striking "and" after the semicolon; (G) in paragraph (8)-- (i) by striking "information science" and inserting "information science, engineering, and technology"; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (H) by adding at the end the following: "(9) in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, identify opportunities to increase coordination between civilian, military, and intelligence quantum research entities, reduce unnecessary duplicative quantum research activities, and facilitate collaboration between quantum research agencies with specialized capabilities or expertise in one or more aspects of quantum information science, engineering, and technology; and "(10) recommend strategies for attracting and retaining students and scholars with expertise in quantum-related fields to Federal departments and agencies.". SEC. ___9. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY. The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 105 the following new section: "SEC. 105A.

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INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY. "(a) Strategy Required.--Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this section, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the heads of other Federal agencies, as appropriate, develop and submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a strategy-- "(1) to establish collaborative international partnerships to advance research and development, testing and evaluation, and interoperability in quantum information science, engineering, and technology with allies and partners of the United States, and other countries, when in the security, strategic, technological, and scientific interests of the United States; "(2) to ensure continued participation by the United States in bilateral and multilateral efforts to advance quantum information science, engineering, and technology on the international stage, including programs to advance research and development, testing and evaluation, and interoperability in quantum information science, engineering, and technology with allies and partners of the United States; "(3) to promote the integrity and impartiality of international standards organizations and processes related to quantum information science, engineering, and technology; and "(4) to ensure responsible and ethical research and development, testing and evaluation, and interoperability in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(b) Designation.--The strategy developed under subsection (a) shall be known as the `International Quantum Cooperation Strategy' (in this section referred to as the `Strategy'). "(c) Elements.--In the development of the Strategy, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Quantum Coordination Office, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Information Science, and the relevant agencies shall consider including the following: "(1) The establishment of international partnerships to advance research and development in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Key strategic allies and partners of the United States that have demonstrated unique capabilities in one or more areas of quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(3) Efforts and plans to address risks to the national security and economic interests of the United States during development and deployment of quantum technologies worldwide, including plans for diplomatic engagement with allies and partners, and other countries. "(4) Efforts and plans to promote global development and deployment of quantum technologies, including through international engagement and leadership in the development of international standards that are aligned with United States national interests. "(5) Efforts and plans to develop, attract, and retain international talent. "(6) The ability and risks of domestic manufacturers and suppliers and those of allies and partners of the United States to meet the needs of the global quantum supply chain, including raw materials such as helium-3, plans for engagement with allies and partners, manufacturers, and suppliers, and options to mitigate gaps and vulnerabilities in the global quantum supply chain. "(7) A plan to safeguard research and technology supported through international cooperation, as appropriate, in whole or in part, including in quantum technologies critical to national security, from malign influence, theft, or exfiltration by foreign entities of concern. "(8) As necessary, a description of such legislative or administrative action as is needed to carry out the Strategy. "(d) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Strategy is completed, the Director shall brief the committees specified in subsection (a) on the Strategy.". SEC. ___10. PRIZE CHALLENGES. The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is amended-- (1) by redesignating section 106 as section 107; and (2) by inserting after section 105A, as added by section [___9], the following: "SEC. 106. NATIONAL QUANTUM PRIZE CHALLENGES. "(a) In General.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, any head of a Federal agency with a representative serving on the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science established under section 103 may, individually or in cooperation with one or more heads of Federal agencies-- "(1) conduct a prize competition under section 24 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719), or such other prize competition authority as may be available to the head of an agency, to accelerate the development of applications and algorithms in quantum information science, engineering, and technology; and "(2) define a measurable set of performance goals for participants in the prize competitions to demonstrate their solutions on a level playing field while making a significant advancement over the current state of the art. "(b) Purpose.--Any prize competition carried out under subsection (a) shall be for the purpose of stimulating innovation to advance the ability of the United States to achieve high-priority breakthroughs for applications in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, such as in quantum computing, quantum sensing, quantum communications, quantum networking, quantum algorithms, and quantum cryptography. "(c) Coordination With Subcommittees.--Each prize competition conducted under subsection (a) may be conducted in coordination with members of the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science and the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Information Science. "(d) Recommendations.--To assist in the administration of this section, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science may provide recommendations on key challenges in quantum information science, engineering, and technology that would be well suited for a prize competition under subsection (a). The recommendations shall include a scope for efforts carried out under such subsection.". SEC. ___11. SUNSET OF NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE. Subsection (a) of section 107 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8815), as redesignated by section [___10], is amended to read as follows: "(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 shall terminate on December 30, 2034.". SEC. ___12. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES AND QUANTUM CONSORTIUM. Section 201 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8831) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) by inserting "attract, educate, and" before "train"; and (ii) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (C) by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows: "(3) shall carry out research to facilitate the development and standardization, as appropriate, of quantum cryptography, post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C.

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1526 note; Public Law 117-260)), and practices to replace cryptographic keys or algorithms with minimal disruption to current applications and systems;"; (D) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows: "(4) shall carry out research, development, and demonstration projects, as appropriate, to facilitate the development of quantum applications, including research on quantum supply chain-enabling technologies, such as lasers, cryogenics, and other supporting technologies;"; (E) by redesignating paragraphs (5), (6), and (7) as paragraphs (7), (8), and (9), respectively; (F) by inserting after paragraph (4) the following: "(5) shall promote United States participation in international standards organizations related to quantum information science, engineering, and technology; "(6) shall establish or expand partnerships with the public sector and private sector-- "(A) to accelerate the development of domestic quantum supply chain and supply chain-supporting technologies; "(B) to reduce quantum supply chain vulnerabilities; and "(C) to avoid offshoring to, or dependence on, foreign countries of concern for critical components of capabilities in the quantum supply chain;"; (G) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by striking "infrastructure" and inserting ", communications, sensing, and computing"; and (H) in paragraph (8), as so redesignated-- (i) by inserting "nonprofit research organizations," after "universities,"; and (ii) by striking "and engineering" and inserting ", engineering, and technology and expanding the domestic STEM workforce"; (2) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (1)-- (i) by striking "future measurement" and inserting "research, measurement"; and (ii) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows: "(A) to gather and assess information on the quantum industry to address the needs identified in paragraph (1);"; and (ii) by striking subparagraphs (B) and (C) and inserting the following new subparagraphs: "(B) to provide recommendations regarding how the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Program, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate, can address the gaps in the research necessary to meet the needs identified in paragraph (1); and "(C) to assess and identify key areas for establishing, expanding, or developing international partnerships that will meet the needs identified in paragraph (1)."; (C) in paragraph (3)-- (i) by striking "Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the" and inserting "The"; and (ii) by inserting "periodically, but not less frequently than once every five years," after "shall"; and (D) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: "(4) Sense of congress on coordination.--It is the sense of Congress that, as may be appropriate, Federal agencies that are involved in the transition or translation of research results to practical quantum applications or that have a mission that could benefit from the development of quantum technologies, should engage with the consortium to inform and accelerate progress in such areas."; and (3) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following new subsections: "(c) Quantum Supply Chains.-- "(1) Mapping and planning.--The Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Analysis shall carry out the following activities: "(A) Assess, map, and model supply chains for quantum networking, quantum computing, quantum communications, quantum simulation, and quantum sensing technologies and applications. "(B) Identify current and future high-priority gaps and vulnerabilities in quantum supply chains, such as-- "(i) single points of failure, sole source, consolidated manufacturing, or where there are limited United States and partner national suppliers; and "(ii) critical components, elements, materials, equipment, and infrastructure. "(C) Identify potential supply chain shocks to the quantum supply chain that may disrupt, strain, or eliminate the supply chain. "(2) Study on critical quantum supply chains.--Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Energy shall jointly-- "(A) complete a study documenting the critical quantum supply chains and identified high-priority gaps and vulnerabilities; and "(B) submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the findings with respect to the study completed pursuant to subparagraph (A). "(3) Recommendations for avoiding shocks to quantum supply chains.--Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Secretary of Commerce shall, in coordination with the Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Administrator of the Small Business Administration, and the heads of such other Federal agencies as the Secretary of Commerce considers relevant, develop and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress specific recommendations for actions to mitigate harm to quantum supply chains from a supply chain shock. "(4) Plan to strengthen and secure quantum supply chains.--Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Secretary of Commerce shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a plan identifying opportunities to strengthen supply chains and build capacity. "(d) International Quantum Research and Metrology.-- "(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the Director of the National Science Foundation, promote, establish, and support international quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, metrology research, and standardization, as appropriate, to enhance international cooperation, meet United States commitments, and support United States engagement in international voluntary standards for quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this section, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall ensure alignment with the National Quantum Information Science Strategy and the U.S. Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology, or successor strategies. "(3) Prohibitions.-- "(A) Confucius institutes.--None of the funds made available under this subsection may be obligated or expended to an institution of higher education that maintains a contract or agreement between such institution and a Confucius Institute (as defined in section 10339A of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19039)) or any successor of a Confucius Institute. "(B) Foreign countries or entities of concern.--None of the funds made available under this subsection may be obligated or expended to promote, establish, or finance quantum research activities between a United States entity and a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern, including the entity's subsidiaries, except such restriction shall not apply to participation by award recipients in consensus-based international standardization activities. "(e) Post-quantum Cryptography Deployment.-- "(1) Definitions.--In this subsection: "(A) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term `appropriate congressional committees' means-- "(i) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and "(ii) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. "(B) Classical computer; quantum computer.--The terms `classical computer' and `quantum computer' have the meanings given such terms in section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (Public Law 117-260; 6 U.S.C. 1526 note). "(C) Critical infrastructure sectors.--The term `critical infrastructure sectors' means the critical infrastructure sectors defined in the National Security Memorandum on `Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience' (NSM-22), dated April 30, 2024. "(D) Post-quantum cryptography.--The term `post-quantum cryptography'-- "(i) means those cryptographic algorithms or methods that are assessed not to be specifically vulnerable to attack by either a quantum computer or classical computer; and "(ii) includes-- "(I) the lattice-based digital signature algorithm specified in National Institute of Standards and Technology Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 204 (dated August 13, 2024; relating to Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard), or any successor standard; "(II) the module-lattice-based key-encapsulation mechanism specified in National Institute of Standards and Technology Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 203 (dated August 13, 2024; relating to Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard), or any successor standard; and "(III) any cryptographic algorithm or method implemented in accordance with National Institute of Standards and Technology Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-3 (dated March 22, 2019; relating to Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules), or any successor standard, operating within a zero trust architecture as described in National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-207 (dated August 2020; relating to Zero Trust Architecture), or any successor standard. "(E) Sector risk management agency.--The term `sector risk management agency' has the meaning given such term in section 2200 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C.

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650). "(2) Guidance on upgrading to post-quantum cryptography.-- "(A) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the head of any other agency the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology considers appropriate, shall establish guidance for upgrading information systems to post-quantum cryptography, including guidance that is specifically tailored for critical infrastructure sectors. "(B) Dissemination of guidance.-- "(i) In general.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall make available to entities in the private sector the guidance established under subparagraph (A). "(ii) Special publications.--The Director may satisfy the requirement under clause (i) through the publication of Special Publications. "(3) Strategy for federal agency upgrade to post-quantum cryptography.-- "(A) National quantum cybersecurity upgrade strategy.--The Secretary of Commerce, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and in consultation with the Quantum Economic Development Consortium and the head of any other agency the Secretary of Commerce considers appropriate, shall develop a National Quantum Cybersecurity Upgrade Strategy that includes the following: "(i) A definition of a cryptographically relevant quantum computer. "(ii) Recommended standards to apply to determine whether a quantum computer meets such definition, including-- "(I) the characteristics of such computers; and "(II) the particular point at which such computers are capable of attacking real-world systems that classical computers are unable to attack. "(iii) Guidelines for assessing the urgency of upgrading to post-quantum cryptography for each Federal agency relative to-- "(I) the critical functions of each agency; and "(II) the risk each agency faces should a cryptographically relevant quantum computer attack a system operated by the agency. "(iv) Recommended performance measures for upgrading to post-quantum cryptography for the following tasks: "(I) Preparation for upgrading to post-quantum cryptography, including-- "(aa) the adoption of hardware integrating quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms; and "(bb) the deployment of software-only post-quantum cryptography overlays that meet or exceed security standards set forth in the Federal Information Processing Standards issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. "(II) Establishment of a baseline understanding of the data inventory, including through the use of automated tools to identify assets. "(III) Planning and execution of post-quantum cryptographic solutions, including ensuring that data at rest and in motion is subject to appropriate protections. "(IV) Monitoring and evaluating the success of the upgrade and assessing the security of the system. "(v) A plan for implementing the above performance measures, including evaluating and monitoring entities that are at high risk of quantum attacks, including sector risk management agencies. "(B) Report to congress.--Not later than 360 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that includes the National Quantum Cybersecurity Upgrade Strategy developed under subparagraph (A). "(4) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this section may be construed to authorize the development or implementation of any rulemaking or regulatory action for non-Federal entities. "(f) Funding.-- "(1) Authorization of appropriations.--There is authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry out this section $85,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030. "(2) Derivation of funds.--Amounts made available pursuant to paragraph (1) for each of fiscal years 2026 and 2027 shall be derived from amounts authorized to be appropriated for the National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to section 10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167) for scientific and technical research and services laboratory activities.". SEC. ___13. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM CENTERS. Title II of the National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by adding at the end the following new sections: "SEC. 202. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM CENTERS. "(a) Establishment.-- "(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall, in consultation with such heads of other Federal departments and agencies as the Director considers appropriate, carry out a program to establish and operate at least 1, but not more than 3, centers to accelerate research, development, deployment, and standardization of quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Program details.-- "(A) Competitive, merit-based review process.--The centers established and operated under paragraph (1) shall be established through a competitive, merit-based review process described in paragraph (5). "(B) Applications.--An eligible applicant described in subparagraph (C) seeking to establish and operate a center described in paragraph (1) shall submit to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology an application therefor at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Director determines to be necessary to evaluate the application using the criteria described in paragraph (5). "(C) Eligible applicants.--Eligible applicants described in this subparagraph are the following: "(i) Institutions of higher education. "(ii) Nonprofit organizations. "(iii) Multi-institution collaborations, including multiple types of research institutions, private sector entities, Federal laboratories, and nonprofit organizations, or consortia thereof. "(3) Selection of applications and prioritized topics.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall solicit proposals and prioritize the following topics in the initial selection of applications submitted under paragraph (2)(B), subject to merit-based review (including review of the criteria described in paragraph (5)): "(A) Advancing quantum sensing and measurement technologies. "(B) Advancing the manufacturing and scale-up of quantum systems and quantum-enabling technologies. "(C) Addressing technology barriers to quantum networking and communications. "(4) Grants.-- "(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out the program required by paragraph (1) through the award of grants to eligible applicants seeking to establish and operate centers under the program. "(B) Duration of grant awards.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the duration of a grant awarded under subparagraph (A) shall be a period of 5 years. "(C) Renewal.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, each grant awarded under subparagraph (A) may be renewed for successive periods of 5 years following a successful merit-based review by the Director. "(D) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the Institute, the Director may terminate a grant awarded under subparagraph (A) for an underperforming center for cause during the performance period of the grant. "(5) Competitive, merit-based review process.--The Director shall award grants under this subsection using a formal, merit-based review process for evaluating applications received by the Director under paragraph (2)(B) that shall-- "(A) ensure that grants are awarded to the most technically sound and strategically aligned quantum technology proposals; "(B) prioritize proposals that demonstrate strong potential to enhance leadership by the United States in quantum applications, quantum metrology, and the development of quantum standards; "(C) support initiatives that align with the strategic goals of the National Institute of Standards and Technology while avoiding unnecessary duplication of efforts led by other Federal agencies; "(D) facilitate a competitive, transparent, and objective selection process, utilizing qualified subject-matter experts; and "(E) include appropriate consideration of project feasibility, cost-effectiveness, technological maturity, and risk mitigation. "(b) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, centers established and operated under this section shall serve the mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, for the benefit of the broader United States quantum information science community, for the following purposes: "(1) Advancing research and standardization in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Advancing technology development. "(3) Improving the competitiveness of the United States. "(c) Coordination.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall ensure coordination and avoid unnecessary duplication of the activities carried out under this section with existing activities of the Institute, other activities carried out under this Act, and other related programs, as appropriate. "(d) Commercial Technology.--Each center established under this section may leverage commercially available hardware and software to carry out the activities described in subsection (a), unless such hardware or software is manufactured in, or by, a foreign country of concern. "(e) Funding.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall allocate up to $18,000,000 for each center established under this section for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030, subject to the availability of appropriations. Such amounts shall be derived from amounts appropriated pursuant to section 10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167). "(f) Briefing Requirements.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, and not less frequently than once each year thereafter, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall provide the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a briefing on current and planned activities under this section. "SEC. 203. RESEARCH SECURITY. "The activities authorized under this title shall be carried out in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.) and section 6432 of the Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (Public Law 118-159; 42 U.S.C. 7144b note). "SEC. 204.

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COLLABORATION FOR QUANTUM APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT ACCELERATION. "(a) Definition of Near-term Use Case.--In this section, the term `near-term use case' means-- "(1) in the case of an application that includes the development of quantum computing hardware, an application that can be developed and deployed in less than 3 years; or "(2) in the case of an application that includes quantum technologies in general, including quantum communication, sensing, algorithm development for hybrid applications, supply chain innovation, or demonstrations of computational advantage, where new quantum computer hardware would not need to be developed, an application that can be developed and deployed in less than 18 months. "(b) Establishment of Collaborative Venture for Quantum Application Development Acceleration.--Consistent with the activities authorized under this title, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall establish or expand an existing collaborative venture or consortia with other public or private sector entities-- "(1) for innovation and development of applications using quantum information sciences with a focus on near-term use cases; and "(2) that can be used to develop and test demonstrations, proofs of concept, and pilot applications. "(c) Coordination and Engagement.--In carrying out subsection (b), the Director shall -- "(1) coordinate activities with the members of the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science and the Subcommittee on Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Science; and "(2) engage with the Quantum Economic Development Consortium, the National Laboratories (as defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)), federally funded research and development centers, and other members of the United States quantum computing and quantum information ecosystem, including industry. "(d) Success Metrics.--In administering this section, the Director shall, in consultation with the entities described in subsection (c), define clear success metrics for the quantum sandbox established under subsection (b). "(e) Coordination.-- The Director shall ensure coordination and avoid unnecessary duplication of the activities carried out under this section with existing activities of the Institute, other activities carried out under this Act, and other related programs, as appropriate.". SEC. ___14. FEASIBILITY STUDY ON MANUFACTURING USA INSTITUTE FOR QUANTUM MANUFACTURING. (a) Definition of Manufacturing USA Institute.--In this section, the term "Manufacturing USA institute" has the meaning given such term in section 34(d) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278s(d)). (b) Study Required.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the members of the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science and the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Science, conduct a study on the feasibility of establishing or supporting a Manufacturing USA institute focused on quantum manufacturing, including manufacturing capabilities and activities related to quantum computing (inclusive of all modalities and qubit architectures), quantum sensing, and quantum networking. (c) Considerations.--In conducting the study under subsection (b), the Director shall, to the maximum extent practicable-- (1) determine the manufacturing capabilities necessary to produce reliable quantum components and systems at scale and identify gaps in access to such capabilities and limited domestic sources; (2) evaluate the extent to which such capabilities and gaps are already addressed, or could reasonably be addressed, by private industry, existing Manufacturing USA institutes, or other Federal programs; (3) evaluate existing Federal and non-Federal efforts relating to quantum computing, quantum sensing, and quantum networking to determine whether any proposed Manufacturing USA institute would duplicate or overlap with ongoing activities; (4) evaluate whether and to what extent barriers to technology development and transition, including those associated with moving from early-stage research to scaled production, are persistent and not already being addressed through private sector investment or existing Federal programs; (5) evaluate the feasibility of supporting domestic activities that include the capability to design, fabricate, and test materials, devices, structures, and manufacturing processes for quantum technologies or systems; (6) evaluate the full lifecycle costs of establishing, operating, and sustaining a Manufacturing USA institute for quantum manufacturing, including long-term Federal funding requirements, administrative costs, and risks of cost escalation; (7) evaluate alternative approaches, including leveraging existing Manufacturing USA institutes, targeted competitive grants, public-private partnerships, or other mechanisms that may more efficiently address identified barriers to technology development and transition; and (8) evaluate the estimated economic impact associated with the establishment of a Manufacturing USA institute described in subsection (b), including impacts on regional economies, suppliers, and job growth. (d) Report to Congress.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit to Congress a report describing the findings of the Director with respect to the study conducted under subsection (b). SEC. ___15. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ACTIVITIES. Section 301 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841) is amended-- (1) in the section heading, by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; (2) in subsection (a), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (3) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (1)-- (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (ii) in subparagraph (B)-- (I) by striking "human resources" and inserting "education and workforce"; and (II) by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (B) in paragraph (2)--(i) in subparagraph (A)-- (I) in clause (i)-- (aa) by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (bb) by striking "and" after the semicolon; (II) in clause (ii), by inserting "and" after the semicolon; and (III) by adding at the end the following: "(iii) to pursue research at the frontiers of quantum information science, engineering, and technology, and explore solutions to important challenges for the development and application of quantum technologies;"; (ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (iii) in subparagraph (C), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (4) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following: "(c) Student Traineeships, Fellowships, and Other Models.-- "(1) Quantum traineeships.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal agencies as the Director considers appropriate, may use existing programs to make awards to institutions of higher education or nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof)-- "(A) to provide traineeships to graduate students at institutions of higher education within the United States who are citizens of the United States and who choose or plan to pursue master or doctoral degrees in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, or related fields; and "(B) to provide such graduate students with opportunities for research experiences in government or industry related to such students' quantum studies. "(2) Quantum fellowships and scholarships.-- "(A) In general.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal agencies as the Director considers appropriate, may use existing programs to support fellowships and scholarships for students at institutions of higher education for the purpose of-- "(i) increasing quantum information science, engineering, and technology exposure for undergraduate and graduate STEM students; and "(ii) increasing postgraduation employment opportunities for STEM students who demonstrate potential to pursue careers in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(B) Requirements.--An eligible participant in the fellowship and scholarship program under this paragraph shall-- "(i) be enrolled in or have graduated from a STEM degree program at an institution of higher education within the United States; and "(ii) have demonstrated interest in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, such as by taking not less than 1 quantum science or quantum-relevant course as part of the participant's degree program or by participating in a summer school program that focuses on quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(C) Considerations.--Eligible fellowships and scholarship programs under this paragraph may include temporary quantum-related positions at Federal or State agencies, National Laboratories, private sector entities, institutions of higher education, the quantum centers established under section 202, the Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education established under section 302, the National Quantum Information Science Research Centers established under section 402, and the initiatives established under section 503, or other quantum-relevant entities, as determined appropriate by the Director. "(D) Competitive awards.--Fellowships and scholarships awarded under this paragraph shall be competitively awarded through a merit-based review process. The Director of the National Science Foundation may prioritize fellowships that include an industry partner that provides financial assistance to awardees for direct or indirect costs. "(3) Quantum research experiences for undergraduates.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall seek to increase opportunities for quantum research for undergraduate students by encouraging proposals in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, through the research experiences for undergraduates provided under section 514 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C.

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1862p-6). "(4) Cooperative education programs.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal agencies the Director considers appropriate, may establish, or use existing, programs to support cooperative education programs between institutions of higher education and employers that increase opportunities for undergraduate students to acquire experiential learning and professional experiences in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(5) Partnerships.--In carrying out the activities under this subsection, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall encourage recipients of awards under this subsection to partner with relevant Federal agencies, Federal laboratories, industry and other private sector organizations, and nonprofit organizations to facilitate the expansion of workforce pathways and hands-on learning experiences."; (5) in subsection (d)-- (A) in the subsection heading, by striking "QISE" and inserting "QISET"; (B) in paragraph (1)-- (i) by striking "information science and engineering (referred to in this subsection as `QISE')" and inserting "information science, engineering, and technology (referred to in this subsection as `QISET')"; (ii) by striking "at all education levels, including community colleges" and inserting "at appropriate education levels, including community colleges and career and technical education entities"; (C) in paragraph (2)-- (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking "QISE" and inserting "quantum information science, engineering, and technology"; (ii) by striking subparagraph (C); (iii) by redesignating subparagraphs (D) and (E) as subparagraphs (C) and (D), respectively; (iv) in subparagraph (C), as so redesignated-- (I) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; and (II) by inserting ", including those principles relevant to emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, microelectronics, and nanotechnology" after "fields"; and (v) by inserting after subparagraph (D), as so redesignated, the following: "(E) Methods to introduce security dimensions associated with quantum information science, engineering, and technology into STEM curricula."; (D) in paragraph (3), by striking "QISE" and inserting "quantum information science, engineering, and technology"; and (E) by striking paragraph (4); and (6) by adding at the end the following: "(e) International Research on Quantum Information Science, Engineering, and Technology.-- "(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the heads of other Federal agencies, as appropriate, shall support international quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, as appropriate, to enhance international cooperation and meet United States commitments, including as part of the terms and conditions of bilateral or multilateral quantum information science, engineering, and technology research agreements. "(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this subsection, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure alignment with the national strategy for quantum information science in accordance with Executive Order 14073 (87 Fed. Reg. 27909; relating to enhancing the National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee) or successor strategies. "(3) Priority.--The Director shall prioritize research programs with countries that have signed a quantum cooperation statement with the United States. "(4) Restrictions.-- "(A) Confucius institutes.--None of the funds made available under this subsection may be obligated or expended to an institution of higher education that maintains a contract or agreement between such institution and a Confucius Institute, as defined in section 10339A of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19039) or any successor of a Confucius Institute. "(B) Foreign country of concern and foreign entity of concern.--None of the funds made available under this subsection may be obligated or expended to promote, establish, or finance quantum research activities between a United States entity and a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern, including the entity's subsidiaries. "(f) Upgrading and Improving Access to Quantum Research Resources.-- "(1) In general.--In carrying out the activities described in this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation, in consultation with the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall award grants to institutions of higher education or eligible nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof) to upgrade research facilities and improve access to research resources, such as equipment and instrumentation, that is needed for research and development in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Purpose.--Grants under paragraph (1) shall be used to facilitate quantum information science, engineering, and technology research and development, including by carrying out the following: "(A) Upgrading or adding research resources to-- "(i) accelerate the development of quantum technologies, including capabilities focused on addressing the roadblocks to implementation; and "(ii) meet the materials, advanced materials development, high-performance computing, heterogeneous computing, networking, software, data, clean room, and device needs of the scientific community and the quantum supply chain. "(B) Enhancing access to equipment and instrumentation, including at partnering institutions, by facilitating information sharing, coordination, education, and training, including activities that provide meaningful hands-on learning experiences for students, including at community and technical colleges. "(C) Enabling professional staff to support the operation, scheduling, and improvement of research resources used for quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(D) Expanding access for industry to quantum research infrastructure by prioritizing the placement of equipment and instrumentation in user-access facilities that support rapid iteration, including regional technology hubs, industry parks, co-locations operated by institutions of higher education and industry, and private sector testbeds. "(3) Requirements.--An institution of higher education or an eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium thereof) seeking funding under this subsection shall submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Director may require.". SEC. ___16. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION. Section 302 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8842) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a), by striking "5" and inserting "8"; (2) in subsection (c)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in paragraph (2), by striking "and engineering" and inserting ", engineering, and technology, including leveraging or expanding activities established pursuant to section 301(d)"; (C) in paragraph (3), by inserting ", such as commercially available hardware and software" after "resources"; and (D) by adding at the end the following: "(4) supporting research and development in enabling fields essential to the advancement of quantum information science, engineering, and technology, including materials science, fabrication science, and physics; "(5) encouraging the establishment of multidisciplinary quantum research and education centers that leverage existing domestic infrastructure, including data centers and communications networks, to support the demonstration and field application of quantum technologies; and "(6) promoting partnerships with industry to accelerate technology transfer and support domestic quantum innovation."; (3) in subsection (d)(2)-- (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking "quantum science," and inserting "quantum information science, engineering, and technology,"; (B) in subparagraph (B), by inserting "biotechnology," after "chemistry,"; (C) in subparagraph (D), by striking "and" after the semicolon; (D) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (E) by adding at the end the following: "(F) how the Center will participate in international collaborations, as appropriate, to build a trusted global research network with allies and partners of the United States and other countries that share values with the United States; "(G) how the Center will protect research from foreign countries of concern and foreign entities of concern, and the subsidiaries of such foreign entities, to ensure the competitiveness of the United States; and "(H) how the Center will regularly assess and report on progress toward achieving self-sustainability, including metrics, milestones, and a timeline for meeting the long-term goal described in subparagraph (E)."; (4) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the following: "(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an additional subsequent period of 5 years following a successful merit-based review."; (5) in subsection (f), by striking "2019 through 2023" and inserting "2026 through 2030"; and (6) by adding at the end the following: "(g) Consultation With Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs.-- "(1) In general.--In carrying out the activities of the Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education under this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall consult with the Secretary of Commerce regarding opportunities for such centers to engage in research and development activities with regional technology and innovation hubs designated under section 28 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3722a) that have a primary focus on quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Consultation.--Consultation under paragraph (1) may include discussion of-- "(A) opportunities to align Federal research priorities with the research, development, technology translation, and workforce development activities of the designated regional technology and innovation hubs; and "(B) opportunities for researcher exchange programs and sharing of facilities between the centers and the hubs. "(3) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this subsection shall be construed-- "(A) to transfer the ownership or administrative control of any research facility; or "(B) to alter the existing authorities or mission-related responsibilities of the Federal agencies, companies, or institutions that own or operate such facilities. "(h) Briefing Requirements.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, and not less frequently than annually thereafter, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall brief the appropriate committees of Congress on current and planned activities under this section. Each briefing shall include-- "(1) an assessment of how each Center is progressing toward the goal of self-sustainability described in subsection (d)(2)(E); and "(2) a summary of the most recent reports submitted by the Centers regarding such progress in accordance with subsection (d)(2)(H).". SEC. ___17. QUANTUM TESTBEDS; RESEARCH SECURITY. Title III of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: "SEC. 303.

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QUANTUM TESTBEDS. "(a) In General.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Director of the National Science Foundation, in coordination with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the heads of other Federal agencies, as determined appropriate by the Director of the National Science Foundation, shall make awards on a competitive, merit-based review basis to institutions of higher education, nonprofit organizations, federally funded research and development centers, or consortia thereof, to establish testbeds focused on quantum applications. "(b) Purposes.--The quantum testbeds established under subsection (a) shall focus on advancing early-stage quantum research toward validated and deployable quantum applications, as determined by the Director of the National Science Foundation, through proof-of-concept testing, demonstrations, pilot projects, benchmarking, and prototyping, by-- "(1) supporting translational quantum research and development activities for quantum application use cases, including, for testbeds featuring quantum software and quantum algorithms driving toward utility, leveraging approaches such as algorithm innovation and tools such as resource estimators; "(2) providing accessible research resources for developing, testing, and benchmarking the application of quantum technologies to likely use cases, including enabling quantum cloud access; "(3) investing in quantum computing technologies that show promise for viability, including directing funding to advance each layer of the stack and related systems engineering and integration; "(4) demonstrating feasibility and establishing cost and benefit to facilitate transition to real-world applications or agency adoption; and "(5) supporting the co-location of quantum instrumentation, fabrication, and enabling technologies within testbeds and affiliated user-access facilities to enable rapid prototyping, iteration, and scale-up for industry. "(c) Applications.--An applicant for an award under this section shall submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Director determines to be necessary to evaluate the application using the criteria described in subsection (d). The application shall, at a minimum, describe the following: "(1) How the applicant will assemble a workforce with the skills needed to operate a quantum testbed. "(2) How the applicant will ensure broad access to a quantum testbed, including for start-ups and research institutions. "(3) How a quantum testbed will operate after Federal funding has ended. "(4) How the applicant will contribute to the quantum testbed, such as through funding or other resources required to develop quantum applications. "(5) How the applicant will protect any research or advancements made as a result of using the quantum testbed. "(6) How the applicant will facilitate transition of testbed outcomes to subsequent development stages, including real-world applications or agency use. "(d) Competitive, Merit-based Review Process.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall select applications submitted under subsection (c) for awards using a formal merit-based review process that shall-- "(1) ensure that applications selected are the most technically sound and strategically aligned; "(2) prioritize applications that demonstrate strong potential to enhance United States leadership in quantum applications; "(3) support initiatives that align with the strategic goals of the National Science Foundation while avoiding unnecessary duplication of efforts led by other Federal agencies; "(4) facilitate a competitive, transparent, and objective selection process, utilizing qualified subject-matter experts; and "(5) include appropriate consideration of application feasibility, cost-effectiveness, technological maturity, and risk mitigation. "(e) Prioritization.--In awarding grants under this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall prioritize the following: "(1) Applicants that ensure that not less than 25 percent of the cost for a quantum testbed established under this section is provided by private or non-Federal entities, including through in-kind contributions. "(2) Awards for consortia that include quantum industry participation. "(3) Applicants that demonstrate a plan for transitioning quantum testbed outcomes, including through partnerships with industry or Federal agency end-users. "(f) Roles and Responsibilities.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall be responsible for the following: "(1) Maintaining a record of notable outcomes from each quantum testbed established under this section. "(2) Partnering with other Federal agencies to enable opportunities for quantum testbed outcomes to be transitioned to such agencies in alignment with the missions of such agencies. "(3) Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026 and every 2 years thereafter until December 31, 2030, briefing the appropriate committees of Congress on the status of such quantum testbeds and providing recommendations for improving such quantum testbeds. "(g) Coordination.--In supporting quantum testbeds established under this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure coordination with other testbeds and other quantum facilities hosting Federal quantum technology and infrastructure supported by the National Science Foundation, including those testbeds and facilities authorized pursuant to section 10390 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19110), or by other Federal agencies as determined appropriate by the Director, to avoid duplication and maximize use of Federal resources. "(h) Stakeholder Collaboration.--In carrying out this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall collaborate with the Quantum Consortium established pursuant to section 201(b) to accomplish the purposes of the quantum testbeds program described in subsection (b) and ensure there is strong collaboration with industry stakeholders. The Director may also engage with National Laboratories, federally funded research and development centers, industry, and other members of the United States quantum ecosystem. "SEC. 304. RESEARCH SECURITY. "(a) Research Security.--The activities authorized under this title shall be carried out in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.). "(b) Review of Visitors and Assignees From Countries of Risk.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall establish policies and procedures to assess and screen visitors and assignees to National Science Foundation-supported facilities that are similar, to the extent practicable, to the policies and procedures regarding visitors and assignees to the National Laboratories that were established in accordance with section 6432 of the Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (42 U.S.C. 7144b note).". SEC. ___18. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CRYPTOGRAPHY RESEARCH. Section 4(a)(1)(A) of the Cyber Security Research and Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7403) is amended by inserting ", including post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117-260))" before the semicolon. SEC. ___19. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES. (a) In General.--The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following new title:

"TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

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"SEC. 501. DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATOR. "In this title, the term `Administrator' means the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. "SEC. 502. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH FOR SPACE AND AERONAUTICS. "(a) In General.--The Administrator is authorized to carry out research on quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(b) Cooperation.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Administrator-- "(1) shall consider cooperative arrangements with the Department of Energy and other Federal Government agencies, as practicable, on areas of shared benefit; and "(2) may enter into memoranda of understanding or memoranda of agreement to establish such cooperative arrangements. "(c) Strategy.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this title, the Administrator shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a strategy for National Aeronautics and Space Administration research on quantum information science, engineering, and technology. The strategy shall identify resources required to support implementation of the strategy, including budgets, workforce, and infrastructure, describe cooperative efforts with other Federal Government agencies, and address areas of research and applications, including the following: "(1) Quantum sensing. "(2) Quantum networking. "(3) Quantum communications, including quantum satellite communications. "(4) Quantum computing. "(5) Science, aeronautics, and exploration-related applications. "(6) Any other area of quantum information, science, engineering, and technology that furthers the mission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and is consistent with the purposes of this Act, as the Administrator considers appropriate. "(d) Consultation.--In developing the strategy described in subsection (c), the Administrator may seek input from relevant external stakeholders, including institutions of higher education, industry, and nonprofit research organizations. "SEC. 503. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM INITIATIVES. "(a) In General.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Administrator, in consultation with the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, may establish one or more initiatives focused on space and aeronautics applications of quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(b) Initiative Details.-- "(1) Merit-based review process.-- "(A) In general.--The Administrator shall develop and implement a formal, merit-based review process for evaluating proposals, applications, and initiatives submitted to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration with respect to the research, development, or deployment of quantum technologies with potential relevance to the civil space and aeronautics missions of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. "(B) Criteria.--The process established under subparagraph (A) shall be designed-- "(i) to ensure taxpayer dollars are directed to the most technically sound and strategically aligned quantum technology proposals; "(ii) to prioritize applications that demonstrate strong potential to enhance United States leadership in space-based quantum applications, including sensing, navigation, communications, simulation, and computing; "(iii) to support initiatives that align with the strategic goals of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts led by other Federal agencies; "(iv) to facilitate a competitive, transparent, and objective selection process using qualified subject-matter experts; and "(v) to include appropriate consideration of project feasibility, cost-effectiveness, technological maturity, and risk mitigation. "(2) Application requirements.--An applicant under this section shall submit to the Administrator an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such technical, programmatic, and budgetary information as the Administrator determines necessary to evaluate the application through the review process developed under paragraph (1). "(3) Eligible applicants.--In carrying out the process under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall consider applications from institutions of higher education, research centers, multi-institutional collaborations, and any other entity the Administrator considers appropriate. "(4) Collaborations.--A collaboration that receives an award under this section may include multiple types of research institutions, including institutions of higher education, private sector entities, and nonprofit organizations. "(5) Coordination and accountability.--The Administrator shall ensure that an awardee under this section-- "(A) coordinates with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, including by identifying personnel designated to serve as program liaisons for technical and programmatic oversight; and "(B) avoids unnecessary duplication of existing activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, other activities carried out under the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026 or the amendments made by that Act, and other related programs. "(6) Commercial technology.--An initiative established under this section may leverage commercially available hardware and software to carry out the activities described in subsection (c). "(c) Initiative Activities.--An initiative established under this section may carry out activities that-- "(1) support research focused on developing and demonstrating space, aeronautics, and exploration applications for quantum information science, engineering, and technology, including research relating to the strategy developed under section 502(c); and "(2) support quantum information science, engineering, and technology education and public outreach. "(d) Initiative Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, an initiative established under this section shall serve the needs of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the benefit of the broader United States quantum information science community, for the purpose of advancing space and aeronautics applications in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, and improving the competitiveness of the United States. "(e) Initiative Selection and Duration.-- "(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, an initiative established under this section may carry out activities for a period of 5 years. "(2) Reapplication.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, an awardee may reapply for an additional subsequent period of 5 years following a successful merit-based review. "(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Administrator may terminate the initiative for cause during the performance period. "SEC. 504. RESEARCH SECURITY. "The activities authorized under this title shall be carried out in a manner consistent with-- "(1) subtitle D of title VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.); and "(2) section 6432 of the Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (42 U.S.C. 7144b note; Public Law 118-159). "SEC. 505. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. "The Administrator shall allocate up to $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030 to carry out this title, subject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this title shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.". SEC. ___20. COMPTROLLER GENERAL REVIEW AND REPORT. (a) Review.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct a review of existing processes and reporting requirements associated with research and development programs established within the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy pursuant to the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) to identify potential opportunities-- (1) to reduce duplicative and unnecessary paperwork and reporting requirements without compromising security, transparency, and accountability; and (2) to expedite access to facilities and equipment of the Federal Government for researchers affiliated with such programs. (b) Research and Development Programs Covered.--The review required under subsection (a) shall cover all research and development programs established pursuant to sections 201, 302, 402, 403, and 404 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8831, 8842, 8852, 8853, and 8854). (c) Report.--Not later than 180 days after completing the review under subsection (a), the Comptroller General shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report on the findings of the review, which shall include recommendations relating to paragraphs (1) and (2) of such subsection. SEC. ___21. REVIEW OF REGULATORY BARRIERS TO QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT. (a) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate committees of congress.--The term "appropriate committees of Congress" has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801). (2) Quantum information science, engineering, and technology.--The term "quantum information science, engineering, and technology" has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C.

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8801), as amended by section [___2] of this Act. (b) Review and Assessment Required.--Not later than 540 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall, in coordination with the National Quantum Coordination Office, conduct a review to identify and assess any existing or potential regulatory barriers that inhibit research, development, deployment, or scaling of quantum information science, engineering, and technology. (c) Elements.--The review and assessment conducted pursuant to subsection (b) shall include the following: (1) An inventory of existing Federal regulations, policies, and guidance documents that are applicable to quantum information science, engineering, and technology. (2) An analysis of whether regulations, policies, and guidance inventoried pursuant to paragraph (1) impose undue burdens on academic, private sector, or government-led quantum information science, engineering, and technology research or development. (3) Recommendations to modernize, streamline, or eliminate duplicative or outdated regulatory barriers identified pursuant to subsection (b). (4) Input from stakeholders across industry, academia, and the National Laboratories with respect to such regulatory barriers. (5) Recommended actions to harmonize regulatory requirements relating to quantum information science, engineering, and technology across Federal agencies where inconsistencies exist. (d) Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date on which the Director completes the review and assessment required by subsection (b), the Director shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report detailing the findings and recommendations described in subsection (c). (e) Quinquennial Updates.--Not later than 5 years after the date on which the Director completes the review and assessment required by subsection (b), and every 5 years thereafter, the Director shall update the review and assessment required by subsection (b) and submit to the appropriate congressional committees an updated report detailing the findings and recommendations of the Director. SEC. ___22. SUNSET OF NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAM. (a) Sunset of National Nanotechnology Program.--The National Nanotechnology Program (in this section referred to as the "Program") and the authorities and requirements of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7501 et seq.) are terminated on the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. (b) Wind-down.--The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall take such actions as may be necessary to terminate and wind down the Program before the date specified in subsection (a). (c) Plan and Briefing.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall provide to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a briefing in which the Director shall present a plan on how the Director will carry out subsection (b). (2) Elements.--The plan presented under paragraph (1) shall-- (A) ensure minimal disruption to ongoing federally funded research and development activities; (B) ensure transfer or reassignment of nanotechnology research infrastructure programs and facilities to minimize disruption of researcher access to critical tools that support other national priorities; (C) provide for the orderly disposition or transfer of active grants, contracts, and personnel associated with the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office established under section 3(a) of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7502(a)); (D) identify any relevant responsibilities that should be reassigned to existing programs at the Office of Science and Technology Policy; and (E) minimize duplication and ensure fiscal efficiency in the conclusion of the Program. SEC. ___23. CLERICAL AMENDMENTS. The table of contents in section 1(b) of the National Quantum Initiative Act is amended as follows: (1) By inserting after the item relating to section 105 the following new items: "Sec. 105A. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy. "Sec. 106. National quantum prize challenges.". (2) By inserting after the item relating to section 201 the following new items: "Sec. 202. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum Centers. "Sec. 203. Research security. "Sec. 204. Collaboration For Quantum Application Development Acceleration.". (3) By striking the item relating to section 301 and inserting the following new item: "Sec. 301. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology research and education program.". (4) By inserting after the item relating to section 302 the following new items: "Sec. 303. Quantum testbeds. "Sec. 304. Research security.". (5) By adding at the end the following new items:

"TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES "Sec. 501. Definition of Administrator. "Sec. 502. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology research for space and aeronautics. "Sec. 503. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum initiatives. "Sec. 504. Research security. "Sec. 505. Authorization of appropriations.". ______ SA 5862. Mr. HAWLEY submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ___. PREVENTING ELECTED LEADERS FROM OWNING SECURITIES AND INVESTMENTS (PELOSI) ACT. (a) Short Title.--This section may be cited as the "Preventing Elected Leaders from Owning Securities and Investments (PELOSI) Act". (b) Banning Insider Trading in Congress.-- (1) In general.--Chapter 131 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "Sec. 13161. Definitions "In this subchapter: "(1) Covered financial instrument.-- "(A) In general.--The term `covered financial instrument' means-- "(i) any investment in-- "(I) a security (as defined in section 3(a) of Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a))); "(II) a security future (as defined in that section); or "(III) a commodity (as defined in section 1a of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1a)); and "(ii) any economic interest comparable to an interest described in clause (i) that is acquired through synthetic means, such as the use of a derivative, including an option, a warrant, or other similar means. "(B) Exclusions.--The term `covered financial instrument' does not include-- "(i) a diversified mutual fund; "(ii) a diversified exchange-traded fund; "(iii) a United States Treasury bill, note, or bond; or "(iv) compensation from the primary occupation of a spouse or dependent child of a Member of Congress. "(2) Dependent child; member of congress.--The terms `dependent child' and `Member of Congress' have the meanings given those terms in section 13101. "(3) Supervising ethics committee.--The term `supervising ethics committee' means, as applicable-- "(A) the Select Committee on Ethics of the Senate; and "(B) the Committee on Ethics of the House of Representatives. "Sec. 13162. Prohibition on certain transactions and holdings involving covered financial instruments "(a) Prohibition.--Except as provided in subsection (b), a Member of Congress, or any spouse of a Member of Congress, may not, during the term of service of the Member of Congress, hold, purchase, or sell any covered financial instrument. "(b) Exceptions.--The prohibition under subsection (a) shall not apply to a sale by a Member of Congress, or a spouse of a Member of Congress, that is completed by the date that is-- "(1) for a Member of Congress serving on the date of enactment of the Preventing Elected Leaders from Owning Securities and Investments (PELOSI) Act, 180 days after that date of enactment; and "(2) for any Member of Congress who commences service as a Member of Congress after the date of enactment of the Preventing Elected Leaders from Owning Securities and Investments (PELOSI) Act, 180 days after the first date of the initial term of service. "(c) Penalties.-- "(1) Disgorgement.--A Member of Congress shall disgorge to the Treasury of the United States any profit from a transaction or holding involving a covered financial instrument that is conducted in violation of this section. "(2) Fines.--A Member of Congress who holds or conducts a transaction involving, or whose spouse holds or conducts a transaction involving, a covered financial instrument in violation of this section may be subject to a civil fine assessed by the applicable supervising ethics committee under section 13164. "Sec. 13163. Certification of compliance "(a) In General.--Not less frequently than annually, each Member of Congress shall submit to the applicable supervising ethics committee a written certification that the Member of Congress has achieved compliance with the requirements of this subchapter. "(b) Publication.--The supervising ethics committees shall publish each certification submitted under subsection (a) on a publicly available website. "Sec. 13164. Authority of supervising ethics committees "(a) In General.--The supervising ethics committees may implement and enforce the requirements of this subchapter, including by-- "(1) issuing-- "(A) for Members of Congress-- "(i) rules governing that implementation; and "(ii) 1 or more reasonable extensions to achieve compliance with this subchapter, if the applicable supervising ethics committee determines that a Member of Congress is making a good faith effort to divest any covered financial instruments; and "(B) guidance relating to covered financial instruments; "(2) publishing on the internet certifications submitted by Members of Congress under section 13163(a); and "(3) assessing civil fines against any Member of Congress who is in violation of this subchapter, subject to subsection (b). "(b) Requirements for Civil Fines.-- "(1) In general.--Before imposing a fine pursuant to this section, the applicable supervising ethics committee shall provide to the applicable Member of Congress-- "(A) a written notice describing each covered financial instrument transaction for which a fine will be assessed; and "(B) an opportunity, with respect to each such covered financial instrument transaction-- "(i) for a hearing; and "(ii) to achieve compliance with the requirements of this subchapter. "(2) Enforcement.-- "(A) In general.--In the event of continuing noncompliance after issuance of the notice described in paragraph (1), the applicable supervising ethics committee shall impose a civil penalty, in the amount described in subparagraph (B), on the Member of Congress to whom a notice was provided-- "(i) on the date that is 30 days after the date of provision of the notice; and "(ii) during the period in which such noncompliance continues, not less frequently than once every 30 days thereafter. "(B) Amount.--The amount of each civil penalty imposed on a Member of Congress pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall be an amount equal to 10 percent of the value of each covered financial instrument that was not divested in violation of this subchapter during the period covered by the penalty. "(3) Publication.--Each supervising ethics committee shall publish on a publicly available website a description of-- "(A) each fine assessed by the supervising ethics committee pursuant to this section; "(B) the reasons why each such fine was assessed; and "(C) the result of each assessment, including any hearing under paragraph (1)(B)(i) relating to the assessment. "(4) Appeal.--A Member of Congress may appeal the assessment of a fine under this section to a vote on the floor of the Senate or the House of Representatives, as applicable, as a privileged motion. "Sec. 13165. Audit by Government Accountability Office "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Preventing Elected Leaders from Owning Securities and Investments (PELOSI) Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall-- "(1) conduct an audit of the compliance by Members of Congress with the requirements of this subchapter; and "(2) submit to the supervising ethics committees a report describing the results of the audit conducted under paragraph (1).". (2) Conforming amendments.-- (A) Table of sections.--The table of sections for chapter 131 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "13161. Definitions. "13162. Prohibition on certain transactions and holdings involving covered financial instruments. "13163. Certification of compliance. "13164. Authority of supervising ethics committees. "13165. Audit by Government Accountability Office.". (B) Persons required to file.--Section 13103(f) of title 5, United States Code, is amended--(i) in paragraph (9), by striking "as defined in section 13101 of this title"; (ii) in paragraph (10), by striking "as defined in section 13101 of this title"; (iii) in paragraph (11), by striking "as defined in section 13101 of this title"; and (iv) in paragraph (12), by striking "as defined in section 13101 of this title". (C) Lobbying disclosure act of 1995.--Section 3(4)(D) of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1602(4)(D)) is amended by striking "legislative branch employee serving in a position described under section 13101(13) of title 5, United States Code" and inserting "officer or employee of Congress (as defined in section 13101 of title 5, United States Code)". ______

SA 5863. Mr. HAWLEY submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle B of title XXVIII, add the following: SEC. 2829. AUTHORIZATION OF AMOUNTS FOR PRIVATIZED MILITARY HOUSING AT FORT LEONARD WOOD, MISSOURI. There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Defense $100,000,000 to be used for an equity investment in military family housing under subchapter IV of chapter 169 of title 10, United States Code, at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. ______

SA 5864. Mr. HAWLEY (for himself and Mr. Durbin) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of title X, add the following: SEC. 1094. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "Strengthening Transparency and Obligations to Protect Children Suffering from Abuse and Mistreatment Act of 2026" or the "STOP CSAM Act of 2026". SEC. 1095. PROTECTING CHILD VICTIMS AND WITNESSES IN FEDERAL COURT. (a) In General.--Section 3509 of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking "or exploitation" and inserting "exploitation, or kidnapping, including international parental kidnapping"; (B) in paragraph (3), by striking "physical or mental injury" and inserting "physical injury, psychological abuse"; (C) by striking paragraphs (5), (6), and (7) and inserting the following: "(5) the term `psychological abuse' includes-- "(A) a pattern of acts, threats of acts, or coercive tactics intended to degrade, humiliate, intimidate, or terrorize a child; and "(B) the infliction of trauma on a child through-- "(i) isolation; "(ii) the withholding of food or other necessities in order to control behavior; "(iii) physical restraint; or "(iv) the confinement of the child without the child's consent and in degrading conditions; "(6) the term `exploitation' means-- "(A) child pornography; "(B) child sex trafficking; or "(C) an obscene visual depiction of a child; "(7) the term `multidisciplinary child abuse team' means a professional unit of individuals working together to investigate child abuse and provide assistance and support to a victim of child abuse, composed of representatives from-- "(A) health, social service, and legal service agencies that represent the child; "(B) law enforcement agencies and prosecutorial offices; and "(C) children's advocacy centers;"; (D) in paragraph (9)(D)-- (i) by striking "genitals" and inserting "anus, genitals,"; and (ii) by striking "or animal"; (E) in paragraph (11), by striking "and" at the end; (F) in paragraph (12)-- (i) by striking "the term `child abuse' does not" and inserting "the terms `physical injury' and `psychological abuse' do not"; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (G) by adding at the end the following: "(13) the term `covered person' means a person of any age who-- "(A) is or is alleged to be-- "(i) a victim of a crime of physical abuse, sexual abuse, exploitation, or kidnapping, including international parental kidnapping; or "(ii) a witness to a crime committed against another person; and "(B) was under the age of 18 when the crime described in subparagraph (A) was committed; "(14) the term `protected information', with respect to a covered person, includes-- "(A) personally identifiable information of the covered person, including-- "(i) the name of the covered person; "(ii) an address; "(iii) a phone number; "(iv) a user name or identifying information for an online, social media, or email account; and "(v) any information that can be used to distinguish or trace the identity of the covered person, either alone or when combined with other information that is linked or linkable to the covered person; "(B) medical, dental, behavioral, psychiatric, or psychological information of the covered person; "(C) educational or juvenile justice records of the covered person; and "(D) any other information concerning the covered person that is deemed `protected information' by order of the court under subsection (d)(5); "(15) the term `child pornography' has the meaning given the term in section 2256(8); and "(16) the term `obscene visual depiction of a child' means any visual depiction prohibited by section 1466A involving an identifiable minor, as that term is defined in section 2256(9)."; (2) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (1)(C), by striking "minor" and inserting "child"; and (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) in the heading, by striking "Videotaped" and inserting "Recorded"; (ii) in subparagraph (A), by striking "that the deposition be recorded and preserved on videotape" and inserting "that a video recording of the deposition be made and preserved"; (iii) in subparagraph (B)-- (I) in clause (ii), by striking "that the child's deposition be taken and preserved by videotape" and inserting "that a video recording of the child's deposition be made and preserved"; (II) in clause (iii)-- (aa) in the matter preceding subclause (I), by striking "videotape" and inserting "recorded"; and (bb) in subclause (IV), by striking "videotape" and inserting "recording"; and (III) in clause (v)-- (aa) in the heading, by striking "videotape" and inserting "video recording"; (bb) in the first sentence, by striking "made and preserved on video tape" and inserting "recorded and preserved"; and (cc) in the second sentence, by striking "videotape" and inserting "video recording"; (iv) in subparagraph (C), by striking "child's videotaped" and inserting "video recording of the child's"; (v) in subparagraph (D)-- (I) by striking "videotaping" and inserting "deposition"; and (II) by striking "videotaped" and inserting "recorded"; (vi) in subparagraph (E), by striking "videotaped" and inserting "recorded"; and (vii) in subparagraph (F), by striking "videotape" each place the term appears and inserting "video recording"; (3) in subsection (d)-- (A) in paragraph (1)(A)-- (i) in clause (i), by striking "the name or any other information concerning a child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; and (ii) in clause (ii)-- (I) by striking "documents described in clause (i) or the information in them that concerns a child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; and (II) by striking ", have reason to know such information" and inserting "(including witnesses or potential witnesses), have reason to know each item of protected information to be disclosed"; (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) by striking "the name of or any other information concerning a child" each place the term appears and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; (ii) by redesignating subparagraphs (A) and (B) as clauses (i) and (ii), respectively, and adjusting the margins accordingly; (iii) by striking "All papers" and inserting the following: "(A) In general.--All papers"; and (iv) by adding at the end the following: "(B) Enforcement of violations.--The court may address a violation of subparagraph (A) in the same manner as disobedience or resistance to a lawful court order under section 401(3)."; (C) in paragraph (3)-- (i) in subparagraph (A)-- (I) by striking "a child from public disclosure of the name of or any other information concerning the child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information from public disclosure"; and (II) by striking ", if the court determines that there is a significant possibility that such disclosure would be detrimental to the child"; (ii) in subparagraph (B)-- (I) in clause (i)-- (aa) by striking "a child witness, and the testimony of any other witness" and inserting "any witness"; and (bb) by striking "the name of or any other information concerning a child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; and (II) in clause (ii), by striking "child" and inserting "covered person"; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: "(C)(i) For purposes of this paragraph, there shall be a presumption that public disclosure of a covered person's protected information would be detrimental to the covered person. "(ii) The court shall deny a motion for a protective order under subparagraph (A) only if the court finds that the party opposing the motion has rebutted the presumption under clause (i) of this subparagraph."; (D) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by striking "This subsection" and inserting the following: "(A) Disclosure to certain parties.--This subsection"; (ii) in subparagraph (A), as so designated-- (I) by striking "the name of or other information concerning a child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; and (II) by striking "or an adult attendant, or to" and inserting "an adult attendant, a law enforcement agency for any intelligence or investigative purpose, or"; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: "(B) Request for public disclosure.--If any party requests public disclosure of a covered person's protected information to further a public interest, the court shall deny the request unless the court finds that-- "(i) the party seeking disclosure has established that there is a compelling public interest in publicly disclosing the covered person's protected information; "(ii) there is a substantial probability that the public interest would be harmed if the covered person's protected information is not disclosed; "(iii) the substantial probability of harm to the public interest outweighs the harm to the covered person from public disclosure of the covered person's protected information; and "(iv) there is no alternative to public disclosure of the covered person's protected information that would adequately protect the public interest."; and (E) by adding at the end the following: "(5) Other protected information.--The court may order that information shall be considered to be `protected information' for purposes of this subsection if the court finds that the information is sufficiently personal, sensitive, or identifying that it should be subject to the protections and presumptions under this subsection."; (4) by striking subsection (f) and inserting the following: "(f) Victim Impact Statement.-- "(1) Probation officer.--In preparing the presentence report pursuant to rule 32(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, the probation officer shall request information from the multidisciplinary child abuse team, if applicable, or other appropriate sources to determine the impact of the offense on a child victim and any other children who may have been affected by the offense. "(2) Guardian ad litem.--A guardian ad litem appointed under subsection (h) shall-- "(A) make every effort to obtain and report information that accurately expresses the views of a child victim, and the views of family members as appropriate, concerning the impact of the offense; and "(B) use forms that permit a child victim to express the child's views concerning the personal consequences of the offense, at a level and in a form of communication commensurate with the child's age and ability."; (5) in subsection (h), by adding at the end the following: "(4) Authorization of appropriations.-- "(A) In general.--There is authorized to be appropriated to the United States courts to carry out this subsection $25,000,000 for each fiscal year. "(B) Supervision of payments.--Payments from appropriations authorized under subparagraph (A) shall be made under the supervision of the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts."; (6) in subsection (i)-- (A) by striking "A child testifying at or attending a judicial proceeding" and inserting the following: "(1) In general.--A child testifying at a judicial proceeding, including in a manner described in subsection (b),"; (B) in paragraph (1), as so designated-- (i) in the third sentence, by striking "proceeding" and inserting "testimony"; and (ii) by striking the fifth sentence; and (C) by adding at the end the following: "(2) Recording.--If the adult attendant is in close physical proximity to or in contact with the child while the child testifies-- "(A) at a judicial proceeding, a video recording of the adult attendant shall be made and shall become part of the court record; or "(B) in a manner described in subsection (b), the adult attendant shall be visible on the closed-circuit television or in the recorded deposition. "(3) Covered persons attending proceeding.--A covered person shall have the right to be accompanied by an adult attendant when attending any judicial proceeding."; (7) in subsection (j)-- (A) by striking "child"

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each place the term appears and inserting "covered person"; and (B) in the fourth sentence-- (i) by striking "and the potential" and inserting ", the potential"; (ii) by striking "child's" and inserting "covered person's"; and (iii) by inserting before the period at the end the following: ", and the necessity of the continuance to protect the defendant's rights"; (8) in subsection (k), by striking "child" each place the term appears and inserting "covered person"; (9) in subsection (l), by striking "child" each place the term appears and inserting "covered person"; and (10) in subsection (m)-- (A) by striking "(as defined by section 2256 of this title)" each place it appears; (B) by inserting "or an obscene visual depiction of a child" after "child pornography" each place it appears except the second instance in paragraph (3); (C) in paragraph (1), by inserting "and any civil action brought under section 2255 or 2255A" after "any criminal proceeding"; (D) in paragraph (2), by adding at the end the following: "(C)(i) Notwithstanding rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court shall deny, in any civil action brought under section 2255 or 2255A, any request by any party to copy, photograph, duplicate, or otherwise reproduce any property or material that constitutes child pornography or an obscene visual depiction of a child. "(ii) In a civil action brought under section 2255 or 2255A, for purposes of paragraph (1), the court may-- "(I) order the plaintiff or defendant to provide to the court or the Government, as applicable, any equipment necessary to maintain care, custody, and control of such property or material; and "(II) take reasonable measures, and may order the Government (if such property or material is in the care, custody, and control of the Government) to take reasonable measures, to provide each party to the action, the attorney of each party, and any individual a party may seek to qualify as an expert, with ample opportunity to inspect, view, and examine such property or material at the court or a Government facility, as applicable."; and (E) in paragraph (3)-- (i) by inserting "and during the 1-year period following the date on which the criminal proceeding becomes final or is terminated" after "any criminal proceeding"; (ii) by striking ", as defined under section 2256(8),"; and (iii) by inserting "or obscene visual depiction of a child" after "such child pornography". (b) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to conduct that occurs before, on, or after the date of enactment of this Act. SEC. 1096. FACILITATING PAYMENT OF RESTITUTION; TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS TO RESTITUTION STATUTES. Title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in section 1593(c)-- (A) by inserting "(1)" after "(c)"; (B) by striking "chapter, including, in" and inserting the following: "chapter. "(2) In"; and (C) in paragraph (2), as so designated, by inserting "may assume the rights of the victim under this section" after "suitable by the court"; (2) in section 2248(c)-- (A) by striking "For purposes" and inserting the following: "(1) In general.--For purposes"; (B) by striking "chapter, including, in" and inserting the following: "chapter. "(2) Assumption of crime victim's rights.--In"; and (C) in paragraph (2), as so designated, by inserting "may assume the rights of the victim under this section" after "suitable by the court"; (3) in section 2259-- (A) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following: "(a) In General.--Notwithstanding section 3663 or 3663A, and in addition to any other civil or criminal penalty authorized by law, the court shall order restitution for any offense under-- "(1) section 1466A, to the extent the conduct involves a visual depiction of an identifiable minor; or "(2) this chapter."; (B) in subsection (b)-- (i) in paragraph (1), by striking "Directions.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), the" and inserting "Restitution for child pornography production.--If the defendant was convicted of child pornography production, the"; and (ii) in paragraph (2)(B), by striking "$3,000." and inserting the following: "-- "(i) $3,000; or "(ii) 10 percent of the full amount of the victim's losses, if the full amount of the victim's losses is less than $3,000."; and (C) in subsection (c)-- (i) by striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following: "(1) Child pornography production.--For purposes of this section and section 2259A, the term `child pornography production' means-- "(A) a violation of, attempted violation of, or conspiracy to violate section 1466A(a) to the extent the conduct involves production of a visual depiction of an identifiable minor; "(B) a violation of, attempted violation of, or conspiracy to violate section 1466A(a) involving possession with intent to distribute, or section 1466A(b), to the extent the conduct involves a visual depiction of an identifiable minor-- "(i) produced by the defendant; or "(ii) that the defendant attempted or conspired to produce; "(C) a violation of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of section 2251, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate any of those subsections under subsection (e) of that section; "(D) a violation of section 2251A; "(E) a violation of section 2252(a)(4) or 2252A(a)(5), or an attempt or conspiracy to violate either of those sections under section 2252(b)(2) or 2252A(b)(2), to the extent such conduct involves child pornography-- "(i) produced by the defendant; or "(ii) that the defendant attempted or conspired to produce; "(F) a violation of subsection (a)(7) of section 2252A, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (b)(3) of that section, to the extent the conduct involves production with intent to distribute; "(G) a violation of section 2252A(g) if the series of felony violations involves not fewer than 1 violation-- "(i) described in subparagraph (A), (B), (E), or (F) of this paragraph; "(ii) of section 1591; or "(iii) of section 1201, chapter 109A, or chapter 117, if the victim is a minor; "(H) a violation of subsection (a) of section 2260, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (c)(1) of that section; "(I) a violation of section 2260B(a)(2) for promoting or facilitating an offense-- "(i) described in subparagraph (A), (B), (D), or (E) of this paragraph; or "(ii) under section 2422(b); and "(J) a violation of chapter 109A or chapter 117, if the offense involves the production or attempted production of, or conspiracy to produce, child pornography."; (ii) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following: "(3) Trafficking in child pornography.--For purposes of this section and section 2259A, the term `trafficking in child pornography' means-- "(A) a violation of, attempted violation of, or conspiracy to violate section 1466A(a) to the extent the conduct involves distribution or receipt of a visual depiction of an identifiable minor; "(B) a violation of, attempted violation of, or conspiracy to violate section 1466A(a) involving possession with intent to distribute, or section 1466A(b), to the extent the conduct involves a visual depiction of an identifiable minor-- "(i) not produced by the defendant; or "(ii) that the defendant did not attempt or conspire to produce; "(C) a violation of subsection (d) of section 2251 or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (e) of that section; "(D) a violation of paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of subsection (a) of section 2252, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate any of those paragraphs under subsection (b)(1) of that section; "(E) a violation of section 2252(a)(4) or 2252A(a)(5), or an attempt or conspiracy to violate either of those sections under section 2252(b)(2) or 2252A(b)(2), to the extent such conduct involves child pornography-- "(i) not produced by the defendant; or "(ii) that the defendant did not attempt or conspire to produce; "(F) a violation of paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), or (6) of subsection (a) of section 2252A, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate any of those paragraphs under subsection (b)(1) of that section; "(G) a violation of subsection (a)(7) of section 2252A, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (b)(3) of that section, to the extent the conduct involves distribution; "(H) a violation of section 2252A(g) if the series of felony violations exclusively involves violations described in this paragraph (except subparagraphs (A) and (B)); "(I) a violation of subsection (b) of section 2260, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (c)(2) of that section; and "(J) a violation of subsection (a)(1) of section 2260B, or a violation of subsection (a)(2) of that section for promoting or facilitating an offense described in this paragraph (except subparagraphs (A) and (B))."; and (iii) in paragraph (4), in the first sentence, by inserting "or an identifiable minor harmed as a result of the commission of a crime under section 1466A" after "under this chapter"; (4) in section 2259A(a)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "under section 2252(a)(4) or 2252A(a)(5)" and inserting "described in subparagraph (B) or (E) of section 2259(c)(3)"; and (B) in paragraph (2), by striking "any other offense for trafficking in child pornography" and inserting "any offense for trafficking in child pornography other than an offense described in subparagraph (B) or (E) of section 2259(c)(3)"; (5) in section 2429-- (A) in subsection (b)(3), by striking "2259(b)(3)" and inserting "2259(c)(2)"; and (B) in subsection (d)-- (i) by inserting "(1)" after "(d)"; (ii) by striking "chapter, including, in" and inserting the following: "chapter. "(2) In"; and (iii) in paragraph (2), as so designated, by inserting "may assume the rights of the victim under this section" after "suitable by the court"; and (6) in section 3664, by adding at the end the following: "(q) Trustee or Other Fiduciary.-- "(1) In general.-- "(A) Appointment of trustee or other fiduciary.--When the court issues an order of restitution under section 1593, 2248, 2259, 2429, or 3663, or subparagraphs (A)(i) and (B) of section 3663A(c)(1), for a victim described in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the court, at its own discretion or upon motion by the Government, may appoint a trustee or other fiduciary to hold any amount paid for restitution in a trust or other official account for the benefit of the victim. "(B) Covered victims.--A victim referred to in subparagraph (A) is a victim who is-- "(i) under the age of 18 at the time of the proceeding; "(ii) incompetent or incapacitated; or "(iii) subject to paragraph (3), a foreign citizen or stateless person residing outside the United States. "(2) Order.--When the court appoints a trustee or other fiduciary under paragraph (1), the court shall issue an order specifying-- "(A) the duties of the trustee or other fiduciary, which shall require-- "(i) the administration of the trust or maintaining an official account in the best interests of the victim; and "(ii) disbursing payments from the trust or account-- "(I) to the victim; or "(II) to any individual or entity on behalf of the victim; "(B) that the trustee or other fiduciary-- "(i) shall avoid any conflict of interest; "(ii) may not profit from the administration of the trust or maintaining an official account for the benefit of the victim other than as specified in the order; and "(iii) may not delegate administration of the trust or maintaining the official account to any other person; "(C) if and when the trust or the duties of the other fiduciary will expire; and "(D) the fees payable to the trustee or other fiduciary to cover expenses of administering the trust or maintaining the official account for the benefit of the victim, and the schedule for payment of those fees. "(3) Fact-finding regarding foreign

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citizens and stateless person.--In the case of a victim who is a foreign citizen or stateless person residing outside the United States and is not under the age of 18 at the time of the proceeding or incompetent or incapacitated, the court may appoint a trustee or other fiduciary under paragraph (1) only if the court finds it necessary to-- "(A) protect the safety or security of the victim; or "(B) provide a reliable means for the victim to access or benefit from the restitution payments. "(4) Payment of fees.-- "(A) In general.--The court may, with respect to the fees of the trustee or other fiduciary-- "(i) pay the fees in whole or in part; or "(ii) order the defendant to pay the fees in whole or in part. "(B) Applicability of other provisions.--With respect to a court order under subparagraph (A)(ii) requiring a defendant to pay fees-- "(i) subsection (f)(3) shall apply to the court order in the same manner as that subsection applies to a restitution order; "(ii) subchapter C of chapter 227 (other than section 3571) shall apply to the court order in the same manner as that subchapter applies to a sentence of a fine; and "(iii) subchapter B of chapter 229 shall apply to the court order in the same manner as that subchapter applies to the implementation of a sentence of a fine. "(C) Effect on other penalties.--Imposition of payment under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall not relieve a defendant of, or entitle a defendant to a reduction in the amount of, any special assessment, restitution, other fines, penalties, or costs, or other payments required under the defendant's sentence. "(D) Schedule.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if the court orders the defendant to make any payment under subparagraph (A)(ii), the court may provide a payment schedule that is concurrent with the payment of any other financial obligation described in subparagraph (C). "(5) Authorization of appropriations.-- "(A) In general.--There is authorized to be appropriated to the United States courts to carry out this subsection $15,000,000 for each fiscal year. "(B) Supervision of payments.--Payments from appropriations authorized under subparagraph (A) shall be made under the supervision of the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.". SEC. 1097. CYBERTIPLINE IMPROVEMENTS, AND ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY BY THE TECH INDUSTRY. (a) In General.--Chapter 110 of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in section 2258A-- (A) by striking subsections (a), (b), and (c) and inserting the following: "(a) Duty to Report.-- "(1) Duty.--In order to reduce the proliferation of online child sexual exploitation and to prevent the online sexual exploitation of children, as soon as reasonably possible after obtaining actual knowledge of any facts or circumstances described in paragraph (2) or any apparent child pornography on the provider's service, and in any event not later than 60 days after obtaining such knowledge, a provider shall submit to the CyberTipline of NCMEC, or any successor to the CyberTipline operated by NCMEC, a report that-- "(A) shall contain-- "(i) the mailing address, telephone number, facsimile number, electronic mailing address of, and individual point of contact for, such provider; and "(ii) information or material described in subsection (b)(1)(A) concerning such facts or circumstances or apparent child pornography; and "(B) may contain information described in subsection (b)(2), including any available information to identify or locate any involved minor. "(2) Facts or circumstances.--The facts or circumstances described in this paragraph are any facts or circumstances indicating an apparent, planned, or imminent violation of section 1591 (if the violation involves a minor), 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, 2252B, 2260, or 2422(b). "(3) Complainant information.--For a report premised on a complaint or notification submitted to a provider by a user of the provider's product or service, or a parent, guardian, or representative of such user, the provider shall take reasonable measures to determine what information or material in the user's account shall be included in the report as provided in subsection (b)(1)(A)(vi). "(b) Contents of Report.-- "(1) In general.--In an effort to prevent the future sexual victimization of children, and to the extent the information is within the custody or control of a provider, each report provided under subsection (a)(1)-- "(A) shall include, to the extent that it is applicable and reasonably available-- "(i) the name, address, electronic mail address, user or account identification, Internet Protocol address, port number, and uniform resource locator of any individual who is a subject of the report; "(ii) the terms of service in effect at the time of-- "(I) the apparent violation; or "(II) the detection of apparent child pornography or a planned or imminent violation; "(iii) a copy of any apparent child pornography that is the subject of the report, or all accessible chats, messages, or text exchanges that are related to the report, that were identified in a publicly available location; "(iv) for each item of apparent child pornography included in the report under clause (iii) or paragraph (2)(E), information indicating whether-- "(I) the apparent child pornography was publicly available; or "(II) the provider, in its sole discretion, viewed the apparent child pornography, or any copy thereof, at any point concurrent with or prior to the submission of the report; "(v) for each item of apparent child pornography that is the subject of the report, an indication as to whether the apparent child pornography-- "(I) is created in whole or in part through the use of software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or any other computer-generated or technological means, including by adapting, modifying, manipulating, or altering an authentic visual depiction; "(II) has previously been the subject of a report under subsection (a)(1); or "(III) is the subject of multiple contemporaneous reports due to rapid and widespread distribution; and "(vi) any and all information or material (including apparent child pornography, chats, messages, or text exchanges) relating to the subject of the report in the account of a user of the provider's product or service, if the user, or the parent, guardian, or representative of such user-- "(I) provided the information or material in a notification or complaint to the provider; "(II) indicates that such information or material should be included in the report; or "(III) consents to the inclusion of such information or material in the report; and "(B) may, at the sole discretion of the provider, include the information described in paragraph (2) of this subsection. "(2) Other information.--The information referred to in paragraph (1)(B) is the following: "(A) Information about any involved individual.--Any information relating to the identity or location of any individual who is a subject of the report, including payment or financial information (excluding personally identifiable information) and self-reported identifying or locating information. "(B) Information about any involved minor.--Information relating to the identity or location of any involved minor, which may include an address, electronic mail address, Internet Protocol address, port number, uniform resource locator, payment or financial information (excluding personally identifiable information), or any other information that may identify or locate any involved minor, including self-reported identifying or locating information. "(C) Historical reference.--Information relating to when and how a customer or subscriber of a provider uploaded, transmitted, or received content relating to the report or when and how content relating to the report was reported to, or discovered by the provider, including a date and time stamp and time zone. "(D) Geographic location information.--Information relating to the geographic location of the involved individual or website, which may include the Internet Protocol address, port number, or verified address, or, if not reasonably available, at least one form of geographic identifying information, including area code or ZIP Code, provided by the customer or subscriber, or stored or obtained by the provider. "(E) Apparent child pornography.--Any apparent child pornography not described in paragraph (1)(A)(iii), or other content related to the subject of the report. "(F) Complete communication.--The complete communication containing any apparent child pornography or other content, including-- "(i) any data or information regarding the transmission of the communication; and "(ii) any visual depictions, data, or other digital files contained in, or attached to, the communication. "(G) Technical identifier.--An industry-standard hash value or other similar industry-standard technical identifier for any reported visual depiction as it existed on the provider's service. "(H) Description.--For any item of apparent child pornography that is the subject of the report, an indication of whether-- "(i) the depicted sexually explicit conduct involves-- "(I) genital, oral, or anal sexual intercourse; "(II) bestiality; "(III) masturbation; "(IV) sadistic or masochistic abuse; or "(V) lascivious exhibition of the anus, genitals, or pubic area of any person; and "(ii) the depicted minor is-- "(I) an infant or toddler; "(II) prepubescent; "(III) pubescent; "(IV) post-pubescent; or "(V) of an indeterminate age or developmental stage. "(I) Chats, messages, or text exchanges.--Chats, messages, or text exchanges that fully provide the context for the report. "(3) Formatting of reports.--When a provider includes any information described in paragraph (1) or, at its sole discretion, any information described in paragraph (2) in a report to the CyberTipline of NCMEC, or any successor to the CyberTipline operated by NCMEC, the provider shall use best efforts to ensure that the report conforms with the structure of the CyberTipline or the successor, as applicable. "(c) Forwarding of Report and Other Information to Law Enforcement.-- "(1) In general.--Pursuant to its clearinghouse role as a private, nonprofit organization, and at the conclusion of its review in furtherance of its nonprofit mission, NCMEC shall make available each report submitted under subsection (a)(1) to one or more of the following law enforcement agencies: "(A) Any Federal law enforcement agency that is involved in the investigation of child sexual exploitation, kidnapping, or enticement crimes. "(B) Any State or local law enforcement agency that is involved in the investigation of child sexual exploitation. "(C) A foreign law enforcement agency designated by the Attorney General under subsection (d)(3) or a foreign law enforcement agency that has an established relationship with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or INTERPOL, and is involved in the investigation of child sexual exploitation, kidnapping, or enticement crimes. "(2) Technical identifiers.--If a report submitted under subsection (a)(1) contains an industry-standard hash value or other similar industry-standard technical identifier-- "(A) NCMEC may compare that hash value or identifier with any database or repository of visual depictions owned or operated by NCMEC; and "(B) if the comparison under subparagraph (A) results in a match, NCMEC may include the matching visual depiction from its database or repository when forwarding the report to an agency described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1)."; (B) in subsection (d)-- (i) in paragraph (2), by striking "subsection (c)(1)" and inserting "subsection (c)(1)(A)"; (ii) in paragraph (3)-- (I) in subparagraph (A), by striking "subsection (c)(3)" and inserting "subsection (c)(1)(C)"; and (II) in subparagraph (C), by striking

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"subsection (c)(3)" and inserting "subsection (c)(1)(C)"; and (iii) in paragraph (5)(B)-- (I) in clause (i), by striking "forwarded" and inserting "made available"; and (II) in clause (ii), by striking "forwarded" and inserting "made available"; (C) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following: "(e) Failure to Comply With Requirements.-- "(1) Criminal penalty.-- "(A) Offense.--It shall be unlawful for a provider to knowingly-- "(i) fail to submit a report under subsection (a)(1) within the time period required by that subsection; or "(ii) fail to preserve material as required under subsection (h). "(B) Penalty.-- "(i) In general.--A provider that violates subparagraph (A) shall be fined-- "(I) in the case of an initial violation, not more than-- "(aa) $850,000 if the provider has not fewer than 100,000,000 monthly active users; or "(bb) $600,000 if the provider has fewer than 100,000,000 monthly active users; and "(II) in the case of any second or subsequent violation, not more than-- "(aa) $1,000,000 if the provider has not fewer than 100,000,000 monthly active users; or "(bb) $850,000 if the provider has fewer than 100,000,000 monthly active users. "(ii) Harm to individuals.--The maximum fine under clause (i) shall be doubled if an individual is harmed as a direct and proximate result of the applicable violation. "(2) Civil penalty.-- "(A) Violations relating to cybertipline reports and material preservation.--A provider shall be liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty in an amount of not less than $50,000 and not more than $250,000 if the provider knowingly-- "(i) fails to submit a report under subsection (a)(1) within the time period required by that subsection; "(ii) fails to preserve material as required under subsection (h); or "(iii) submits a report under subsection (a)(1) that-- "(I) contains materially false or fraudulent information; or "(II) omits information described in subsection (b)(1)(A) that is reasonably available. "(B) Annual report violations.--A provider shall be liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty in an amount of not less than $100,000 and not more than $1,000,000 if the provider knowingly-- "(i) fails to submit an annual report as required under subsection (i); or "(ii) submits an annual report under subsection (i) that-- "(I) contains a materially false, fraudulent, or misleading statement; or "(II) omits information described in subsection (i)(1) that is reasonably available. "(C) Harm to individuals.--The amount of a civil penalty under subparagraph (A) or (B) shall be tripled if an individual is harmed as a direct and proximate result of the applicable violation. "(D) Costs of civil actions.--A provider that commits a violation described in subparagraph (A) or (B) shall be liable to the United States Government for the costs of a civil action brought to recover a civil penalty under that subparagraph. "(E) Enforcement.--This paragraph shall be enforced in accordance with sections 3731, 3732, and 3733 of title 31, except that a civil action to recover a civil penalty under subparagraph (A) or (B) of this paragraph may only be brought by the United States Government. "(3) Deposit of fines and penalties.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any criminal fine or civil penalty collected under this subsection shall be deposited into the Child Pornography Victims Reserve as provided in section 2259B."; (D) in subsection (f), by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following: "(3) affirmatively search, screen, or scan for-- "(A) facts or circumstances described in subsection (a)(2); "(B) information described in subsection (b)(2); or "(C) any apparent child pornography."; (E) in subsection (g)-- (i) in paragraph (2)(A)-- (I) in clause (iii), by inserting "or personnel at a children's advocacy center" after "State)"; and (II) in clause (iv), by striking "State or subdivision of a State" and inserting "State, subdivision of a State, or children's advocacy center"; and (ii) in paragraph (3), in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking "subsection (a)" and inserting "subsection (a)(1)"; (F) in subsection (h), by striking paragraph (5) and inserting the following: "(5) Relation to reporting requirement.--Submission of a report as described in subsection (a)(1) does not satisfy the obligations under this subsection."; and (G) by adding at the end the following: "(i) Annual Report.-- "(1) In general.--Not later than March 31 of the second year beginning after the date of enactment of the STOP CSAM Act of 2026, and of each year thereafter, a provider that had more than 1,000,000 unique monthly visitors or users during each month of the preceding year and accrued revenue of more than $50,000,000 during the preceding year shall submit to the Attorney General and the Chair of the Federal Trade Commission a report, disaggregated by subsidiary, that provides the following information for the preceding year to the extent such information is applicable and reasonably available: "(A) Cybertipline data.-- "(i) The total number of reports that the provider submitted under subsection (a)(1). "(ii) Which items of information described in subsection (b)(2) are routinely included in the reports submitted by the provider under subsection (a)(1). "(B) Other reporting to the provider.-- "(i) The measures the provider has in place to receive other reports concerning child sexual exploitation and abuse using the provider's product or on the provider's service. "(ii) The average time for responding to reports described in clause (i). "(iii) The number of reports described in clause (i) that the provider received. "(iv) A summary description of the actions taken upon receipt of the reports described in clause (i). "(C) Policies.-- "(i) A description of the policies of the provider with respect to the commission of child sexual exploitation and abuse using the provider's product or on the provider's service, including how child sexual exploitation and abuse is defined. "(ii) A description of possible user consequences for violations of the policies described in clause (i). "(iii) The methods of informing users of the policies described in clause (i). "(iv) The process for adjudicating potential violations of the policies described in clause (i). "(D) Culture of safety.-- "(i) The measures, tools, and technologies that the provider deploys to-- "(I) protect children from sexual exploitation and abuse using the provider's product or service; "(II) prevent or interdict activity by children related to sexual exploitation and abuse, including the posting or sharing of intimate visual depictions; and "(III) accurately identify adult and minor users. "(ii) The measures, tools, and technologies that the provider deploys to empower parents and guardians to protect their children from sexual exploitation and abuse using the provider's product or service. "(iii) The measures, tools, and technologies that the provider deploys to prevent the use of the provider's product or service by individuals seeking to commit child sexual exploitation and abuse. "(iv) With respect to the measures, tools, and technologies described in clauses (i), (ii), and (iii)-- "(I) an assessment of their efficacy, including any relevant quantitative information indicating when and how often they are used; and "(II) information on any factors that limit their efficacy or create gaps in their protection and efforts by the provider to address those loopholes or gaps. "(v) A description of factors that interfere with the provider's ability to detect or evaluate instances of child sexual exploitation and abuse and an analysis of the impact of those factors. "(vi) Information shared by the provider with users about the risks to children on the provider's product or service concerning sexual exploitation and abuse and an assessment of the impact of the information on users, including any relevant quantitative information indicating how often the information is reviewed. "(vii) A description of efforts undertaken by the provider, to the extent appropriate, to allow for independent verification of the information provided pursuant to this subparagraph and of the efficacy of the measures, tools, and technologies described in clauses (i), (ii), and (iii), including through the facilitation of independent research. "(E) Safety by design.--The measures that the provider takes before launching a new product or service-- "(i) to assess-- "(I) the safety risks for children with respect to sexual exploitation and abuse; and "(II) whether and how individuals could use the new product or service to commit child sexual exploitation and abuse; and "(ii) to determine-- "(I) the appropriate age for users of the new product or service; and "(II) whether the new product or service will be adopted to commit child sexual exploitation and abuse. "(F) Prevalence, trends, and patterns.--Any information concerning-- "(i) the prevalence of child sexual exploitation and abuse on the provider's product or service, including the volume of child pornography that is available and that is being accessed, distributed, or received; and "(ii) emerging trends, risks, and changing patterns with respect to the commission of online child sexual exploitation and abuse. "(G) Other information.--Any other information relevant to child sexual exploitation and abuse on the provider's product or service. "(2) Avoiding duplication.--Notwithstanding the requirement under the matter preceding paragraph (1) that information be submitted annually, in the case of any report submitted under that paragraph after the initial report, a provider shall submit information described in subparagraphs (C) through (F) of that paragraph not less frequently than once every 3 years or when new information is available, whichever is more frequent. "(3) Limitation.--Nothing in paragraph (1) shall require the disclosure of trade secrets or other proprietary information. "(4) Publication.-- "(A) In general.--Subject to subparagraph (B), the Attorney General and the Chair of the Federal Trade Commission shall publish the reports received under this subsection. "(B) Redaction.-- "(i) In general.--Whether or not such redaction is requested by the provider, the Attorney General and Chair of the Federal Trade Commission shall redact from a report published under subparagraph (A) any information as necessary to avoid-- "(I) undermining the efficacy of a safety measure described in the report; or "(II) revealing how a product or service of a provider may be used to commit online child sexual exploitation and abuse. "(ii) Additional redaction.-- "(I) Request.--In addition to information redacted under clause (i), a provider may request the redaction, from a report published under subparagraph (A), of any information that is law enforcement sensitive or otherwise not suitable for public distribution. "(II) Agency discretion.--The Attorney General and Chair of the Federal Trade Commission-- "(aa) shall consider a request made under subclause (I); and "(bb) may, in their discretion, redact from a report published under subparagraph (A) any information pursuant to the request."; (2) in section 2258B-- (A) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following: "(a) In General.-- "(1) Limited liability.--Except as provided in subsection (b), a civil claim or criminal charge described in paragraph (2) may not be brought in any Federal or State court. "(2) Covered claims and charges.--A civil claim or criminal charge referred to in paragraph (1) is a civil claim or criminal charge against a provider or domain name registrar, including any director, officer, employee, or agent of such provider or domain name registrar, that is directly attributable to-- "(A) the performance of the reporting or preservation responsibilities of

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such provider or domain name registrar under this section, section 2258A, or section 2258C; "(B) transmitting, distributing, or mailing child pornography to any Federal, State, or local law enforcement agency, or giving such agency access to child pornography, in response to a search warrant, court order, or other legal process issued or obtained by such agency; or "(C) the use by the provider or domain name registrar of any material being preserved under section 2258A(h) by such provider or registrar for research and the development and training of tools, undertaken voluntarily and in good faith for the sole and exclusive purpose of-- "(i) improving or facilitating reporting under this section, section 2258A, or section 2258C; or "(ii) stopping the online sexual exploitation of children."; and (B) in subsection (b)-- (i) in paragraph (1), by striking "; or" and inserting "or knowingly failed to comply with a requirement under section 2258A;"; (ii) in paragraph (2)(C)-- (I) by striking "sections" and inserting "this section or section"; and (II) by striking the period and inserting "; or"; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: "(3) for purposes of subsection (a)(2)(C), knowingly distributed or transmitted the material, or made the material available, except as required by law, to-- "(A) any other entity; "(B) any person not employed by the provider or domain name registrar; or "(C) any person employed by the provider or domain name registrar who is not conducting any research described in that subsection."; (3) in section 2258C-- (A) in the section heading, by striking "the CyberTipline" and inserting "NCMEC"; (B) in subsection (a)-- (i) in the subsection heading, by striking "Elements" and inserting "Information Sharing With Providers and Entities for the Purposes of Preventing and Curtailing the Online Sexual Exploitation of Children"; (ii) in paragraph (1)-- (I) by striking "to a provider" and inserting the following: "or submission to the Child Victim Identification Program to-- "(A) a provider"; (II) in subparagraph (A), as so designated-- (aa) by inserting "use of the provider's products or services to commit" after "stop the"; and (bb) by striking the period at the end and inserting "; or"; and (III) by adding at the end the following: "(B) an entity for the sole and exclusive purpose of preventing and curtailing the online sexual exploitation of children."; and (iii) in paragraph (2)-- (I) in the heading, by striking "Inclusions" and inserting "Elements"; (II) by striking "unique identifiers" and inserting "similar technical identifiers"; (III) by inserting "or content, elements, or reported materials," after "visual depiction,"; (IV) by inserting a comma after "location"; (V) by striking "and any other elements"; and (VI) by inserting "or submission to the Child Victim Identification Program" after "CyberTipline report"; (C) in subsection (b)-- (i) in the heading, by inserting "or Entities" after "Providers"; (ii) by striking "Any provider" and inserting the following: "(1) In general.--Any provider or entity"; (iii) in paragraph (1), as so designated-- (I) by striking "receives" and inserting "obtains"; and (II) by inserting "or submission to the Child Victim Identification Program" after "CyberTipline report"; and (iv) by adding at the end the following: "(2) Limitation on sharing with other entities.--A provider or entity that obtains elements under subsection (a)(1) may not distribute those elements, or make those elements available, to any other entity, except for the sole and exclusive purpose of curtailing, preventing, or stopping the online sexual exploitation of children."; (D) in subsection (c)-- (i) by striking "subsections" and inserting "subsection"; (ii) by striking "providers receiving" and inserting "a provider or entity to obtain"; (iii) by inserting "or submission to the Child Victim Identification Program" after "CyberTipline report"; and (iv) by striking "to use the elements to stop the online sexual exploitation of children"; and (E) in subsection (d), by inserting "or to the Child Victim Identification Program" after "CyberTipline"; (4) in section 2258E-- (A) in paragraph (6), by striking "electronic communication service provider" and inserting "electronic communication service"; (B) in paragraph (7), by striking "and" at the end; (C) in paragraph (8), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following: "(9) the term `publicly available', with respect to a visual depiction on a provider's service, means the visual depiction can be viewed by or is accessible to all users of the service, regardless of the steps, if any, a user must take to create an account or to gain access to the service in order to access or view the visual depiction; and "(10) the term `Child Victim Identification Program' means the program described in section 404(b)(1)(K)(ii) of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (34 U.S.C. 11293(b)(1)(K)(ii))."; (5) in section 2259B(a), by inserting ", any fine or penalty collected under section 2258A(e)," after "2259A"; and (6) by adding at the end the following: "Sec. 2260B. Liability for certain child sexual exploitation offenses "(a) Offense.--It shall be unlawful for a provider of an interactive computer service, as that term is defined in section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230), that operates through the use of any facility or means of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, through such service to-- "(1) intentionally host or store child pornography or make child pornography available to any person; or "(2) knowingly promote or facilitate a violation of section 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, or 2422(b). "(b) Penalty.--A provider of an interactive computer service that violates subsection (a)-- "(1) subject to paragraph (2), shall be fined not more than $1,000,000; and "(2) if the offense involves a conscious or reckless risk of serious personal injury or an individual is harmed as a direct and proximate result of the violation, shall be fined not more than $5,000,000. "(c) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to any good faith action by a provider of an interactive computer service that is necessary to comply with a valid court order, subpoena, search warrant, statutory obligation, or preservation request from law enforcement.". (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for chapter 110 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "2260B. Liability for certain child sexual exploitation offenses.". (c) Effective Date for Amendments to Reporting Requirements of Providers.--The amendments made by subsection (a)(1) of this section shall take effect on the date that is 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act. SEC. 1098. EXPANDING CIVIL REMEDIES FOR VICTIMS OF ONLINE CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION. (a) Statement of Intent.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to abrogate or narrow any case law concerning section 2255 of title 18, United States Code. (b) Civil Remedy for Personal Injuries.--Section 2255(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) by striking "In General.--Any person who, while a minor, was a victim of a violation of section 1589, 1590, 1591, 2241(c), 2242, 2243, 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, 2260, 2421, 2422, or 2423 of this title and who suffers personal injury as a result of such violation, regardless of whether the injury occurred while such person was a minor, may sue" and inserting the following: "Private Right of Action.-- "(1) In general.--Any person described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (2) who suffers personal injury as a result of a violation described in that subparagraph, regardless of whether the injury occurred while such person was a minor, may bring a civil action"; and (2) by adding at the end the following: "(2) Eligible persons.--Paragraph (1) shall apply to any person-- "(A) who, while a minor, was a victim of-- "(i) a violation of section 1589, 1590, 1591, 2241, 2242, 2243, 2251, 2251A, 2260(a), 2421, 2422, or 2423; "(ii) an attempt to violate section 1589, 1590, or 1591 under section 1594(a); "(iii) a conspiracy to violate section 1589 or 1590 under section 1594(b); or "(iv) a conspiracy to violate section 1591 under section 1594(c); "(B) who-- "(i) is depicted as a minor in child pornography; and "(ii) is a victim of a violation of 2252, 2252A, or 2260(b) (regardless of when the violation occurs); or "(C) who-- "(i) is depicted as an identifiable minor in a visual depiction described in section 1466A; and "(ii) is a victim of a violation of that section (regardless of when the violation occurs).". (c) Civil Remedy Against Online Platforms and App Stores.-- (1) In general.--Chapter 110 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after section 2255 the following: "Sec. 2255A. Additional remedy for certain victims of child pornography or child sexual exploitation "(a) In General.-- "(1) Promotion or aiding and abetting of certain violations.--Any person who is a victim of the intentional, knowing, or reckless promotion, or aiding and abetting, of a violation of section 1591 or 1594(c) (involving a minor), or section 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, or 2422(b), where such promotion, or aiding and abetting, is by a provider of an interactive computer service or an app store, and who suffers personal injury as a result of such promotion or aiding and abetting, regardless of when the injury occurred, may bring a civil action in any appropriate United States District Court for relief set forth in subsection (b). "(2) Activities involving child pornography.--Any person who is a victim of the intentional, knowing, or reckless hosting or storing of child pornography or making child pornography available to any person by a provider of an interactive computer service, and who suffers personal injury as a result of such hosting, storing, or making available, regardless of when the injury occurred, may bring a civil action in any appropriate United States District Court for relief set forth in subsection (b). "(b) Relief.--In a civil action brought by a person under subsection (a)-- "(1) the person shall recover the actual damages the person sustains or liquidated damages in the amount of $300,000, and the cost of the action, including reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred; and "(2) the court may, in addition to any other relief available at law, award punitive damages and such other preliminary and equitable relief as the court determines to be appropriate, including a temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, or a permanent injunction ordering the defendant to cease the offending conduct. "(c) Statute of Limitations.--There shall be no time limit for the filing of a complaint commencing an action under subsection (a). "(d) Venue; Service of Process.-- "(1) Venue.--Any action brought under subsection (a) may be brought in the district court of the United States that meets applicable requirements relating to venue under section 1391 of title 28. "(2) Service of process.--In an action brought under subsection (a), process may be served in any district in which the defendant-- "(A) is an inhabitant; or "(B) may be found. "(e) Relation to Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934.--Nothing in section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C.

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230) shall be construed to impair or limit any claim brought under subsection (a). "(f) Rules of Construction.-- "(1) Applicability to legal process or obligation.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to any good faith action that is necessary to comply with a valid court order, subpoena, search warrant, statutory obligation, or preservation request from law enforcement. "(2) Application of section 2258b.--A civil action brought under subsection (a) shall be subject to section 2258B. "(g) Encryption Technologies.-- "(1) In general.--None of the following actions or circumstances shall serve as an independent basis for liability under subsection (a): "(A) Utilizing full end-to-end encrypted messaging services, device encryption, or other encryption services. "(B) Not possessing the information necessary to decrypt a communication. "(C) Failing to take an action that would otherwise undermine the ability to offer full end-to-end encrypted messaging services, device encryption, or other encryption services. "(2) Consideration of evidence.--Evidence of actions or circumstances described in paragraph (1) shall be admissible in a civil action brought under subsection (a) if-- "(A) the actions or circumstances are relevant under rules 401 and 402 of the Federal Rules of Evidence to-- "(i) prove motive, intent, preparation, plan, absence of mistake, or lack of accident; or "(ii) rebut any evidence or factual or legal claim; and "(B) the actions or circumstances-- "(i) are otherwise admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence; and "(ii) are not subject to exclusion under rule 403 or any other rule of the Federal Rules of Evidence. "(3) No effect on discovery.--Nothing in paragraph (1) or (2) shall be construed to create a defense to a discovery request or otherwise limit or affect discovery in any civil action brought under subsection (a). "(h) Defense.--In a civil action under subsection (a)(2) involving knowing or reckless conduct, it shall be a defense at trial, which the provider of an interactive computer service must establish by a preponderance of the evidence as determined by the finder of fact, that-- "(1) the provider disabled access to or removed the child pornography within a reasonable timeframe, and in any event not later than 48 hours after obtaining knowledge that the child pornography was being hosted, stored, or made available by the provider (or, in the case of a provider that, for the most recent calendar year, averaged fewer than 10,000,000 active users on a monthly basis in the United States, within a reasonable timeframe, and in any event not later than 2 business days after obtaining such knowledge); "(2) the provider exercised a reasonable, good faith effort to disable access to or remove the child pornography but was unable to do so for reasons outside the provider's control; or "(3) it is technologically impossible for the provider to disable access to or remove the child pornography without compromising encryption technologies. "(i) Sanctions for Repeated Bad Faith Civil Actions or Defenses.-- "(1) Definitions.--In this subsection: "(A) Bad faith civil action.--The term `bad faith civil action' means a civil action brought under subsection (a) in bad faith where the finder of fact determines that at the time the civil action was filed, the party, attorney, or law firm described in paragraph (2) had actual knowledge that-- "(i) the alleged conduct did not involve any minor; or "(ii) the alleged child pornography did not depict-- "(I) any minor; or "(II) sexually explicit conduct, sexual suggestiveness, full or partial nudity, or implied sexual activity. "(B) Bad faith defense.--The term `bad faith defense' means a defense in a civil action brought under subsection (a) raised in bad faith where the finder of fact determines that at the time the defense was raised, the party, attorney, or law firm described in paragraph (3) had actual knowledge that the defense-- "(i) was made solely for the purpose of delaying the civil action or increasing the costs of the civil action; or "(ii) was objectively baseless in light of the applicable law or facts at issue. "(2) Bad faith civil action.--In the case of a civil action brought under subsection (a), the court may impose sanctions on-- "(A) the party bringing the civil action if the court finds that the party has brought 2 or more bad faith civil actions (which may include the instant civil action); or "(B) an attorney or law firm representing the party bringing the civil action if the court finds that the attorney or law firm has represented-- "(i) a party who has brought 2 or more bad faith civil actions (which may include the instant civil action); or "(ii) 2 or more parties who have each brought a bad faith civil action (which may include the instant civil action). "(3) Bad faith defense.--In the case of a civil action brought under subsection (a), the court may impose sanctions on-- "(A) the party defending the civil action if the court finds that the party has raised 2 or more bad faith defenses (which may include 1 or more defenses raised in the instant civil action); or "(B) an attorney or law firm representing the party defending the civil action if the court finds that the attorney or law firm has represented-- "(i) a party who has raised 2 or more bad faith defenses (which may include 1 or more defenses raised in the instant civil action); or "(ii) 2 or more parties who have each raised a bad faith defense (which may include a defense raised in the instant civil action). "(4) Implementation.--Rule 11(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure shall apply to sanctions imposed under this subsection in the same manner as that rule applies to sanctions imposed for a violation of rule 11(b) of those Rules. "(5) Rules of construction.-- "(A) Rule 11.--This subsection shall not be construed to limit or expand the application of rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. "(B) Definition change.--Paragraph (1)(A)(ii) shall not be construed to apply to a civil action affected by a contemporaneous change in the law with respect to the definition of `child pornography'. "(j) Definitions.--In this section: "(1) App.--The term `app' means a software application or electronic service that may be run or directed by a user on a computer, a mobile device, or any other general purpose computing device. "(2) App store.--The term `app store' means a publicly available website, software application, or other electronic service that-- "(A) distributes apps from third-party developers to users of a computer, a mobile device, or any other general purpose computing device; and "(B) operates-- "(i) through the use of any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce; or "(ii) in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce. "(3) Interactive computer service.--The term `interactive computer service' means an interactive computer service, as defined in section 230(f) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230(f)), that operates-- "(A) through the use of any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce; or "(B) in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce. "(k) Savings Clause.--Nothing in this section, including the defenses under this section, shall be construed to apply to any civil action brought under any other Federal law, rule, or regulation, including any civil action brought against a provider of an interactive computer service or an app store under section 1595 or 2255.". (2) Clerical amendment.--The table of sections for chapter 110 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 2255 the following: "2255A. Additional remedy for certain victims of child pornography or child sexual exploitation.". SEC. 1099. SEVERABILITY. If any provision of this subtitle, an amendment made by this subtitle, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this subtitle and the amendments made by this subtitle, and the application of the provision or amendment to any other person or circumstance, shall not be affected. SEC. 1100. CONTINUED APPLICABILITY OF FEDERAL, STATE, AND TRIBAL LAW. (a) Federal Law.--Nothing in this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle, nor any rule or regulation issued pursuant to this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle, shall affect or diminish any right or remedy for a victim of child pornography or child sexual exploitation under any other Federal law, rule, or regulation, including any claim under section 2255 of title 18, United States Code, with respect to any individual or entity. (b) State or Tribal Law.--Nothing in this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle, nor any rule or regulation issued pursuant to this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle, shall-- (1) preempt, diminish, or supplant any right or remedy for a victim of child pornography or child sexual exploitation under any State or Tribal common or statutory law; or (2) prohibit the enforcement of a law governing child pornography or child sexual exploitation that is at least as protective of the rights of a victim as this subtitle and the amendments made by this subtitle. ______

SA 5865. Mr. MERKLEY (for himself and Mr. Cruz) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of title XII, insert the following: SEC. 1281. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "Blue Skies for Taiwan Act of 2026". SEC. 1282. DEFINITIONS. In this subtitle: (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means-- (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on the Budget, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on the Budget, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. (2) Blue uas.--The term "Blue UAS" refers to UAS components and systems that comply with Defense Contract Management Agency's Blue UAS program and its associated list. SEC. 1283. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Taiwan is a longstanding and vital democratic partner whose security is central to United States strategic interests and regional stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (2) The People's Republic of China (PRC) is increasingly employing gray-zone tactics, including routine use of unmanned aerial systems and other low-cost platforms, to pressure Taiwan and undermine its security. (3) As set forth in the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-8), it is United States policy to maintain its capacity to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion against Taiwan and provide Taiwan with arms of a defensive nature. (4) As set forth in the Taiwan Enhanced Resilience Act (subtitle A of title XII of Public Law 117-263), it is the sense of Congress that the United States should support Taiwan's acquisition and employment of capabilities that advance asymmetric strategies. (5) The vast majority of commercially available UAS contain PRC-sourced components, creating significant cybersecurity, supply chain, and operational risks for both Taiwan and the United States. (6) Taiwan is well-positioned to develop and produce UAS components and systems but faces challenges in competing with PRC commercial companies, accessing capital, and meeting United States certification and cybersecurity requirements. (7) The United States should support UAS supply chain development in Taiwan to strengthen Taiwan's asymmetric defense posture and expand United States access to secure, PRC-independent UAS components and systems. (8) The Army Organic Industrial Base, including its arsenals, depots, and ammunition plants, is undergoing modernization to support emerging technologies and may provide opportunities to support the testing and sustainment of unmanned aerial systems and related components in coordination with allies and partners. SEC. 1284. BLUE UAS WORKING GROUP. (a) Establishment.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall establish a Blue UAS working group, leveraging existing workstreams and expanding scope as needed, inclusive of government, industry, and academic experts, to-- (1) assess Taiwan's domestic drone production capacity, including research and development, legal and regulatory frameworks, testing, certification, and production capacities for dual-use drones; (2) evaluate opportunities for public-private partnerships between the United States and Taiwan for co-development and co-production of UAS systems and components, including pilot programs; (3) identify barriers to the inclusion of Taiwan-manufactured components and systems manufactured in Blue UAS programs; (4) identify regulatory, export-control, and certification barriers that impede Taiwan's participation in Blue UAS programs; (5) provide recommendations to expand and improve incorporation of Taiwanese suppliers into Blue UAS programs; (6) identify specific UAS components or systems that could be integrated into Blue UAS programs within 12 to 24 months; (7) analyze opportunities and impediments to include Taiwan in the Defense Autonomous Warfare Group and similar initiatives; (8) assess opportunities for collaboration with the Army Organic Industrial Base, including its arsenals, depots, and ammunition plants, to support the testing, evaluation, production, maintenance, and sustainment of Blue UAS components and systems, including those co-developed or co-produced with Taiwan; and (9) institute lessons learned from the war in Ukraine, in consultation with the United States European Command (EUCOM) and Ukrainian officials. (b) Reporting.--Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter for three years, the Working Group shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees an unclassified report on its activities, including findings, recommendations, timelines, resource needs, and potential funding mechanisms, with a classified appendix as necessary. SEC. 1285. COOPERATIVE FRAMEWORK WITH ALLIES. (a) In General.--The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall establish a cooperative framework, drawing on the Partnership for Indo-Pacific Industrial Resilience (PIPIR), among the United States, Taiwan, and regional allies and global partners to promote secure, PRC-independent UAS supply chains and enhance interoperability. (b) Elements.--The cooperative framework shall include-- (1) support regional allies in the acquisition of Blue UAS components or systems from Taiwan in lieu of PRC-sourced components; and (2) fast-track Blue UAS certification for components co-developed or co-produced by Taiwan and regional allies. SEC. 1286. FAST-TRACK CERTIFICATION. (a) In General.--The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall develop a fast-track process for Blue UAS companies in Taiwan to obtain Blue UAS certification. (b) Elements.--The fast-track certification process shall include the following procedures: (1) Expedited export control reviews and licensing for Taiwan drone and drone component manufacturers, including streamlined technical reviews for components with no PRC-connected subcomponents. (2) A fast-track certification procedure for Taiwanese manufacturers, including reciprocal testing arrangements or recognition of equivalent Taiwan cybersecurity standards where appropriate. SEC. 1287. RULES OF CONSTRUCTION. Nothing in this subtitle shall be construed-- (1) to alter United States policy towards Taiwan as codified in the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-8); (2) to alter the United States commitment to the One China Policy, including commitments made in the Three United States-China Communiques and the Six Assurances to Taiwan; or (3) to alter the United States Government's position with respect to the international status of Taiwan. ______

SA 5866. Mr. CORNYN (for himself and Mr. Peters) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle B of title VIII, add the following: SEC. 823. AGENCY USE OF IT PRODUCTS. (a) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means-- (A) the congressional defense committees; and (B) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight of the House of Representatives. (2) Authorized reseller.--The term "authorized reseller" means a reseller, after market manufacturer, supplier, or distributor of a covered product that-- (A) has a direct or prime contractual arrangement with, or the express written authority of, the eligible original equipment manufacturer of the covered product to manufacture, buy, stock, repackage, sell, resell, repair, service, otherwise support, or distribute the covered product; and (B) has not been found to be subject to criminal liability pursuant to sections 2318, 2319, or 2320 of title 18, United States Code, or civil liability pursuant to sections 42 or 43 of the Act entitled "An Act to provide for the registration and protection of trademarks used in commerce, to carry out the provisions of certain international conventions, and for other purposes", approved July 5, 1946 (commonly referred to as the "Trademark Act of 1946"; 15 U.S.C. 1124, 1125). (3) Covered product.--The term "covered product"-- (A) means an information and communications technology end-use hardware product or component, including software and firmware that comprise the end-use hardware product or component; and (B) does not include-- (i) other software; or (ii) an end-use hardware product-- (I) in which there is embedded information and communications technology; and (II) the principal function of which is not the creation, manipulation, storage, display, receipt, or transmission of electronic data and information. (4) Eligible original equipment manufacturer.--The term "eligible original equipment manufacturer" means a company that-- (A) manufactures a covered product that the company-- (i) designed from self-sourced or purchased components; and (ii) sells under the name of the company; and (B) has not been found to be subject to criminal liability pursuant to sections 2318, 2319, or 2320 of title 18, United States Code, or civil liability pursuant to sections 42 or 43 of the Act entitled "An Act to provide for the registration and protection of trademarks used in commerce, to carry out the provisions of certain international conventions, and for other purposes", approved July 5, 1946 (commonly referred to as the "Trademark Act of 1946"; 15 U.S.C. 1124, 1125). (5) End-use product.--The term "end-use product" means a product ready for use by the maintainer, integrator, or end user of the product. (6) Information and communications technology.--The term "information and communications technology"-- (A) has the meaning given the term in section 4713 of title 41, United States Code; and (B) includes information and communications technologies covered by definitions contained in the Federal Acquisition Regulation, including definitions added after the date of the enactment of this Act by the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council pursuant to notice and comment. (b) Prohibition on Procurement and Use.--Subject to subsection (c) and notwithstanding sections 1905 through 1907 of title 41, United States Code, the Secretary of Defense may not procure or obtain, renew a contract to procure or obtain, or use a covered product that is procured from an entity other than an eligible original equipment manufacturer or an authorized reseller. (c) Waiver.-- (1) In general.--Upon notice to appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of Defense may waive the prohibition under subsection (b) with respect to a covered product if the Secretary determines that procuring, obtaining, or using the covered product is necessary-- (A) for the purpose of scientifically valid research (as defined in section 102 the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (20 U.S.C. 9501)); or (B) to avoid jeopardizing the performance of mission critical functions. (2) Notice.--The notice described in paragraph (1)-- (A) shall-- (i) specify, with respect to the waiver under paragraph (1)-- (I) the justification for the waiver; (II) any security mitigations that have been implemented; and (III) with respect to a waiver that necessitates a security mitigation, the plan of action and milestones to avoid future waivers for subsequent similar purchases; and (ii) provide a declaration that covered product is not being purchased from an entity that is under the influence or control of a foreign adversary; and (iii) be submitted in an unclassified form; and (B) may include a classified annex. (3) Duration.--With respect to a waiver for the purpose of research, as described in paragraph (1)(A), the waiver shall be effective for the duration of the research identified in the waiver. (d) Vendor Technical Assistance.--The Secretary of Defense shall establish procurement guidance to provide assistance to entities that are not eligible for procurements of covered products due to the prohibition under subsection (b) on the process of becoming an authorized reseller for covered products. (e) Reports to Congress.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter until the date that is 6 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that provides-- (A) the number and types of covered products for which a waiver under subsection (c)(1) was granted during the 1-year period preceding the date of the submission of the report; (B) the legal authority under which each waiver described in subparagraph (A) was granted, such as whether the waiver was granted pursuant to subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (c)(1); and (C) any actions taken by the Secretary to reduce the number of waivers issued by the Department of Defense under subsection (c)(1) with the goal of achieving full compliance with the prohibition under subsection (b). (2) Classification of report.--Each report submitted under this subsection-- (A) shall be submitted in unclassified form; and (B) may include a classified annex that contains the information described in paragraph (1)(B). (f) Redress Process.-- (1) Notice.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Director of the Office of Management and Budget determines that an entity is not an eligible original equipment manufacturer or an authorized reseller, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall issue to the entity a notice of the determination-- (A) advising the entity of the determination; (B) identifying the criteria relied upon and the information that formed the basis for the determination; (C) advising that, not later 90 days after the date of receipt of the notice, the entity may submit to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget a request to rescind the determination with information and argument in opposition to the determination; (D) describing the procedures governing the review and possible issuance of a determination; and (E) where practicable, identifying mitigation steps that could be taken by the entity that may result in the rescission of the determination. (2) Congressional notification requirements.-- (A) Notice of designation.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Director of the Office of Management and Budget issues a notice to an entity under paragraph (1), the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Accountability of the House of Representatives the notice. (B) Information and argument in opposition to determinations.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Director of the Office of Management and Budget receives any information and argument in opposition to a determination pursuant to paragraph (1)(C), the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Accountability of the House of Representatives such information. (g) No New Funds.--No additional amounts are authorized to be appropriated for the purpose of carrying out this section. (h) Effective Date.--This section shall take effect on the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act. ______

SA 5867. Mr. CORNYN (for himself and Ms. Hirono) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title X, insert the following: SEC. __. APPLICABILITY OF AUTHORITY TO RECONSIDER DECISIONS TO INTER THE REMAINS OR HONOR THE MEMORY OF A PERSON IN A NATIONAL CEMETERY. (a) In General.--Section 2411 of title 38, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (d)(1), by inserting "made on or after June 18, 1973," after "reconsider a decision"; (2) in subsections (b)(4)(A), (b)(5)(A), (d)(2)(A)(ii), and (e)(1)(B), by striking "to be a tier III sex offender for purposes of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (34 U.S.C. 20901 et seq.)" each place it appears and inserting "to meet the definition of a tier III sex offender under section 111 of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (34 U.S.C. 20911)"; and (3) by adding at the end the following new subsection: "(g) This section shall apply with respect to applications for interment or memorialization made on or after June 18, 1973.". (b) Conforming Repeals.-- (1) Section 2 of the Alicia Dawn Koehl Respect for National Cemeteries Act (Public Law 113-65) is amended by striking subsection (c). (2) Section 1 of the Act entitled "An Act to amend title 38, United States Code, to prohibit interment or memorialization in certain cemeteries of persons committing Federal or State capital crimes", approved November 21, 1997 (Public Law 105-116), is amended by striking subsection (c). ______

SA 5868. Mr. CORNYN (for himself and Mr. Coons) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle C of title XII, insert the following: SEC. 1230. EXPANSION OF PERMISSIBLE USES OF UKRAINE SUPPORT FUND. Section 104(f)(2) of the Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act (division F of Public Law 118-50; 22 U.S.C. 9521 note) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(D) Purchases by the Government of Ukraine of defense articles and services to respond to and recover from the consequences of the aggression of the Russian Federation.". ______

SA 5869. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ___. ACCESS TO BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP INFORMATION. (a) Short Title.--This section may be cited as the "Ownership Clarity Act". (b) Access to Beneficial Ownership Information.--Section 5336 of title 31, United States Code, is amended-- (1) by redesignating subsection (j) as subsection (k); and (2) by inserting after subsection (i) the following: "(j) Access to Beneficial Ownership Information by Private Parties.-- "(1) Definitions.--In this subsection: "(A) Access license.--The term `access license' means a license to access beneficial ownership information in accordance with this subsection. "(B) Covered entity.--The term `covered entity' means a financial institution that provides, or an entity that assists a financial institution in providing, screening services. "(C) Permitted personnel.--The term `permitted personnel' means personnel of a covered entity who are permitted to access beneficial ownership information in accordance with this subsection. "(D) Permitted purpose.--The term `permitted purpose' means the use of beneficial ownership information for screening services. "(E) Screening services.--The term `screening services' means the risk management procedures and activities undertaken by permitted personnel for the protection of the United States national security from international illicit actors and corrupt foreign officials who seek to exploit the financial systems of the United States by engaging in illicit activity such as serious tax fraud, human and drug trafficking, money laundering, financing terrorism. "(2) Access licenses.-- "(A) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Director shall establish a process by which covered entities may apply to the Director for an access license. "(B) Determination.--The Director may not issue an access license to a covered entity unless the Director determines that-- "(i) access to beneficial ownership information under this subsection is predicated upon a reasonable concern for United States national security and United States economic stability, by identifying international illicit actors and corrupt foreign officials and preventing international illicit activity such as-- "(I) international terrorist financing; "(II) any activity engaged in by an agent of the Government of Iran, North Korea, Syria, or any other government the Secretary of State has determined has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism for purposes of-- "(aa) section 1754(c)(1)(A)(i) of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4813(c)(1)(A)(i)); "(bb) section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2371); "(cc) section 40(d) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2780(d)); or "(dd) any other provision of law; "(III) any activity engaged in by any individual or entity included on the list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury; or "(IV) any other illicit financial conduct directly or indirectly supporting a transnational criminal organization, transnational drug trafficking organization, or transnational money laundering organization; "(ii) the covered entity limits access to and use of the beneficial ownership information to permitted personnel of the covered entity in connection with, or to support, screening services; and "(iii) the use, disclosure, and retention of the beneficial ownership information is strictly limited to a permitted purpose. "(C) Duration.-- "(i) In general.--An access license issued under this subsection shall expire on the date that is 2 years after the date on which the license is issued. "(ii) Renewal.--An expired access license may be renewed for 2-year periods in accordance with the process established under this paragraph. "(3) Regulations.--The Director shall promulgate regulations governing the use, disclosure, and retention of the beneficial ownership information accessed pursuant to an access license issued under this subsection.". ______

SA 5870. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle E of title III add the following: SEC. 358. ADVANCED NOTIFICATION TO CONGRESS ON USE OF PROPRIETARY LABELS. (a) In General.--The Director of the Defense Logistics Agency shall submit to the congressional defense committees a notification-- (1) before procuring a new item with a national stock number having an original listing as proprietary, which shall include-- (A) a justification as to why the labeling of the item as proprietary is warranted; and (B) the price point for the item and a comparison to a similar item that is not proprietary; and (2) before a national stock number has its characteristics data updated to proprietary, which shall include-- (A) a justification as to why such update is warranted; (B) the price point for the item and a comparison to a similar item that is not proprietary; and (C) the change in cost per unit for procurement of the proprietary item. (b) Annual Report.--Not less frequently than annually, the Director shall submit to Congress a report on the year over year use of proprietary labels by the Department of Defense and the associated price increases for use of such labels. ______

SA 5871. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle B of title III, add the following: SEC. 320C. TREATMENT OF AIR FORCE MILITARY CONSTRUCTION AND LAND ACQUISITION FUNCTIONS UNDER SENTINEL PROGRAM. (a) Authority Relating to Environmental Review.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, military construction and land acquisition functions of the Department of the Air Force for projects related to the Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile program (previously referred to as the "ground-based strategic weapon program") shall not be considered to be a major Federal action under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) or an undertaking for the purposes of division A of subtitle III of title 54, United States Code, if the activity-- (1) occurs on previously developed land; and (2) does not substantially alter land use. (b) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section may be construed as altering whether an activity described in subsection (a) is considered to be a major Federal action under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) or an undertaking under division A of subtitle III of title 54, United States Code, for a reason other than military construction or land acquisition by the Department of the Air Force. ______

SA 5872. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title VII, insert the following: SEC. ___. ESTABLISHMENT OF ANTIVENOM BANK. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Commanding General of the Medical Research and Development Command of the Army shall establish and maintain an antivenom bank. ______

SA 5873. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle E of title XII, add the following: SEC. 1271. TERMINATION OF APPLICATION OF TITLE IV OF THE TRADE ACT OF 1974 TO PRODUCTS OF CERTAIN COUNTRIES. (a) Presidential Determinations and Extension of Nondiscriminatory Treatment.--Notwithstanding any provision of title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2431 et seq.), the President may-- (1) determine that such title should no longer apply to a covered country; and (2) after making a determination under paragraph (1) with respect to a covered country, proclaim the extension of nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations treatment) to the products of the covered country. (b) Termination of Applicability of Title IV.--On and after the effective date under subsection (a)(2) of the extension of nondiscriminatory treatment to the products of a covered country, title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2431 et seq.) shall cease to apply to the covered country. (c) Covered Country Defined.--In this section, the term "covered country" means any country excluding Belarus, Cuba, and North Korea. ______

SA 5874. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Ms. Rosen) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title X, insert the following: SEC. 10__. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GRANT PROGRAM FOR SUPPLEMENTAL NEUROREHABILITATION APPROACHES TO CHRONIC MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY TREATMENT. (a) In General.--The Secretary of Veterans Affairs (in this section referred to as the "Secretary") shall establish a grant program (to be known as the "TBI Innovation Grant Program") to award grants to eligible entities for the development, implementation, and evaluation of approaches and methodologies for prospective randomized control trials for neurorehabilitation treatments for chronic mild traumatic brain injury (in this section referred to as "mTBI") in veterans. (b) Duration.--The authority of the Secretary to carry out the grant program under this section shall terminate at the end of the three-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act. (c) Use of Funds.--An eligible entity in receipt of a grant under this section shall use amounts awarded under such grant to support activities that include-- (1) designing and testing novel or integrative treatments for mTBI that prioritize patient-centered care, including non-pharmacological therapies; (2) conducting clinical studies and assessments to measure the effectiveness of approaches-- (A) to improve mental health outcomes among veterans; (B) to reduce suicidality and common risk factors for completing suicide among veterans, including depression and substance use disorders; and (C) to mitigate long-term effects of mTBI; (3) providing training for clinicians and outreach to veterans and their families to improve awareness and accessibility of innovative mTBI treatments; and (4) establishing partnerships with community organizations, academic institutions, and health care facilities of the Department of Veterans Affairs (in this section referred to as the "Department") to implement and evaluate best practices. (d) Limitation on Grant Amount.--The Secretary may not award an eligible entity a grant under this section in an amount that exceeds $5,000,000 per fiscal year. (e) Priority.--In awarding grants under this section, the Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that the Secretary determines have demonstrated experience in delivering or researching effective treatments for mTBI. (f) Program Administration.-- (1) Applications.--An eligible entity desiring a grant under this section shall submit to the Secretary an application therefor in such form, at such time, and containing such information and assurances as the Secretary determines appropriate, including a detailed description of-- (A) proposed activities; (B) expected outcomes; and (C) plans for evaluating effectiveness. (2) Periodic reports.--An eligible entity in receipt of a grant under this section shall, not less frequently than annually, submit to the Secretary a report that includes, with respect to the period covered by the report-- (A) a description of how the eligible entity used amounts provided under such grant; (B) a summary of the progress of activities funded with such amounts; and (C) measured outcomes relating to such activities. (3) Oversight; annual evaluations.--The Secretary shall-- (A) ensure rigorous oversight with respect to the grant program under this section; and (B) on an annual basis during the period in which the authority to carry out the grant program is effective, evaluate the efficacy of activities funded with amounts provided under a grant awarded under such grant program. (g) Coordination With Mental Health Services of Department of Veterans Affairs.--The Secretary shall ensure that the grant program under this section aligns with the Staff Sergeant Parker Gordon Fox Suicide Prevention Grant Program of the Department under section 201 of the Commander John Scott Hannon Veterans Mental Health Care Improvement Act of 2019 (Public Law 116-171; 38 U.S.C. 1720F note)-- (1) to provide for cohesive and comprehensive support for veterans with mTBI and associated mental health conditions; and (2) to increase research and development on integrated mTBI and mental health interventions outside of the scope of traditional pathways, interventions, programs, procedures, and pharmaceuticals of the Department. (h) Annual Review.--Not less frequently than annually during the duration of the grant program under this section, the Secretary shall review the effectiveness of such program to determine the potential of such program for continuation or expansion. (i) Reports to Congress.--Not later than two years after the date of the enactment of this Act, and not less frequently than annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report that includes-- (1) the findings of the activities reported under subsection (f)(2); and (2) the recommendations of the Secretary with respect to policy and programmatic improvements to services of the Department to treat traumatic brain injuries among veterans. (j) Regulations.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section. (k) Funding.-- (1) Available amounts.--The Secretary may carry out the grant program under this section using amounts available to the Secretary for general mental health care programs. (2) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary $30,000,000 for fiscal years 2027 through 2029 to carry out the grant program under this section, which shall remain available until expended. (l) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Eligible entity.--The term "eligible entity" means any of the following: (A) A nonprofit organization. (B) An academic institution engaged in research with respect to traumatic brain injury. (C) A non-Department health care provider with expertise in neurorehabilitative therapies. (D) An entity the Secretary determines appropriate for an award of a grant under this section. (2) Treatment.--The term "treatment", with respect to traumatic brain injury, means clinical interventions, therapeutic devices, or rehabilitation care provided directly to a veteran with traumatic brain injury. (3) Veteran.--The term "veteran" has the meaning given that term in section 101 of title 38, United States Code. ______

SA 5875. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Mr. Hickenlooper) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title X, insert the following: SEC. 10__. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ROBOTICS. (a) Establishment.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish an independent commission to be known as the "Commission on American Leadership in Robotics" (in this section referred to as the "Commission"). (2) Purpose.--The Commission shall-- (A) examine robotics as it pertains to interstate and foreign commerce, economic competitiveness, and national security; and (B) make recommendations relating thereto to the appropriate congressional committees. (b) Membership.-- (1) Number and appointment.--The Commission shall be composed of 18 members appointed as follows: (A) Three members appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. (B) Three members appointed by the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives. (C) Three members appointed by the Majority Leader of the Senate. (D) Three members appointed by the Minority Leader of the Senate. (E) Six members appointed by the President of the United States. (2) Deadline for appointment.--Members shall be appointed to the Commission by not later than 45 days after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a). (3) Effect of lack of appointment by appointment date.--If one or more appointments under paragraph (1) are not made by the appointment date specified in paragraph (2), the authority to make such appointment or appointments shall expire, and the number of members of the Commission shall be reduced to the number of appointments made to the Commission as of that date. (4) Qualifications.--Members of the Commission shall be individuals who are recognized experts and have appropriate professional experience in matters relating to any of the following: (A) Robotics. (B) Applications, or potential applications, of robotics by the private sector or public sector. (C) Impacts of robotics on economic competitiveness, including economics, international trade, or supply chain analysis. (c) Chair and Vice Chair.-- (1) Chair.--The Majority Leader of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall jointly designate one member of the Commission to serve as Chair of the Commission. (2) Vice chair.--The Minority Leader of the Senate and the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives shall jointly designate one member of the Commission to serve as Vice Chair of the Commission. (d) Period of Appointment and Vacancies.-- (1) Period of appointment.--Members shall be appointed for the life of the Commission. (2) Vacancies.--A vacancy in the Commission shall not affect its powers and shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointment was made. (e) Scope and Duties.-- (1) In general.--The Commission shall carry out a review of advances in robotics. (2) Considerations.--In carrying out the review under paragraph (1), the Commission shall consider the methods, means, and policies necessary to advance the development of robotics by the United States to comprehensively address the economic competitiveness and national security needs of the United States. (3) Scope of the review.--In conducting the review under paragraph (1), the Commission shall consider the following: (A) The competitiveness of the United States in robotics, including matters related to the domestic marketplace for robotics and private sector and public sector applications of robotics in the United States. (B) Means and methods for the United States to assert and maintain a technological advantage in robotics, specifically in the deployment of robotics in industrial, retail, and commercial sectors in the United States. (C) International developments and trends, including foreign actions and policies to advance robotics. (D) Means by which to foster greater emphasis and investments in robotics to stimulate strategic partnerships in robotics with industry, the public, and academic institutions, to the extent that such efforts have material application related to economic competitiveness and manufacturing. (E) Workforce incentives and programs to attract and recruit leading talent in robotics, including in associated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields, to the extent that such efforts relate to economic competitiveness in robotics. (F) The global and domestic supply chain for robotics, including any supply chain risks or dependencies, and policies to increase the manufacturing of robotics in the United States. (G) Any other matters the Commission determines appropriate related to robotics. (f) Commission Report and Recommendations.-- (1) Interim report.--Not later than one year after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a), the Commission shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and the President an interim report on the status of the review by the Commission under subsection (e), including a discussion of any interim recommendations. (2) Final report.--Not later than two years after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a), the Commission shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and the President a final report on the findings of the Commission and such recommendations as the Commission may have for action by Congress and the Federal Government. (g) Government Cooperation.-- (1) Cooperation.--In carrying out its duties under this section, the Commission shall receive the full and timely cooperation of the Secretary and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies in providing the Commission with analysis, briefings, and other information necessary for the fulfillment of such duties. (2) Liaison.--The Secretary shall designate at least one officer or employee of the Department to serve as a liaison officer between the Secretary and the Commission. (3) Detailees authorized.--The Secretary and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies may provide, and the Commission may accept and employ, personnel detailed from the Department and such other Federal departments and agencies, as the case may be, without reimbursement. (4) Facilitation of certain services.-- (A) Independent, nongovernmental institute.--Not later than 45 days after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a), the Secretary may make available to the Commission the services of an independent, nongovernmental institute described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such Code, that has recognized credentials and expertise in economic competitiveness and technology in order to facilitate the discharge of the duties of the Commission under this section. (B) Federally funded research and development center.--On request of the Commission, the Secretary shall make available to the Commission the services of a federally funded research and development center that is covered by a sponsoring agreement of the Department in order to enhance the efforts of the Commission to discharge its duties under this section. (5) Other services.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary may provide to the Commission, on a nonreimbursable basis, such administrative services, funds, staff, facilities, and other support services as are necessary for the discharge of the duties of the Commission under this section. (B) Other agencies.--In addition to any support provided under subparagraph (A), the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies may provide to the Commission such services, funds, facilities, staff, and other support as such heads determine advisable and as may be authorized by law. (h) Staff.-- (1) Status as federal employees.--Notwithstanding the requirements of section 2105 of title 5, United States Code, including the required supervision under subsection (a)(3) of such section, a member of the Commission shall be considered to be a Federal employee. (2) Executive director.--The Commission shall appoint and fix the rate of basic pay for an Executive Director in accordance with section 3161(d) of title 5, United States Code. (3) Pay.--The Executive Director, with the approval of the Commission, may appoint and fix the rate of basic pay for additional personnel as staff of the Commission in accordance with section 3161(d) of title 5, United States Code. (i) Personal Services.-- (1) Authority to procure.--The Commission may-- (A) procure the services of experts or consultants (or of organizations of experts or consultants) in accordance with the provisions of section 3109 of title 5, United States Code; and (B) pay in connection with such services travel expenses of individuals, including transportation and per diem in lieu of subsistence, while such individuals are traveling from their homes or places of business to duty stations. (2) Maximum daily pay rates.--The daily rate paid an expert or consultant procured pursuant to paragraph (1) may not exceed the daily rate paid a person occupying a position at level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code. (j) Authority To Accept Gifts.-- (1) In general.--The Commission may accept, use, and dispose of gifts or donations of services, goods, and property from non-Federal entities for the purposes of aiding and facilitating the work of the Commission. (2) Exclusion of money.--The authority under paragraph (1) does not extend to gifts of money. (3) Documentation and conflicts.--Gifts accepted under the authority under paragraph (1) shall be documented, and conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest shall be avoided. (4) Application of rules.--Subject to the authority in this section, members of the Commission shall otherwise comply with rules set forth by the Select Committee on Ethics of the Senate and the Committee on Ethics of the House of Representatives governing employees of the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively. (k) Legislative Advisory Committee.--The Commission shall operate as a legislative advisory committee. (l) Contracting Authority.--The Commission may acquire such administrative supplies and equipment as necessary for Commission use to the extent funds are available. (m) Use of Federal Government Information.--The Commission may secure directly from any Federal department or agency such information as the Commission considers necessary to discharge its duties.

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Upon such request of the Chair of the Commission, the head of such Federal department or agency shall furnish such information to the Commission. (n) Postal Services.--The Commission may use the United States mail in the same manner and under the same conditions as Federal departments and agencies. (o) Space for Use of Commission.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a), the Administrator of General Services, in consultation with the Commission, shall identify and make available suitable excess space within the Federal space inventory to house the operations of the Commission. (2) Lease.--If the Administrator is not able to make suitable excess space available within the 30-day period under paragraph (1), the Commission may lease space to the extent funds are available. (p) Removal of Members.-- (1) In general.--A member may be removed from the Commission for cause by the individual serving in the position responsible for the original appointment of such member under subsection (b)(1), if notice has first been provided to such member of the cause for such removal and such removal is voted and agreed upon by \3/4\ of the members serving. (2) Vacancy.--A vacancy created by removal under paragraph (1) shall not affect the powers of the Commission, and shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointment was made. (q) Termination.--The Commission shall terminate 18 months after the date on which the Commission submits the final report required under subsection (f)(2). (r) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. (2) Department.--The term "Department" means the Department of Commerce. (3) Robotics.--The term "robotics" includes each of the following: (A) Programmable multifunctional mechanical devices designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions to perform a variety of tasks. (B) Programmed actuated mechanisms with a degree of autonomy to perform locomotion, manipulation, or positioning. (C) Automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulators, programmable in three or more axes, which can be either fixed in place or fixed to a mobile platform for use in automation applications in an industrial environment. (D) Machines that-- (i) can sense their environment; (ii) have the capacity to process the information they sense; and (iii) are organized to act directly upon their environment. (E) Mechanical devices that are capable of locomotion, navigation, or movement on the ground, and operate at a distance from one or more operators or supervisors based on commands or in response to sensor data, or through any combination thereof, and that may also be referred to as "unmanned ground vehicle systems". (4) Secretary.--The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Commerce. ______

SA 5876. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Ms. Rosen) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: Subtitle __--Unmanned System Command and Control Integration Assessment SEC. __1. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "Unmanned System Command and Control Integration Assessment Act of 2026". SEC. __2. ASSESSMENT OF UNMANNED SYSTEM COMMAND AND CONTROL FRAMEWORKS. (a) Assessment Required.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall, in coordination with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, the Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, the Chief Information Officer, Joint Interagency Task Force 401, the Director of the Defense Information Systems Agency, the Commander of Joint Interoperability Test Command, and the Secretaries of the military departments, commence a comprehensive assessment of open-architecture, unmanned system command and control frameworks with demonstrated operational effectiveness. (b) Scope of Allied and Partner System Review.--The assessment commenced under subsection (a) shall review each of the following allied and partner country unmanned systems command and control frameworks and may include such additional frameworks as the Secretary determines appropriate: (1) Ukraine's Delta battlefield management and unmanned aircraft systems coordination system, including an analysis of its technical architecture, its operational effectiveness in contested environments, the interoperability and integration lessons learned from its deployment that are applicable to United States Armed Forces unmanned aircraft systems command and control operations, and its cybersecurity resilience under active electronic warfare and cyber attack. (2) Israel's Multiple Drone Operating System, including an analysis of its technical architecture, its demonstrated operational effectiveness in managing simultaneous civilian, commercial, and military unmanned aircraft systems operations, the interoperability and integration lessons learned from its deployment that are applicable to United States Armed Forces unmanned aircraft systems command and control operations, and its cybersecurity and emergency prioritization mechanisms. (c) Elements of Assessment.--The assessment commenced under subsection (a) shall address, at a minimum, each of the following elements: (1) Architectural analysis, including-- (A) a comparative analysis of the technical architectures of the unmanned systems command and control frameworks reviewed, including data formats, communication protocols, interface standards, and software design approaches; (B) an evaluation of the degree to which each framework employs open-architecture and modular open-systems architecture principles; and (C) an identification of the architectural characteristics most associated with operational effectiveness, adaptability, and resilience in contested environments. (2) Unmanned systems tier compatibility, including-- (A) an evaluation of each framework's capacity to manage all unmanned systems within a single integrated command and control environment; (B) an identification of the technical and doctrinal barriers to command and control interoperability across unmanned systems s within a single framework; and (C) a recommendation for the minimum capability requirements a Department unmanned systems command and control framework must meet to support effective employment of unmanned systems across all in a joint operational environment. (3) Interoperability with existing Department systems, including-- (A) a detailed assessment of the compatibility and interoperability requirements for integrating an open-architecture unmanned system command and control framework with current and future Department command and control modernization, as designated by the Secretary at the time of the assessment; (B) an identification of the interface standards, data translation requirements, and technical integration pathways that would be necessary to achieve such interoperability; and (C) an assessment of the risks associated with integration, including cybersecurity risks arising from connecting an open-architecture system to existing classified networks. (4) Cybersecurity and future-proofing, including-- (A) an assessment of the cybersecurity posture of each framework reviewed, including its resilience to electronic warfare, Global Positioning System denial, communications jamming, and software-based cyber attack in active contested environments; (B) a recommendation for a cybersecurity standards framework or updates to the Risk Management Framework of the National Institute of Standards and Technology applicable to a Department unmanned system command and control system that-- (i) is based on the Cybersecurity Framework 2.0, published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and applicable special publications of the Institute, and is designed to incorporate updated guidance from the Institute without requiring legislative action; (ii) incorporates a comprehensive supply chain risk management strategy; (iii) implements robust data-centric security controls, including end-to-end data encryption, data tagging for automated policy enforcement, and accredited cross-domain solutions to prevent compromise between classification levels and to enable secure data interoperability with mission partners; (iv) establishes vulnerability disclosure and patch management standards enabling timely response to newly identified threats without requiring system-wide redesign; and (v) specifies a recurring review cycle of not less than once every 18 months to update cybersecurity standards as the National Institute of Standards and Technology and other relevant standards bodies publish new guidance, without requiring legislative action; and (vi) mandates alignment with Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), ensuring all data, applications, assets, and services are managed with the assumption that the network is already compromised; (C) an assessment of how the architecture of the framework can accommodate future unmanned systems technologies, including autonomous systems, artificial intelligence-enabled targeting and deconfliction, swarming capabilities, and beyond-visual-line-of-sight operations, without requiring full system replacement; and (D) a recommended technology refresh cycle and associated governance process for keeping a Department unmanned system command and control framework current with advancing technology and evolving threats. (5) Tactical adaptability and field-level flexibility, including-- (A) an assessment of the mechanisms within each framework reviewed that enable tactical-level operators and commanders to modify, adapt, or extend command and control functionality without depending on centralized software updates or acquisition processes, drawing on documented examples from the conflict in Ukraine where unmanned aircraft systems tactics evolved within weeks in response to adversary countermeasures; (B) a recommended design approach for a Department framework that preserves appropriate security and safety controls while enabling tactical-level customization, including through the use of application programming interfaces, modular software components, and operator-accessible configuration tools; and (C) an assessment of the doctrinal, training, and organizational changes required to enable and sustain field-level innovation within a structured command and control architecture. (6) Classification and technology transfer, including-- (A) an assessment of the classification implications of a Department unmanned system command and control framework, including recommendations for which components may operate at unclassified levels to maximize interoperability with allied and commercial systems, and which must be classified; (B) an assessment of the technology transfer and foreign military sales implications of the frameworks reviewed, including intellectual property and national security considerations associated with adopting or adapting systems developed by or with foreign partners; and (C) recommendations for information-sharing arrangements with other United States Government organizations, allies, and partner nations that would facilitate ongoing exchange of unmanned systems command and control lessons learned and technical standards. (7) Implementation roadmap, including-- (A) a recommended phased implementation approach for developing and fielding a Department unmanned system command and control framework, including recommended near-term pilot programs or exercises that could demonstrate technical feasibility and operational utility; (B) an estimate of the resources, including funding, personnel, and acquisition authorities, required to develop and field the recommended framework; and (C) an identification of existing Department programs, platforms, and acquisition vehicles that could serve as the basis for or be accelerated by an unmanned system command and control capability. SEC. __3. INDEPENDENT ADVISORY PANEL. (a) Establishment.--Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish an independent advisory panel (in this section referred to as the "Panel") to provide independent review and technical guidance to the assessment required under section __2. (b) Composition.--The Panel shall consist of not fewer than 10 and not more than 15 members appointed by the Secretary, including-- (1) not fewer than two individuals who have direct operational experience in unmanned aircraft systems employment in a joint or combined military environment; (2) not fewer than two individuals who have technical expertise in open-architecture software systems, modular systems design, or command and control software architecture; (3) not fewer than two individuals who have expertise in cybersecurity, including experience with operational technology cybersecurity in contested environments; (4) at least three individuals who have expertise in unmanned aircraft systems command and control operations, doctrine, or command and control from an allied or partner country with significant unmanned aircraft systems operational experience, appointed in coordination with relevant allied or partner country authorities; (5) at least one individual with experience in unmanned aircraft system (UAS) traffic management in the National Airspace System; and (6) such additional members as the Secretary determines appropriate, which may include representatives from the defense industrial base, federally funded research and development centers, academic institutions with relevant expertise, and the Department of Defense test and evaluation community to ensure early consideration to interoperability, testability, and certification requirements. (c) Limit on Active Government Employees.--Not more than two-thirds of the members of the Panel may be a full-time officer or employee of the United States Government. (d) Duties.--The Panel shall provide written assessments and recommendations on each element of the assessment described in section __2(c) and shall have the opportunity to review and comment on draft findings before finalization. (e) Termination.--The Panel shall terminate on the date that is 90 days after the date of the submittal of the final report required under section __4(b). (f) Compensation.--Members of the Panel who are not full-time officers or employees of the United States Government shall be compensated at a daily rate equal to the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code, for each day they are engaged in the performance of Panel duties and shall be allowed travel expenses as authorized under section 5703 of title 5, United States Code. SEC. __ __4.

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REPORTS TO CONGRESS.-- (a) Interim Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees an interim report on the status of the assessment required under section __2, which shall include-- (1) an identification of any additional allied and partner country frameworks selected for review and analysis beyond those specified in section __2(b); (2) a summary of findings from the architectural analysis required under section __2(c)(1); (3) a preliminary assessment of interoperability requirements under section __2(c)(3); and (4) any significant findings or challenges identified to date. (b) Final Report.--Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees a final report containing the complete findings and recommendations of the Secretary with respect to the assessment required under section __2. The final report shall include-- (1) a determination as to whether the development of a Department unmanned system command and control framework based on open-architecture principles is feasible, operationally necessary, and cost-effective; (2) if the determination under paragraph (1) is affirmative, a recommended framework architecture, phased implementation roadmap, and legislative or regulatory actions required to proceed; (3) if the determination under paragraph (1) is negative or qualified, a description of the specific barriers identified and recommendations for addressing them; and (4) a classified annex, as appropriate, containing any elements that the Secretary determines must be protected from public disclosure for national security reasons. (c) Form.--Reports required under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. Unclassified portions shall be made publicly available on the Department public website not later than 30 days after submission. (d) Annual Update.--For a period of five years following submission of the final report under subsection (b), the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees, as part of the annual budget justification materials submitted to Congress in support of the budget of the Department (as submitted with the budget of the President under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code), an update describing-- (1) actions taken by the Department in response to the recommendations of the Secretary contained in the final report; (2) material changes in allied or partner country unmanned systems command and control frameworks or practices relevant to the assessment's conclusions; (3) emerging unmanned systems technologies or cybersecurity threats that would materially affect the recommended framework architecture; and (4) the status of any pilot programs, exercises, or acquisition activities initiated pursuant to the recommendations of the Secretary contained in the final report. SEC. __5. CYBERSECURITY STANDARDS FOR ANY RECOMMENDED FRAMEWORK. (a) Requirements.--Any unmanned system command and control framework recommended in the final report required under section __4(b), and any system developed or procured pursuant to such a recommendation, shall-- (1) employ a modular open systems architecture that permits individual software and hardware components to be updated, replaced, or patched in response to identified cybersecurity vulnerabilities without requiring redesign of the system as a whole; (2) apply a supply chain risk management framework throughout the asset's and component's lifecycles; (3) comply with the most current version of the Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and applicable special publications of the Institute, as updated from time to time, without requiring amendment of this Act to conform to new guidance; (4) include a documented vulnerability disclosure policy and a process for receiving, triaging, and patching reported vulnerabilities within defined response time standards established by the Secretary; and (5) undergo penetration testing by a National Security Agency-certified red team not less frequently than once every two years following initial fielding, with findings reported to the Principal Cyber Advisor and, in summary form, to the congressional defense committees. (b) Exclusion of Covered Foreign Entities.--No software, hardware, or service produced, provided, or operated by an entity on the Federal Communications Commission Covered List established under section 2 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 (47 U.S.C. 1601), or on the Department of Defense Covered Foreign Entity list maintained pursuant to section 4872 of title 10, United States Code, may be incorporated into any unmanned system command and control framework developed, procured, or fielded pursuant to this Act. (c) Living Standards Process.--The Secretary shall, in coordination with the Director of the National Security Agency, the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, and the Chief Information Officer of the Department, establish a process for reviewing and updating the cybersecurity standards applicable to a framework developed pursuant to this Act on a recurring basis of not less than once every 18 months, to ensure such standards remain current with the evolving threat environment and applicable Federal standards without requiring legislative action. SEC. __6. COORDINATION WITH EXISTING DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PROGRAMS. (a) Required Coordination.--In conducting the assessment required under section __2, the Secretary shall ensure that the unmanned system command and control framework under consideration is assessed for compatibility with all current Department command and control modernization programs of record, as designated by the Secretary at the time of the assessment. The Secretary shall update this assessment as the portfolio of such programs evolves, ensuring that recommendations remain current with the Department's command and control modernization activities regardless of changes in program names, structures, or priorities. (b) Avoidance of Duplication.--In developing recommendations under section __2, the Secretary shall assess whether existing programs of record identified under subsection (a) can be extended or adapted to provide the unmanned system command and control capability described in this Act without developing a wholly new system and shall include in the final report a determination as to whether such extension or adaptation is technically feasible and operationally preferable. (c) Domestic Unmanned Aircraft Systems Industrial Base Compatibility.--The Secretary shall ensure that the assessment and any recommended framework account for the domestic small unmanned aircraft systems industrial base remediation efforts undertaken pursuant to section 914 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026 (10 U.S.C. 4811 note), including ensuring that unmanned aircraft systems platforms produced through those programs are compatible with any recommended command and control framework. SEC. __7. SHARING OF FINDINGS WITH THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. (a) Transmission of Findings.--Not later than the date that is 30 days after the date of the submittal of the final report under section __4(b), the Secretary shall transmit to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration an unclassified summary of the findings and recommendations included in the report, with particular attention to findings regarding-- (1) open architecture and modular design principles applicable to unmanned system command and control systems; (2) cybersecurity standards and frameworks evaluated or recommended for Department unmanned aircraft systems command and control systems that may have applicability to civil unmanned aircraft systems traffic management infrastructure; (3) technical standards and interface specifications that could support interoperability between military and civil unmanned aircraft systems operations in shared airspace; and (4) lessons learned from systems of allied and partner countries of the United States, regarding the integration of military, commercial, and civil unmanned aircraft systems operations within a unified airspace management framework. (b) Purpose.--The purpose of subsection (a) is to inform any Federal Aviation Administration planning, rulemaking, or feasibility assessment related to civil unmanned aircraft system traffic management, beyond visual line of sight operations, or national airspace integration, including any activities undertaken pursuant to a feasibility assessment directed by Congress regarding a national unmanned aircraft systems traffic management system. Nothing in this section shall be construed to require the Secretary to disclose any classified information to the Administrator. (c) Federal Aviation Administration Response.--Not later than the date that is 180 days after the date on which the Administrator receives the summary transmitted under subsection (a), the Administrator shall submit to the congressional defense committees, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a written assessment of the relevance of such findings to Federal Aviation Administration civil unmanned aircraft systems airspace integration activities and any actions the Federal Aviation Administration intends to take in response. SEC. __8. FUNDING. Amounts obligated or expended by the Secretary to carry out this subtitle shall be derived from amounts appropriated to the Department for research, development, test, and evaluation. SEC. __9. DEFINITIONS. In this subtitle: (1) Command and control framework.--The term "command and control framework" means the software architecture, communications protocols, data standards, interface specifications, and associated hardware that together enable an operator or commander to task, direct, monitor, and receive data from one or more unmanned aircraft systems. (2) Congressional defense committees.--The term "congressional defense committees" has the meaning given that term in section 101(a) of title 10, United States Code. (3) Department.--The term "Department" means the Department of Defense. (4) Modular open systems architecture.--The term "modular open systems architecture" has the meaning given to that term in section 4401(c) of title 10, United States Code, and means a design approach in which key interfaces are defined by widely supported and consensus-based standards, enabling components to be added, modified, replaced, or removed with minimal impact to the remainder of the system. (5) Open architecture.--The term "open architecture" means a system design based on published, consensus-developed interface standards that permit systems from multiple vendors to interoperate, and that permits components to be updated, replaced, or added without redesign of the system as a whole. (6) Secretary.--The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Defense, unless otherwise specified. ______

SA 5877. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Mr. Kelly) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in subtitle B of title X, insert the following: SEC. __. PRIORITIZATION AND BRIEFING ON READY RESERVE FORCE MODERNIZATION. (a) Prioritization of Design Requirements.--The Secretary of the Navy and the Secretary of Transportation shall prioritize the finalization of design requirements for new Ready Reserve Force vessels. (b) Briefing Required.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of the Navy, in coordination with the Secretary of Transportation, shall provide a briefing to the appropriate congressional committees on the following: (1) The status of the sealift vessel design being developed pursuant to section 3546 of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (46 U.S.C. 57100 note). (2) The plan and timeline for establishing a vessel construction manager program for Ready Reserve Force new construction, including-- (A) the anticipated procurement strategy; (B) the vessel construction manager selection process; and (C) criteria for shipyard selection. (3) The funding profile required to execute the 10-ship newbuild program authorized under section 2218(f) of title 10, United States Code, phased by fiscal year. (4) The relationship between the newbuild program and the ongoing used vessel procurement program, including how those programs will be managed in parallel to maintain Ready Reserve Force readiness during the transition period. (c) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means-- (A) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. (2) Ready reserve force.--The term "Ready Reserve Force" has the meaning given that term in chapter 571 of title 46, United States Code. ______

SA 5878. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself, Ms. Warren, and Mr. Coons) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle C of title XII, add the following: SEC. 1230. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO TRADE IN RUSSIAN ORIGIN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. (a) In General.--Beginning on the date that is 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall impose the sanctions described in subsection (b) with respect to any foreign person that the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, determines-- (1) is responsible for or complicit in, or has directly or indirectly engaged or attempted to engage in, the purchase or importation into any country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin; (2) has knowingly facilitated financial transactions related to an activity described in paragraph (1); (3) has materially assisted, sponsored, or provided material support for any activity described in paragraph (1) or (2) by any person with respect to which sanctions have been imposed under paragraph (1) or (2); or (4) is or has been a chief executive officer or member of the board of directors of any entity described in any of paragraphs (1) through (3). (b) Sanctions Described.--The sanctions described in this subsection are the exercise all of the powers granted to the President by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act ( 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to the extent necessary to block and prohibit all transactions in property and interests in property of a foreign person if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person. (c) Permissible Exception Frameworks.-- (1) In general.--The President may apply not more than 2 of the types of exceptions described in paragraph (2) with respect to the application of sanctions under subsection (a). (2) Exceptions described.-- (A) Exception for countries that isolate russian funds and reduce purchases.-- (i) In general.--The President may apply an exception to the application of sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to the purchase or importation into a country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin if the President determines that-- (I) any funds owed by the government of that country or persons of that country to the Russian Federation or to the sellers of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin as a result of the purchase or importation will be-- (aa) credited to an account located in that country; and (bb) used only to facilitate transactions in agricultural commodities, food, medicine, or medical devices between the Russian Federation and the country; and (II) the government of the country has committed to significantly reduce its purchases of crude oil and petroleum products of Russian Federation origin. (ii) Renewal required.--The authority to apply the exception under clause (i) shall expire if the President does not certify, not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter, that-- (I) the country has significantly reduced its volume of purchases of crude oil and petroleum products of Russian Federation origin during the preceding 180-day period; or (II) the price and supply of crude oil and petroleum products produced in countries other than the Russian Federation is not sufficient to permit purchasers of crude oil and petroleum products of Russian Federation origin to reduce significantly in volume their purchases from the Russian Federation. (iii) Sanctions for misuse of account.--Any foreign person responsible for or complicit in, or that has directly or indirectly engaged or attempted to engage in, transactions reliant on the funds in an account described in clause (i)(I) for any purpose other than to facilitate transactions in agricultural commodities, food, medicine, or medical devices between the Russian Federation and the country in which the account is located shall be subject to the sanctions described in subsection (b). (B) Exception for deposits into account to support ukraine.-- (i) In general.--The President may apply an exception to the application of sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to the purchase or importation into a country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin if a payment per barrel of such crude oil or petroleum products has been deposited into an account that the President has established for the benefit of Ukraine (which may include an account established under section 104 of the Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act (division F of Public Law 118-50; 22 U.S.C. 9521 note)). (ii) Guidance.--The President may issue guidance and develop implementation tools that assist private sector entities in verifying that the payments described in clause (i) corresponding to specific purchases have been deposited in the account described in that clause. (iii) Use of funds.-- (I) In general.--The funds in an account established as described in clause (i) shall be available only for-- (aa) the purposes specified in section 104(f) of the Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act (division F of Public Law 118-50; 22 U.S.C. 9521 note); and (bb) funding the purchase by the Government of Ukraine of defense articles for Ukraine to employ in response to Russian Federation aggression. (II) Timely disbursement.--A significant proportion of funds in an account established as described in clause (i) shall be disbursed not less frequently than every 90 days for the purposes described in subclause (I). (iv) Limitations on transfers and expenditures of funds.-- (I) Notification of transfers.-- (aa) In general.--The Secretary of State shall notify the appropriate congressional committees not fewer than 15 days before transferring any funds from an account established as described in clause (i) to any other account for the purposes described in clause (iii) or otherwise expending any of such funds for such purposes. (bb) Elements.--A notification under item (aa) shall specify-- (AA) the amount of funds to be transferred or expended; (BB) the specific purpose for which the funds are transferred or expended; and (CC) the recipient of those funds. (II) Certification of transparency and accountability.--No funds may be transferred or otherwise expended from an account established as described in clause (i) unless the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees in writing a certification that a plan exists to ensure transparency and accountability for all funds transferred into and expended from any account receiving the funds. (III) Joint resolution of disapproval.--No funds may be transferred or expended pursuant to this clause if, within 15 days of receipt of the notification under subclause (I), a joint resolution is enacted into law prohibiting such transfer. (C) Exception for countries supporting ukraine.-- (i) In general.--The President may apply an exception to the application of sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to the purchase or importation into any country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin if the President determines and certifies in writing to the appropriate congressional committees that the government of that country is providing significant economic, humanitarian, or military support to the Government of Ukraine. (ii) Renewal required.--The authority to apply the exception under clause (i) with respect to a country shall expire if the President does not certify, not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter, that the government of the country is providing significant economic, humanitarian, or military support to the Government of Ukraine. (D) Temporary port-specific exceptions.-- (i) In general.--During the period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act and ending on the date that is 270 days after such date of enactment, the President may apply an exception to the application of sanctions under subsection (a) for the purchase or the importation into any country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation exported from specific Russian Federation ports if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees a report providing a justification for the exception. (ii) Limitation.--An exception applied under clause (i) may not cover, at any time, ports that are estimated to have cumulatively accounted for more than half of the oil export capacity of the Russian Federation in 2025. (d) Implementation; Penalties.-- (1) Implementation.--The President may exercise all authorities provided under sections 203 and 205 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 and 1704) to carry out this section. (2) Penalties.--The penalties provided for in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) shall apply to any person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of any prohibition under this section, or any order or regulation prescribed under this section, to the same extent that such penalties apply to a person that commits an unlawful act described in section 206(a) of such Act (50 U.S.C. 1705(a)). (e) Rulemaking.-- (1) In general.--The President may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out this section (which may include regulatory exceptions), including under section 205 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1704). (2) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this section may be construed to limit the authority of the President pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.). (f) Exception Relating to Importation of Goods.-- (1) In general.--A requirement to block and prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in property under this section shall not include the authority or a requirement to impose sanctions on the importation of goods. (2) Good.--In this subsection, the term "good" means any article, natural or manmade substance, material, supply, or manufactured product, including inspection and test equipment, and excluding technical data. (g) Sunset.--The provisions of this section, and any sanctions imposed under this section, shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. (h) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Agricultural commodity.--The term "agricultural commodity" has the meaning given such term in section 102 of the Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 (7 U.S.C. 5602). (2) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means-- (A) the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives. (3) Defense article.--The term "defense article" has the meaning given that term in section 47 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2794). (4) Foreign person.--The term "foreign person" means an individual or entity that is not a United States person. (5) Knowingly.--The term "knowingly", with respect to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, means that a person had actual knowledge, or should have known, of the conduct, the circumstance, or the result. (6) Medical device.--The term "medical device" has the meaning given the term "device" in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321). (7) Medicine.--The term "medicine" has the meaning given the term "drug" in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C.

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321). (8) United states person.--The term "United States person" means-- (A) a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence to the United States; (B) an entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States, including a foreign branch of such an entity; or (C) any person located in the United States. ______

SA 5879. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself, Ms. Smith, Mr. Tillis, and Mr. Gallego) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. _____. 7-YEAR EXTENSION OF TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE PROGRAM. (a) Termination Date.--Section 108(a) of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 6701 note) is amended by striking "2027" and inserting "2034". (b) Timing of Mandatory Recoupment.--Section 103(e)(7)(E)(i) of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 6701 note) is amended-- (1) in subclause (I)-- (A) by striking "2022" and inserting "2029"; and (B) by striking "2024" and inserting "2031"; (2) in subclause (II)-- (A) by striking "2023" and inserting "2030"; (B) by striking "2029" and inserting "2036"; and (C) by striking "2024" and inserting "2031"; and (3) in subclause (III)-- (A) by striking "2029" and inserting "2036"; and (B) by striking "2024" and inserting "2031". ______

SA 5880. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Mr. Hagerty) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of division A, add the following: TITLE XVII--COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES SEC. 1701. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "CFIUS Modernization Act of 2026". SEC. 1702. STRENGTHENING AUTHORITIES AND PROCESSES OF COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. (a) Revision of Term "Urbanized Areas".--Section 721(a)(4)(C)(i)(II) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(a)(4)(C)(i)(II)) is amended by striking "real estate in `urbanized areas' " and inserting "real estate in an `urban area' or any equivalent term or terms". (b) Amendment to the Definition of "Critical Technologies".--Section 721(a)(6)(A) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(a)(6)(A) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(vii) Other technologies designated by the chairperson, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and other members of the Committee, from the areas identified on the Critical and Emerging Technologies List published by the National Science and Technology Council.". (c) Removal of 5-page Limitation for Declarations.--Section 721(b)(1)(C)(v)(II) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(1)(C)(v)(II)) is amended by striking "that would not generally exceed 5 pages in length". (d) Alignment of Timing of Committee Action With Respect to Declarations and Notices.--Section 721(b)(1)(C)(v)(III)(bb) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(1)(C)(v)(III)(bb)) is amended by striking "receiving" and inserting "accepting". (e) Authorization to Require Mandatory Declarations for Critical Infrastructure Transactions.--Section 721(b)(1)(C)(v)(IV)(cc) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(1)(C)(v)(IV)(cc)) is amended by striking "subsection (a)(4)(B)(iii)(II)" and inserting "subclause (I) or (II) of subsection (a)(4)(B)(iii)". (f) Stipulations Regarding Non-notified or Non-declared Transactions.--Section 721(b)(1)(C)(vi)(I) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(1)(C)(vi)(I)) is amended, in the matter preceding item (aa), by inserting ", or in connection with a non-notified or non-declared transaction identified under subparagraph (H)" after "with respect to a transaction". (g) Determination Regarding Investigations for Foreign Government-controlled Transactions.--Section 721(b)(2)(D)(ii) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(2)(D)(ii)) is amended by striking "to any person" and all that follows and inserting "below the level of the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury or an equivalent official of the lead agency, respectively.". (h) Modification of Tolling of Deadlines During a Lapse in Appropriations.--Section 721(b) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)) is amended by striking paragraph (8) and inserting the following: "(8) Tolling of deadlines during lapse in appropriations.--Any deadline or time limitation imposed on the Committee or to which the Committee is subject under this section, regulations implementing this section, or any agreement or condition entered into or imposed under this section, shall be tolled during a lapse in appropriations.". (i) Revision of Confidentiality Requirements to Enhance Cooperation on National Security With Allies and Partners of the United States and Authorize Disclosure of Enforcement Information.--Section 721(c) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(c)) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (2)-- (A) in subparagraph (A), by inserting "domestic or foreign" before "administrative"; (B) in subparagraph (C), by striking ", or to any foreign governmental entity of a United States ally or partner," ; (C) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as subparagraph (E); and (D) by inserting after subparagraph (C), the following: "(D) Information important to the national security analysis or actions of the Committee or any foreign governmental entity of a United States ally or partner, to such ally or partner, under the exclusive direction and authorization of the chairperson, only to the extent necessary for national security purposes, and subject to appropriate confidentiality and classification requirements."; and (E) by inserting after subparagraph (E) the following: "(F) Information describing the outcome of a concluded enforcement action (including any final or settled penalty) under this section, including the identity of any party to, and a description of the circumstances that resulted in, such action, when disclosed by the chairperson."; and (2) in paragraph (3)(A), by striking "paragraph (2)(C)" and inserting "paragraph (2)(D)". (j) Clarification of Authority to Prohibit Real Estate Transactions.--Section 721(d)(4)(A) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(d)(4)(A)) is amended by inserting "or obtain an interest in real estate in the United States" after "a United States business or its assets". (k) Technical Corrections.--Section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565) is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)(1)(C)(v)(IV)(gg), by striking "subsection (h)(3)" and inserting "subsection (h)(2)"; and (2) in subsection (l)(6)(D), by striking "subsection (h)(3)" and inserting "subsection (h)(2)". (l) Interim Measures for Proposed, Pending, or Completed Covered Transactions.--Section 721(l)(3)(A)(iii) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(l)(3)(A)(iii)) is amended-- (1) in the clause heading, by striking "Agreements and conditions relating to completed transactions" and inserting "Interim measures"; and (2) by striking "completed covered transaction" and inserting "proposed, pending, or completed covered transaction". (m) Appropriations for Committee.--Section 721(p)(2) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(p)(2)) is amended by striking "through 2023" and inserting "through 2030". SEC. 1703. KNOWN INVESTOR PROGRAM. (a) In General.--Section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 ( 50 U.S.C. 4565) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(r) Known Investor Program.-- "(1) In general.--The chairperson may establish a program, to be known as the `Known Investor Program', under which-- "(A) a foreign person may voluntarily provide information to the Committee in advance of filing a notice under clause (i) of subsection (b)(1)(C) or a declaration under clause (v) of that subsection with respect to a transaction; and "(B) the Committee may, for foreign persons that have provided information under subparagraph (A)-- "(i) limit the applicability of the requirement to submit a mandatory declaration under subsection (b)(1)(C)(v)(IV); and "(ii) increase efficiencies in the process of submitting notices and declarations. "(2) Implementation authorities.--In carrying out the Known Investor Program, the chairperson may-- "(A) identify the information required for the Committee to consider a foreign person under the Known Investor Program; "(B) require certification and assurance for the information provided in advance of filing a notice or declaration, consistent with subsection (n); "(C) allocate personnel and resources to support the Known Investor Program; and "(D) make such adjustments to the requirements or process for filing notices and declarations as the chairperson considers appropriate. "(3) Fees.-- "(A) In general.--The Committee may assess and collect, from each foreign person considered under the Known Investor Program, a fee to be deposited into the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States Fund established under subsection (p). "(B) Terms and conditions.--A fee assessed and collected under subparagraph (A) shall be subject to the same terms and conditions as a fee assessed and collected under subsection (p)(3). "(4) Cooperation of other agencies.--Upon request from the chairperson, the head of a Federal agency shall provide support and cooperation to the chairperson to carry out the Known Investor Program.". (b) Regulations.--The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States shall prescribe such regulations as are necessary to implement the Known Investor Program under subsection (r) of section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as added by subsection (a), including regulations-- (1) providing for the application of the requirements of subsection (c) of such section 721 with respect to information provided to the Committee under the Program; and (2) expressly providing for the application of section 1001 of title 18, United States Code, to all information provided to the Committee under the Program, in accordance with subsection (n)(3) of such section 721. SEC. 1704. PILOT PROGRAM TO COLLECT INFORMATION ON GREENFIELD INVESTMENTS BY FOREIGN PERSONS IN STRATEGIC SECTORS. (a) In General.--The Secretary shall establish a pilot program to require the submission to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States of a short-form written notification of any greenfield investment in the United States by a foreign person in a strategic sector for the purpose of collecting information on such investment. (b) Duration of Pilot Program.--The pilot program required by subsection (a) shall terminate on the date that is 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. (c) Treatment of Investments That Are Not Covered Transactions.--In the case of a greenfield investment that is not a covered transaction and with respect to which a notification is submitted under the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Committee-- (1) shall not review the investment under section 721(b) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)) as if it were a covered transaction; and (2) shall use the notification only to collect information on greenfield investment in the United States. (d) Exemption From Disclosure.--Except as provided in regulations prescribed under subsection (e), any information or documentary material filed with the Secretary or a designee of the Secretary under the pilot program required by subsection (a) shall be exempt from disclosure under section 552(b)(3) of title 5, United States Code, and no such information or documentary material may be made public. (e) Regulations.--In establishing the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Secretary, in consultation with the Committee, shall prescribe regulations in accordance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code, that-- (1) establish the scope of the pilot program; (2) define relevant terms, including "greenfield investment", and add sectors to the definition of "strategic sector", as the Secretary considers appropriate; (3) identify the information required to be included in a notification submitted under the pilot program; (4) include a process by which the Committee may identify a greenfield investment in the United States by a foreign person in a strategic sector for which a notification is not submitted; and (5) provide for the imposition of civil penalties for any violation of the requirement to submit notifications under the pilot program. (f) Report to Congress.-- (1) In general.--After the termination under subsection (b) of the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Secretary, in consultation with the Committee, shall submit to the members of Congress specified in section 721(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C.

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4565(b)(3)(C)(iii)) a report that includes-- (A) an assessment of the information on greenfield investment in the United States by foreign persons in strategic sectors collected under the pilot program; and (B) an analysis of-- (i) the extent to which existing authorities address the national security risks, if any, that could arise from greenfield investment described in subparagraph (A); and (ii) whether the establishment or expansion of other Federal programs should be undertaken to address any such risks. (2) Form.--The report required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. (g) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section may be construed to impair or otherwise affect the authority of the President to pursue any authorization, process, regulation, investigation, prohibition, enforcement measure, or review provided by or established under any other provision of Federal law, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565), or any other authority of the President or Congress under the Constitution of the United States, to protect the national security of the United States. (h) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Covered transaction.--The term "covered transaction" has the meaning given that term in section 721(a) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(a)). (2) Greenfield investment.--The term "greenfield investment" has the meaning given that term in regulations prescribed under subsection (f). (3) Secretary.--The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of the Treasury, as the chairperson of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. (4) Strategic sector.--The term "strategic sector" means-- (A) the technology, critical infrastructure, healthcare, agriculture, energy, and raw materials sectors; and (B) such other sectors as are determined to be strategic in regulations prescribed under subsection (e). ______

SA 5881. Mr. McCORMICK submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle G of title X, add the following: SEC. 1___. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE CONSULTATION REGARDING PREDICTION MARKETS. Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense shall consult with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission regarding the proposed rule submitted of the Commission entitled "Prediction Markets; Public Interest Determinations" (91 Fed. Reg. 35806 (June 12, 2026)), or a subsequent final rulemaking, in relation to the following factors: (1) The factors to define war, terrorism, and assassination. (2) The factors in determining whether event contracts involve war, terrorism, or assassination. (3) The factors that raise public interest concerns. ______

SA 5882. Mr. PADILLA submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. __. AGENT MEMBERSHIP. Section 304(b)(2) of the Federal Credit Union Act (12 U.S.C. 1795c(b)(2)) is amended by striking "all those credit unions" and inserting "any such credit unions". ______

SA 5883. Mrs. FISCHER submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ___. PROHIBITION ON GRANT OF CERTAIN SATELLITE LICENSES, UNITED STATES MARKET ACCESS, OR EARTH STATION AUTHORIZATIONS. (a) In General.--The Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 (47 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) is amended-- (1) by redesignating sections 10 and 11 as sections 11 and 12, respectively; and (2) by inserting after section 9 the following: "SEC. 10. PROHIBITION ON GRANT OF CERTAIN SATELLITE LICENSES, UNITED STATES MARKET ACCESS, OR EARTH STATION AUTHORIZATIONS. "(a) Definitions.--In this section: "(1) Affiliate.-- "(A) In general.--The term `affiliate' means an entity that (directly or indirectly) owns or controls, is owned or controlled by, or is under common ownership or control with, another entity. "(B) Own.--For purposes of this paragraph, the term `own' means to have, possess, or otherwise control an equity interest (or the equivalent thereof) of not less than 10 percent. "(2) Blanket-licensed earth station.--The term `blanket-licensed earth station' means an earth station that is licensed with a geostationary orbit satellite system or a nongeostationary orbit satellite system. "(3) Gateway station.--The term `gateway station' means an earth station or a group of earth stations that-- "(A) supports the routing and switching functions of a geostationary orbit satellite system or a nongeostationary orbit satellite system; "(B) may also be used for telemetry, tracking, and command transmissions; "(C) does not originate or terminate communication traffic; and "(D) is not for the exclusive use of any customer. "(4) Individually licensed earth station.--The term `individually licensed earth station' means-- "(A) an earth station (other than a blanket-licensed earth station) that sends a signal to, and receives a signal from, a geostationary orbit satellite system or a nongeostationary orbit satellite system; or "(B) a gateway station. "(b) Prohibition.--The Commission may not grant a license for, or a petition for a declaratory ruling to access the United States market using, a geostationary orbit satellite system or a nongeostationary orbit satellite system, or an authorization to use an individually licensed earth station or a blanket-licensed earth station, if the license, grant of market access, or authorization would be held or controlled by-- "(1) an entity identified on the list published by the Commission under section 2(a); or "(2) an affiliate of an entity described in paragraph (1). "(c) Further Consideration for Secured Networks.-- "(1) In general.--The Commission may issue a report assessing supply chain security risks associated with any earth station licensee, geostationary orbit satellite system licensee, nongeostationary orbit satellite system licensee, or entity granted a declaratory ruling to access the United States market using a geostationary orbit satellite system or nongeostationary orbit satellite system, or an affiliate of such a licensee or entity, that provides communications equipment designed, developed, manufactured, or assembled by an entity identified on the list published by the Commission under section 2(a). "(2) Rule of construction.--Nothing in paragraph (1) shall be construed to expand or contract the authority of the Commission.". (b) Applicability.--Section 10 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019, as added by subsection (a), shall apply with respect to the grant of a license, petition, or authorization on or after the date of enactment of this Act. (c) Rules.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Federal Communications Commission shall issue rules to implement section 10 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019, as added by subsection (a). ______

SA 5884. Mrs. FISCHER submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ___. LIST OF ENTITIES HOLDING FCC AUTHORIZATIONS, LICENSES, OR OTHER GRANTS OF AUTHORITY AND HAVING CERTAIN FOREIGN OWNERSHIP. (a) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate national security agency.--The term "appropriate national security agency" has the meaning given such term in section 9 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 (47 U.S.C. 1608). (2) Commission.--The term "Commission" means the Federal Communications Commission. (3) Covered country.--The term "covered country" means a country specified in section 4872(f)(2) of title 10, United States Code. (4) Covered entity.--The term "covered entity" means-- (A) the government of a covered country; (B) an entity organized under the laws of a covered country; and (C) a subsidiary of an entity described in subparagraph (B), regardless of whether the subsidiary is organized under the laws of a covered country. (b) Publication of List.--Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Commission shall publish on the internet website of the Commission a list of each entity-- (1) that holds a license issued by the Commission pursuant to-- (A) section 309(j) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 309(j)); or (B) the Act of May 27, 1921 (47 U.S.C. 34 et seq.; commonly known as the "Cable Landing Licensing Act") and Executive Order 10530 (3 U.S.C. 301 note; relating to the performance of certain functions vested in or subject to the approval of the President); and (2) with respect to which-- (A) a covered entity holds an equity or voting interest that is required to be reported to the Commission under the ownership rules of the Commission; or (B) an appropriate national security agency has determined that a covered entity exerts control, regardless of whether such covered entity holds an equity or voting interest as described in subparagraph (A). (c) Rulemaking.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Commission shall issue rules to obtain information to identify each entity-- (A) that holds any authorization, license, or other grant of authority issued by the Commission (other than a license described in subsection (b)(1)); and (B) with respect to which a covered entity holds an equity or voting interest that is required to be reported to the Commission under the ownership rules of the Commission. (2) Placement on list.--Not later than 1 year after the Commission issues the rules required by paragraph (1), the Commission shall place each entity described in such paragraph on the list published under subsection (b). (d) Paperwork Reduction Act Exemption.--A collection of information conducted or sponsored by the Commission to implement this section does not constitute a collection of information for the purposes of subchapter I of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code (commonly referred to as the "Paperwork Reduction Act"). (e) Annual Updates.--The Commission shall, not less frequently than annually, update the list published under subsection (b), including with respect to any entity required to be placed on such list by subsection (c)(2). ______

SA 5885. Mr. YOUNG submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title II, insert the following: SEC. ____. PILOT PROGRAM ON USE OF SUBSCRIPTION-BASED FUNDING MODEL AT MAJOR RANGE AND TEST FACILITY BASE. (a) In General.--Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering shall, acting through the Director of the Test Resource Management Center, commence carrying out a pilot program to determine the feasibility, effectiveness, and operational impacts of implementing a subscription-based funding model for test and evaluation facilities. (b) Requirements.--The pilot program required by subsection (a) shall-- (1) be conducted during the two-year period beginning on the date of the commencement of the pilot program; (2) include not fewer than two cyber-physical test and training ranges designated by the Director of the Test Resource Management Center; (3) include at least one cyber-physical test and training range operated by, or under the authority of, the National Guard of a State; (4) provide for participation by military departments, defense agencies, combat support agencies, federally funded research and development centers, and such other Department of Defense entities as the Director considers appropriate; and (5) evaluate the applicability of subscription-based funding to cyber, cyber-physical, electronic warfare, modeling and simulation, and integrated test environments associated with the participating ranges. (c) Subscription-based Funding Model.--For purposes of the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall establish a funding structure under which participating organizations pay recurring subscription fees in exchange for access to specified range capabilities, infrastructure, services, test environments, cybersecurity resources, data management capabilities, and related support functions, in lieu of or in combination with traditional reimbursable or direct-user funding mechanisms. (d) Elements.--In carrying out the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall-- (1) establish subscription tiers or other recurring funding arrangements designed to support baseline operational, sustainment, modernization, and cybersecurity costs of participating ranges; (2) assess the extent to which a subscription-based model improves funding predictability, resource utilization, infrastructure availability, and mission readiness; (3) evaluate impacts on range scheduling, access, interoperability, and support for developmental testing, operational testing, training, experimentation, and rapid prototyping activities; (4) identify authority constraints or other challenges associated with broader implementation of such a model; (5) measure effects on cost recovery, user demand, and long-term sustainment of cyber-physical range capabilities; and (6) develop recommendations regarding whether and how a subscription-based funding model could be expanded to additional test and evaluation facilities. (e) Selection of Participating Ranges.--In selecting ranges for participation in the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall prioritize cyber-physical ranges that-- (1) support joint testing, training, or experimentation activities; (2) integrate operational technology, cyber, communications, electronic warfare, or weapon-system testing capabilities; and (3) can provide representative data regarding the scalability of subscription-based funding approaches across test and evaluation facilities. (f) Report.--Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives a report describing the following: (1) The actions taken under subsection (a). (2) The status of implementation of integration required by such subsection. (3) Any exceptions to full integration under subsection (b)(2). (4) The reasons for the exceptions described in paragraph (3). (g) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Under Secretary submits the report required by subsection (f), the Under Secretary shall provide the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives a briefing on the matters covered by the report. ______

SA 5886. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself, Mr. Ricketts, and Mrs. Shaheen) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. _____. NITAZINE CONTROL ACT. (a) Short Title.--This section may be cited as the "Nitazene Control Act". (b) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) 2-Benzylbenzimidazole opioids are a class of synthetic opioids first synthesized in the 1950s that exhibit significant potency at the mu-opioid receptor, with some substances exceeding the potency of fentanyl. (2) The Drug Enforcement Administration has temporarily or permanently scheduled multiple 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioids compounds under schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)) due to their high abuse potential and lack of accepted medical use. (3) Nitazenes and related compounds have emerged in the illicit drug supply as designer drugs and contribute to overdose and fatal poisonings in the United States. (4) A class-wide permanent scheduling of 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioids is necessary to preemptively address the proliferation of new analogs, streamline enforcement, and protect public health. (5) The HALT Fentanyl Act (28 U.S.C. 801 note; Public Law 119-26) created pathways for research using schedule I controlled substances that apply to scheduled nitazenes. (c) Schedule I Classification of Nitazenes.-- (1) Amendment.--Schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(f)(1) Unless specifically exempted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of a 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioid, or which contains the salts, isomers, and salts of isomers of a 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioid. "(2) For purposes of paragraph (1), the term `2-benzylbenzimidazole opioid' includes the following: "(A) A substance that is structurally related to 2-benzylbenzimidazole with the following modifications: "(i) At the 1-position, substitution with an alkyl linker connected to a substituted amine group containing hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or heteroaryl group, such as a morphilino, pyrrolidino, or piperidinyl groups, whether or not further substituted. "(ii) At the 2-position-- "(I) replacement of the alkyl portion of the benzyl group with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, carbamates group, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atom; or "(II) replacement of the phenyl portion of the benzyl group with an aryl or heteroaryl group. "(iii) Substitution on the phenyl portion of the benzimidazole ring with a hydrogen atom, halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amide, amine, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, or heteroaryl group. "(iv) At the 6-position, substitution with hydrogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and halogen groups. "(B) A substance that exhibits agonist activity at the mu-opioid receptor. "(C) Etonitazene, clonitazene, metonitazene, isotonitazene, protonitazene, butonitazene, etodesnitazene, flunitazene, N-pyrrolidino etonitazene, N-desethyl isotonitazene, and N-piperidinyl etonitazene.". (2) Removal of temporary status.--Any substance included in the amendment made by paragraph (1) that was temporarily scheduled under section 201(h) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 811(h)) shall be deemed permanently scheduled and subject to the requirements of schedule I of section 202(c) of that Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)) as of the date of enactment of this Act. (3) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to authorize the initiation of new research using 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioids, as defined in subsection (f) of schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)), as added by paragraph (1) of this section, without proper registration and scheduling compliance.

Text of Senate Amendment 5855

Pages S2940–S2941 · Official text

SA 5855. Ms. ROSEN (for herself, Ms. Cortez Masto, and Mrs. Blackburn) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle E of title III, add the following: SEC. 358. CLASSIFICATION OF CERTAIN FACILITIES AS LOCATIONS WHERE CONTAMINATION OCCURRED AND MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES WERE EXPOSED TO TOXIC SUBSTANCES. (a) In General.--The Secretary of Defense shall classify the following locations as a location where contamination occurred: (1) On and after January 27, 1951, the Nevada Test and Training Range, including the Nevada National Security Site (as such site is defined on May 19, 2026). (2) Any facility on the most recent list of facilities covered under the Energy Employees Occupational Illness Compensation Program Act of 2000 (42 U.S.C. 7384 et seq.) published in the Federal Register by the Secretary of Energy. (b) Identification Process.-- (1) In general.--The Secretary of Defense shall establish a process to identify members of the Armed Forces and former members of the Armed Forces that were stationed at a facility specified in subsection (a). (2) Documentation.--The Secretary of Defense shall establish a process to permit members of the Armed Forces and former members of the Armed Forces to provide documentation or evidence of their assignment at a facility specified in subsection (a) to assist the Secretary in identifying those members and former members under paragraph (1). (3) Efforts.--The Secretary of Defense shall make all efforts to identify individuals described in paragraph (1) and shall not require members of the Armed Forces or former members of the Armed Forces to submit evidence of their stationing. (c) Sharing of Information.--The Secretary of Defense shall share with the Secretary of Veterans Affairs all information and documentation gathered under subsection (b) in order to provide the Secretary of Veterans Affairs with adequate documentation of the service of members of the Armed Forces and former members of the Armed Forces at facilities specified in subsection (a) and any injuries, exposures, or illnesses related to such service, for the purpose of establishing any claim for benefits under the laws administered by the Secretary of Veterans Affairs to which such members and former members are legally entitled.

Text of Senate Amendment 5856

Page S2941 · Official text

SA 5856. Ms. SMITH submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ____. REVOCATION OF CHARTER OF INCORPORATION OF THE LOWER SIOUX INDIAN COMMUNITY. The request of the Lower Sioux Indian Community in the State of Minnesota to surrender the charter of incorporation issued to that community and ratified on July 17, 1937, pursuant to section 17 of the Act of June 18, 1934 (commonly known as the "Indian Reorganization Act") (48 Stat. 988, chapter 576; 25 U.S.C. 5124), is hereby accepted and that charter of incorporation is hereby revoked.

Text of Senate Amendment 5857

Page S2941 · Official text

SA 5857. Ms. SMITH submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. __. TRANSFER OF ADDITIONAL FEDERAL LAND TO THE LEECH LAKE BAND OF OJIBWE. (a) Findings.--Section 2(a)(5) of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Reservation Restoration Act (Public Law 116-255; 134 Stat. 1140) is amended by striking subparagraph (B) and inserting the following: "(B) does not intend immediately to modify the use of the Federal land.". (b) Inclusion of Additional Federal Land.--Section 2 of the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Reservation Restoration Act (Public Law 116-255; 134 Stat. 1139) is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)(1)-- (A) in subparagraph (A)-- (i) by striking "means the approximately" and inserting "means-- "(i) the approximately"; (ii) in clause (i) (as so designated), by striking the period at the end and inserting "; and"; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: "(ii) any other land managed by the Secretary, through the Chief of the Forest Service, located in the Chippewa National Forest in Cass County, Minnesota, which records maintained by the Bureau of Indian Affairs show was sold without the unanimous consent of the rightful landowners."; and (B) in subparagraph (B)-- (i) by redesignating clauses (i) and (ii) as clauses (ii) and (iii), respectively; and (ii) by inserting before clause (ii) (as so redesignated) the following: "(i) any land transferred pursuant to an agreement entered into between the Secretary and the Tribe under subsection (c)(2);"; (2) in subsection (c)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "paragraph (2)" and inserting "paragraphs (2) and (3)"; (B) by redesignating paragraph (2) as paragraph (3); and (C) by inserting after paragraph (1) the following: "(2) Agreement.-- "(A) In general.--On agreement between the Secretary and the Tribe, the Secretary shall substitute, for purposes of the transfer under paragraph (1), alternative National Forest System land located in Cass County, Minnesota, on an acre-for-acre basis, for those parcels of Federal land to be transferred under that paragraph in a manner that avoids in-holdings and provides a preference for land adjacent to or near existing Leech Lake trust lands and lands of cultural importance to the Tribe, to the maximum extent practicable. "(B) Frequency of transfers.--Pursuant to an agreement entered into under subparagraph (A), the Secretary may transfer land to the Secretary of the Interior on a rolling basis as that land is identified and surveys are completed."; and (3) in subsection (d)-- (A) in paragraph (1)-- (i) in subparagraph (A), by inserting "described in subsection (b)(1)(A)(i)" after "Federal land"; and (ii) in subparagraph (B), in the matter preceding clause (i), by striking "submit a map and legal description of the Federal land" and inserting "submit maps and legal descriptions of the Federal land transferred pursuant to paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (c), as applicable,"; (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) by striking "map and legal description" and inserting "maps and legal descriptions"; and (ii) by striking "map or legal description" and inserting "maps or legal descriptions"; and (C) in paragraph (3), by striking "map and legal description" and inserting "maps and legal descriptions". (c) Reaffirmation.--Congress reaffirms the applicability of section 97A.151 of the Minnesota Statutes, including the settlement agreement ratified by that section, for purposes of ensuring that the hunting, fishing, and recreation rights of non-Tribal members remain unchanged by the Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe Reservation Restoration Act (Public Law 116-255; 134 Stat. 1139) and the amendments made to that Act by this section. (d) Implementation.--In implementing the amendments made by this section, the Secretary of Agriculture, acting through the Chief of the Forest Service, shall provide for public engagement and comment in accordance with applicable laws (including regulations).

Text of Senate Amendment 5858

Pages S2941–S2942 · Official text

SA 5858. Mrs. BLACKBURN (for herself and Mr. Kelly) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title XII, insert the following: SEC. 12__. EXPEDITED CONSIDERATION OF PROPOSALS FOR ADDITIONS TO, REMOVALS FROM, OR OTHER MODIFICATIONS WITH RESPECT TO ENTITIES ON THE ENTITY LIST. Section 1754 of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4813) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(g) Expedited Consideration of Proposals for Additions to, Removals From, or Other Modifications With Respect to Entities on the Entity List.-- "(1) In general.--Any member of the End-User Review Committee may submit a proposal directly to the Committee requesting a vote of all members of the Committee for additions to, removals from, or other modifications with respect to the Entity List. A proposal to add an entity to the Entity List shall be made in accordance with the provisions of paragraph (4). "(2) Consideration.--Subject to paragraph (4)(B), the End-User Review Committee shall vote to approve or disapprove a proposal submitted under paragraph (1) not later than 30 days after the date on which the proposal is submitted to the Committee. "(3) Additional information.--The chairperson of the End-User Review Committee, with the concurrence of the member of the Committee that submitted a proposal under paragraph (1), may suspend for an additional 15 days the time period specified in paragraph (2) with respect to consideration of the proposal if the chairperson and the member determine that additional information is required in order to make a determination with respect to the proposal, including the impact and effect of the proposal. "(4) Additions to the entity list.-- "(A) In general.--An entity may be added to the Entity List if the End-User Review Committee by majority vote of its members has determined that the entity has engaged, is engaged, or is at risk of engaging in activities contrary to the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States. "(B) Licensing policy.-- "(i) In general.--Subject to clause (ii), there shall be in effect a policy of presumption of denial for all applications for a license to export, reexport, or in-country transfer any item subject to the Export Administration Regulations if an entity added to the Entity List under this subsection is or would be a party to a transaction with respect to which the application applies. "(ii) Exception.--The licensing policy required by clause (i) shall not apply with respect to an entity described in such clause if the members of the End-User Review Committee agree by majority vote to apply a different policy with respect to the entity for all or specific types of items subject to the Export Administration Regulations that would be in the national security and foreign policy interests of the United States. "(C) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this paragraph may be construed to limit or otherwise affect the escalation procedures unrelated to the End-User Review Committee. "(5) Administrative provisions.-- "(A) In general.--Each member of the End-User Review Committee shall have 1 vote with respect to matters described in this subsection. The chairperson of the Committee shall not have the authority to make determinations or override any voting decision with respect to such matters. "(B) Suspension of voting period.--The chairperson of the End-User Review Committee may suspend the 30-day voting period described in paragraph (2) if the members of the Committee unanimously agree to postpone the vote. "(C) Notice; implementing authority.--The chairperson of the End-User Review Committee shall notify the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Export Administration of all final decisions of the Committee with respect to additions to, removals from, or other modifications with respect to the Entity List under this subsection so that the Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Export Administration may implement all such modifications. "(6) Definitions.--In this subsection: "(A) End-user review committee; committee.--The terms `End-User Review Committee' and `Committee' mean-- "(i) the End-User Review Committee established under section 744.16(d) of the Export Administration Regulations; or "(ii) any successor committee. "(B) Entity list.--The term `Entity List' means the list maintained by the Bureau of Industry and Security of the Department of Commerce pursuant to subsection (a)(2) and set forth in Supplement No. 4 to part 744 of the Export Administration Regulations (or successor regulations).".

Text of Senate Amendment 5859

Pages S2942–S2943 · Official text

SA 5859. Mr. REED (for himself and Ms. Collins) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle C of title VIII, add the following: SEC. 850. JOB CORPS SHIPBUILDING-DEFENSE INDUSTRIAL BASE PIPELINE ACT OF 2026. (a) Alignment of Job Corps With the Defense Industrial Base.-- (1) In general.--The National Imperative for Industrial Skills program of the Department of Defense (or a successor program) shall maximize the use of and expand on the activities of Job Corps centers and registered apprenticeship programs to train the skilled industrial workers that are needed in the defense industrial base. (2) Referral of military recruits to job corps.--Military recruiters shall make each military recruit who is ineligible to enlist in the military as a result of the requirements of section 520 of title 10, United States Code, aware of the opportunity to enroll in Job Corps and registered apprenticeship programs in order to meet the standards for enlistment or learn skills that can contribute to the defense industrial base. (3) Job corps trade realignment.--In order to address shortages of skilled industrial workers in the defense industrial base, the Secretary of Defense may, through the National Imperative for Industrial Skills program (or a successor program) and grants to Job Corps center operators as provided in accordance with section 158(f) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3208(f)), support the change of trades offered at a Job Corps center, including at a Job Corps transition hub at an existing center or at a new site in close proximity to a shipyard or other defense industrial base suppliers, to align with the needs of the defense industrial base, including through investments in curricula development, equipment, and facilities. (4) Definitions.--For purposes of this subsection: (A) Enrollee; job corps; job corps center.--The terms "enrollee", "Job Corps", and "Job Corps center" have the meanings given such terms in section 142 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3192). (B) Job corps center operator.--The term "Job Corps center operator" has the meaning given the term "operator" in such section of such Act. (C) Job corps transition hub.--The term "Job Corps transition hub" means an advanced career training program under section 148 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3198) that facilitates the onboarding and retention of enrollees into the defense industrial base. (D) Registered apprenticeship program.--The term "registered apprenticeship program" means an apprenticeship program that is registered under the Act of August 16, 1937 (commonly known as the "National Apprenticeship Act"; 50 Stat. 664, chapter 663; 29 U.S.C. 50 et seq.). (b) Extension of Shipbuilding Special Incentive to the Job Corps.--Section 8696(b)(2) of title 10, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "(G) The Job Corps program established under section 143 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3193) or an individual Job Corps center operator as defined in section 142 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3192).". (c) Job Corps Conforming Reforms.-- (1) Success in military recruitment as a graduate of job corps.--Section 142(5) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3192(5)) is amended by inserting "enlisted in the military with a score on the Armed Forces Qualification Test that is above the thirty-first percentile," before "or completed". (2) Grants to job corps centers.--Section 158(f) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3208(f)) is amended-- (A) by striking the heading and inserting "External Funding"; (B) by striking "The Secretary may accept on behalf of the Job Corps or individual Job Corps centers charitable donations of cash" and inserting the following: "(1) In general.--The Secretary (or the Secretary of Agriculture, as appropriate), on behalf of the Job Corps, or a Job Corps center operator, on behalf of such center, may accept grants and charitable donations of cash"; (C) by inserting "grants and" before "donations are"; (D) by striking "available for appropriate use" and inserting "used exclusively"; and (E) by adding at the end the following: "(2) Transfer of property.--Notwithstanding sections 501(b) and 522 of title 40, United States Code, any property acquired by a Job Corps center shall be directly transferred, on a nonreimbursable basis, to the Secretary. "(3) Prohibition of offset using external funding.--An operator that accepts a grant or charitable donation under paragraph (1) may not use the grant or charitable donation to fulfill the cost of any obligation imposed on the operator under an agreement under section 147. "(4) Prohibition on restrictions for job corps placement.--A grant or charitable donation under paragraph (1) may not include terms that restrict the placement or employment options of an enrollee or graduate. "(5) Public reporting.-- The Secretary shall publicly disclose on annual basis a list of grants and charitable donations received under paragraph (1), which shall include the amount and source of each grant or charitable donation and the Job Corps center that was designated as the beneficiary of each grant or charitable donation.". (3) Local authority to realign trades.--Section 151 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3201) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(d) Local Authority.--Subject to the limitations of the budget approved by the Secretary for a Job Corps center, the operator of a Job Corps center shall have the authority, without prior approval from the Secretary, to-- "(1) hire staff and provide staff professional development; "(2) set terms and enter into agreements with Federal, State, or local educational partners, such as secondary schools, institutions of higher education, child development centers, units of Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps programs established under section 2031 of title 10, United States Code, or employers; and "(3) engage with and educate stakeholders (including eligible applicants for the Job Corps) about Job Corps operations, selection procedures, and activities.". (4) Streamlined enrollment of veterans and military recruits into the defense industrial base.-- (A) In general.--Subsection (b) of section 144 of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3194) is amended-- (i) in the heading, by inserting "and Certain Other Armed Forces Members" after "Veterans"; and (ii) in the matter preceding paragraph (1), by inserting "or a member of the Armed Forces eligible for pre-separation counseling of the Transition Assistance Program under section 1142 of title 10, United States Code," after "a veteran". (B) Background check exemption.--Section 145(b) of the Workforce Innovation and Opportunity Act (29 U.S.C. 3195(b)) is amended-- (i) in paragraph (1)(C), by inserting "except with respect to an individual described in paragraph (4)," before "the individual"; and (ii) by adding at the end the following: "(4) Individuals exempted from background check.--An individual described in this paragraph is-- "(A) an individual who is-- "(i)(I) a member of the Armed Forces eligible for pre-separation counseling of the Transition Assistance Program under section 1142 of title 10, United States Code; or "(II) a veteran who left the Armed Forces not more than 90 days before the date on which the veteran applies to enroll in the Job Corps; and "(ii) not ineligible for retired pay as provided by section 12740 of title 10, United States Code; or "(B) a military recruit who-- "(i) is ineligible to enlist in the military as a result of the requirements of section 520 of title 10, United States Code; and "(ii) not more than 90 days before the date on which the recruit applies to enroll in the Job Corps, passed a background check as part of the enlistment process.".

Text of Senate Amendment 5860

Page S2943 · Official text

SA 5860. Mr. YOUNG submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of title X, add the following:

Subtitle __Helping Allies Respond to Piracy, Overfishing, and Oceanic Negligence Act

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SEC. 10_1. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "Helping Allies Respond to Piracy, Overfishing, and Oceanic Negligence Act" or the "HARPOON Act". SEC. 10_2. DEFINITIONS. In this subtitle: (1) Commandant.--The term "Commandant" means the Commandant of the Coast Guard. (2) Illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing; iuu fishing.--The terms "illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing" and "IUU fishing" mean activities described as illegal fishing, unreported fishing, or unregulated fishing in paragraph 3 of the International Plan of Action to Prevent, Deter and Eliminate Illegal, Unreported and Unregulated Fishing, adopted at the 24th Session of the Committee on Fisheries in Rome on March 2, 2001. (3) Secretary.--The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Defense. SEC. 10_3. COUNTER-IUU FISHING PROGRAM ENHANCEMENT. (a) In General.--The Secretary and the Commandant, in coordination with the Secretary of State, may seek to engage with foreign partners to establish joint patrols to enhance counter-IUU fishing efforts, combat transnational crime, and enhance regional security. (b) Report.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary and the Commandant, in coordination with the Secretary of State, shall jointly submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on engagements with foreign partners under subsection (a), including-- (A) an identification of specific regions and countries interested in increased cooperation to combat IUU fishing; (B) a description of any limitations on enhanced counter-IUU fishing partnerships due to insufficient resources or authorities; (C) recommendations for increased program effectiveness in counter-IUU fishing operations; (D) an assessment of the effectiveness of ongoing counter-IUU fishing partner operations; (E) an identification of authorities provided in sections 331 and 333(a) of title 10, United States Code, pursuant to which such counter-IUU fishing operations are conducted; and (F) any other information the Secretary, the Commandant, and the Secretary of State consider appropriate. (2) Appropriate committees of congress defined.--In this subsection, the term "appropriate committees of Congress" means-- (A) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

Text of Senate Amendment 5861

Pages S2943–S2953 · Official text

SA 5861. Mr. YOUNG submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title XVI, insert the following:

Subtitle ___--National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026

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SECTION ___1. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026". SEC. ___2. DEFINITIONS. Section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801) is amended-- (1) by redesignating paragraphs (4), (5), (6), (7), the first paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the "Subcommittee on Economic and Security Implications"), and the second paragraph (8) (relating to the definition of the "Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science") as paragraphs (7), (9), (12), (13), (18), and (19), respectively; (2) by inserting after paragraph (3) the following: "(4) Federal laboratory.--The term `Federal laboratory' has the meaning given such term in section 4 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3703). "(5) Foreign country of concern.--The term `foreign country of concern' means-- "(A) a country that is a covered nation (as such term is defined in section 4872(f) of title 10, United States Code); and "(B) any country that the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of State, and the Director of National Intelligence, determines to be engaged in conduct that is detrimental to the national security or foreign policy of the United States. "(6) Foreign entity of concern.--The term `foreign entity of concern' means a foreign entity that is-- "(A) designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the Secretary of State under section 219(a) of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1189(a)); "(B) included on the list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury (commonly known as the `SDN list'); "(C) owned by, controlled by, or subject to the jurisdiction or direction of a government of a foreign country that is a covered nation (as such term is defined in section 4872(f) of title 10, United States Code); "(D) alleged by the Attorney General to have been involved in activities for which a conviction was obtained under-- "(i) chapter 37 of title 18, United States Code (commonly known as the `Espionage Act'); "(ii) section 951 or 1030 of title 18, United States Code; "(iii) chapter 90 of title 18, United States Code (commonly known as the `Economic Espionage Act of 1996'); "(iv) the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.); "(v) section 224, 225, 226, 227, or 236 of the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2274, 2275, 2276, 2277, and 2284); "(vi) the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4801 et seq.); or "(vii) the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); or "(E) determined by the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Director of National Intelligence, to be engaged in unauthorized conduct that is detrimental to the national security or foreign policy of the United States."; (3) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by striking "(a)" each place it appears; (4) by inserting after paragraph (7), as so redesignated, the following new paragraph: "(8) National laboratory.--The term `National Laboratory' has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)."; (5) by inserting after paragraph (9), as so redesignated, the following: "(10) Quantum applications.--The term `quantum applications' means uses of quantum information science, engineering, and technology, including quantum algorithms and software, quantum computing and quantum-classical hybrids, quantum sensing, quantum networking, quantum encryption, quantum simulation, or quantum communications applications. "(11) Quantum computing.--The term `quantum computing' means any of a variety of quantum computing technologies, including quantum annealing and quantum gate-model systems that utilize a variety of architectures, such as superconductors, ion traps, photonics, neutral atoms, atomic spin, electron spin, or topological qubits."; (6) by amending paragraph (12), as so redesignated, to read as follows: "(12) Quantum information science, engineering, and technology.--The term `quantum information science, engineering, and technology' means the understanding, translation, use, or application of the laws of quantum physics for the storage, transmission, manipulation, computing, simulation, or measurement of information."; and (7) by inserting after paragraph (13), as so redesignated, the following: "(14) Quantum networking.--The term `quantum networking' means the transmission of quantum information and the distribution and use of entanglement across nodes to enable new information technology applications and fundamental science. "(15) Quantum sensing.--The term `quantum sensing'-- "(A) means the use of quantum mechanics to enhance or enable new sensors; and "(B) can include uses of superposition and entanglement, nonclassical states, and advances in accuracy and precision enabled by quantum control. "(16) STEM.--The term `STEM' means the academic and professional disciplines of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics, including computer science. "(17) Supply chain shock.--The term `supply chain shock'-- "(A) means an event causing severe or serious disruption to normal operations or capacity in a supply chain; and "(B) includes-- "(i) a natural disaster; "(ii) a pandemic; "(iii) a biological threat; "(iv) a cyber attack; "(v) a geopolitical conflict; "(vi) a terrorist or geopolitical attack; "(vii) a trade disruption caused by-- "(I) a foreign country of concern; or "(II) an entity or an individual subject to the jurisdiction of such a country; and "(viii) an event for which the President declares a major disaster or an emergency under section 401 or 501, respectively, of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5170; 42 U.S.C. 5191).". SEC. ___3. PURPOSES. Section 3 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8802) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (1)-- (A) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows: "(A) to expand the number of researchers, educators, and students with training in quantum information science, engineering, and technology to develop a domestic workforce pipeline and retain international talent to the extent consistent with national security and international competitiveness;"; (B) in subparagraph (B), by striking "science at the" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology at the"; (C) in subparagraph (D)-- (i) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (ii) by striking "and" after the semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following: "(F) to facilitate development of quantum applications, including quantum-hybrid applications, to promote innovation; and "(G) to support advancements in emerging technologies that could benefit from or benefit the development of quantum technology and promote research, development, demonstration, and application of such emerging technologies in quantum information science, engineering, and technology and scientific discovery."; (2) in paragraph (2), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (3) in paragraph (3), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (4) in paragraph (4)-- (A) by inserting "National Laboratories," after "Federal laboratories,"; and (B) by striking "and" after the semicolon; (5) in paragraph (5)-- (A) in the matter preceding subparagraph (A)-- (i) by inserting "partnerships, research collaborations, and" after "international"; and (ii) by striking "science and technology security" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in subparagraph (A), by striking "and" after the semicolon; (C) in subparagraph (B), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following: "(C) to facilitate cooperation in the advancement of quantum capabilities among the United States and its strategic allies and partners to strengthen and secure the quantum-relevant supply chain and related ecosystem; and "(D) to coordinate on potential export or strategic trade controls where appropriate; and"; and (6) by adding at the end the following: "(6) improving the maturity and scale of the quantum industry.". SEC. ___4. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE PROGRAM. Subsection (b) of section 101 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8811) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (1)-- (A) by striking "development" and inserting "research, development, and near-, medium-, and long-term demonstration"; and (B) by striking "information science and technology"; (2) in paragraph (2)-- (A) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (B) by inserting "infrastructure," after "demonstration,"; (3) in paragraph (3)-- (A) by inserting "and retain" after "to develop"; and (B) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (4) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows: "(4) provide for interagency planning and coordination of Federal quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, development, demonstration, standards engagement, and other activities under the Program, including activities authorized pursuant to section 234 of the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2019 (Public Law 115-232; 10 U.S.C. 4001 note), quantum educational activities and programs authorized pursuant to section 10661 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19261), and activities conducted at any Federal laboratory or National Laboratory;"; and (5) in paragraph (5)-- (A) by striking "industry and universities" and inserting "industry, universities, and strategic allies and partners"; and (B) by inserting ", including human resources" after "resources". SEC. ___5. NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE. Section 102 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8812) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)(2)-- (A) in subparagraph (A), by inserting "who shall be" before "appointed"; and (B) by amending subparagraph (B) to read as follows: "(B) staff comprising employees detailed from the Federal departments and agencies specified in section 103(b)."; and (2) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (3), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology research, development, workforce, and international"; (B) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows: "(4) ensure coordination among the collaborative ventures or consortia established under this Act, including under section 201(a), the Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education established under section 302(a), the National Quantum Information Science Research Centers established under section 402(a), and the Quantum Economic Development Consortium;"; (C) in paragraph (6), by striking "; and" and inserting a semicolon; (D) in paragraph (7)-- (i) by inserting "nonprofit research organizations," after "universities,"; and (ii) by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (E) by adding after paragraph (7) the following: "(8) promote understanding and adoption of viable quantum capabilities that strengthen the United States economy, as may be appropriate; "(9) track, monitor, and promote policies that will ensure the stability of the United States quantum workforce, quantum supply chain, domestic quantum industry, and international trade; and "(10) ensure coordination and avoid unnecessary duplication of existing quantum-related activities, other activities carried out under this Act, and other related programs, as appropriate.". SEC. ___6.

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SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE. Section 103 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8813) is amended-- (1) in subsection (d)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "the quantum information science and technology research," and inserting "quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, quantum application development, and demonstration,"; (B) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; and (ii) by inserting "skillset" before "diversity"; (C) in paragraph (5)-- (i) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; and (ii) by inserting "and conduct comparative benchmarking of Federal investments and research strategies relative to those of strategic allies and partners of the United States and other countries" after "development efforts"; (D) in paragraph (6)-- (i) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (ii) by striking "and" after the semicolon; (E) in paragraph (7)-- (i) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (F) by adding at the end the following: "(8) facilitate interagency partnership opportunities to advance quantum applications related to advanced manufacturing, biotechnology, critical minerals, chemistry, space, and other sectors; and "(9) evaluate the competitiveness and capabilities of the United States in quantum technologies with respect to quantum computing, sensing, networking, and applications."; (2) in subsection (g)(2)-- (A) in paragraph (A), by inserting "numbers" after "budget"; (B) in paragraph (B), by inserting "numbers" after "budget"; and (C) by adding at the end the following new paragraphs: "(D) Metrics for measuring the impact of the Program for the current fiscal year, for each Federal department and agency described in subsection (b). "(E) Value proposition as a result of each interagency partnership opportunity."; (3) in subsection (h)(2)(A), by inserting ", including a description of agency roles and responsibilities" before the period; and (4) by adding at the end the following new subsection: "(i) Quantum Use Cases.-- "(1) In general.--The Subcommittee shall identify potential use cases for quantum technologies that could advance the missions of Federal departments and agencies participating in the Program. "(2) Quantum on-ramp.--For each potential use case identified pursuant to paragraph (1) for a Federal department or agency, the head of the Federal department or agency may, in consultation with the Subcommittee, develop a plan to enable such department or agency to address the potential use case. "(3) Comparison to artificial intelligence technologies.--For any potential use case identified under paragraph (1) for a Federal department or agency, the head of the department or agency may, in consultation with the Subcommittee, consider the quantum use case's interplay with artificial intelligence and compare its anticipated costs, functionality, and benefits. "(4) Reporting.--The Subcommittee, as part of the annual report on the budget for the Program under subsection (g), shall report progress in carrying out the activities under this subsection, including information relating to the following: "(A) The potential use cases identified pursuant to paragraph (1). "(B) The status of plans developed pursuant to paragraph (2). "(C) Any obstacles to addressing such potential use cases, including lack of funding.". SEC. ___7. NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE ADVISORY COMMITTEE. Section 104 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8814) is amended-- (1) by amending subsection (b) to read as follows: "(b) Qualifications.--The Advisory Committee shall consist of members, appointed by the President, who-- "(1) are representative of-- "(A) industry; and "(B) universities and Federal laboratories that are qualified to provide advice and information on quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, development, demonstrations, standards, STEM education and workforce, technology transfer, economics, and national security, or research security; and "(2) may hold doctoral degrees in physical sciences, mathematics, computer science, engineering, or related fields."; (2) in subsection (d)(2)-- (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in subparagraph (D)-- (i) by striking "to" and inserting "promote innovation, foster a robust United States quantum industry, and"; and (ii) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (C) in subparagraph (E), by inserting ", including to address any gaps that may exist in basic research, capabilities, workforce, supply chain, or coordination among participating Federal agencies" before the semicolon; (D) in subparagraph (F), by striking "open standards for, quantum information science and technology; and" and inserting "international standards in open and transparent standardization systems for quantum information science, engineering, and technology;"; (E) in subparagraph (G)-- (i) by striking "societal,"; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (F) by adding at the end the following new subparagraphs: "(H) the domestic and international cooperation needs and goals of the Program, including those related to infrastructure and the supply chain of quantum information science, engineering, and technology; and "(I) the degree to which quantum information science, engineering, and technology-- "(i) is enhancing or can enhance-- "(I) the capabilities of the United States advanced industrial economy; and "(II) Federal, State, and local government capabilities and services; and "(ii) can protect or optimize critical infrastructure (as such term is defined in section 1016(e) of Public Law 107-56 (42 U.S.C. 5195c(e)))."; (3) in subsection (e)-- (A) by inserting "through December 31, 2030" after "thereafter"; and (B) by adding at the end the following new sentence: "In the first such report required after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Advisory Committee shall assess the benefits and opportunities to strengthen quantum communications corridors in which Federal laboratories, institutions of higher education, and other entities conducting quantum information science, engineering, and technology research are connected via quantum communication networks capable of securely transmitting information."; (4) by redesignating subsections (e) through (g) as subsections (f) through (h), respectively; and (5) by inserting after subsection (d) the following: "(e) Performance and Usefulness Assessment of National Quantum Initiative Program.-- "(1) Annual evaluation required.--Not less frequently than once each year, the Advisory Committee shall, in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, conduct an evaluation of the effectiveness, progress, and usefulness of activities carried out under the Program. "(2) Elements.--Each evaluation under paragraph (1) shall assess-- "(A) which Federal programs or activities within the Program have made measurable progress toward program goals; "(B) which Federal programs within the Program have produced tangible scientific, workforce, or commercial outcomes; "(C) which programs or activities within the Program have overlapping missions or duplicative structures; "(D) resource utilization and return on investment of each major component of the Program; and "(E) barriers to performance or implementation of the Program, including structural, regulatory, or administrative challenges. "(3) Report to congress.--Not later than March 1 of each year, the Advisory Committee shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate, and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report summarizing the findings of the Advisory Committee with respect to the evaluation most recently conducted under paragraph (1), including specific recommendations for-- "(A) improvements to the Program; "(B) consolidation or termination of programs or activities within the Program; and "(C) realignment of funding to high-impact areas within the Program. "(4) Public summary.--The Advisory Committee shall make a public-facing summary of each report submitted under paragraph (3) available on the website of the Advisory Committee to promote transparency and accountability.". SEC. ___8. SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE ECONOMIC AND SECURITY IMPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE. Section 105 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8814a) is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (10), by striking "and" after the semicolon; (B) by redesignating paragraph (11) as paragraph (12); and (C) by inserting after paragraph (10) the following: "(11) the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and"; and (2) in subsection (c)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "information science" and inserting "information science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in paragraph (2), by inserting "or to supply chains" before the semicolon; (C) in paragraph (3), by inserting "or supply chains" before the semicolon; (D) in paragraph (5)-- (i) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "quantum information science"; and (ii) by inserting "any" before "export controls"; (E) in paragraph (6), by striking "information science" and inserting "information science, engineering, and technology"; (F) in paragraph (7), by striking "and" after the semicolon; (G) in paragraph (8)-- (i) by striking "information science" and inserting "information science, engineering, and technology"; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (H) by adding at the end the following: "(9) in coordination with the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, identify opportunities to increase coordination between civilian, military, and intelligence quantum research entities, reduce unnecessary duplicative quantum research activities, and facilitate collaboration between quantum research agencies with specialized capabilities or expertise in one or more aspects of quantum information science, engineering, and technology; and "(10) recommend strategies for attracting and retaining students and scholars with expertise in quantum-related fields to Federal departments and agencies.". SEC. ___9. INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY. The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is amended by inserting after section 105 the following new section: "SEC. 105A.

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INTERNATIONAL QUANTUM COOPERATION STRATEGY. "(a) Strategy Required.--Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this section, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the heads of other Federal agencies, as appropriate, develop and submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a strategy-- "(1) to establish collaborative international partnerships to advance research and development, testing and evaluation, and interoperability in quantum information science, engineering, and technology with allies and partners of the United States, and other countries, when in the security, strategic, technological, and scientific interests of the United States; "(2) to ensure continued participation by the United States in bilateral and multilateral efforts to advance quantum information science, engineering, and technology on the international stage, including programs to advance research and development, testing and evaluation, and interoperability in quantum information science, engineering, and technology with allies and partners of the United States; "(3) to promote the integrity and impartiality of international standards organizations and processes related to quantum information science, engineering, and technology; and "(4) to ensure responsible and ethical research and development, testing and evaluation, and interoperability in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(b) Designation.--The strategy developed under subsection (a) shall be known as the `International Quantum Cooperation Strategy' (in this section referred to as the `Strategy'). "(c) Elements.--In the development of the Strategy, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the National Quantum Coordination Office, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science, the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Information Science, and the relevant agencies shall consider including the following: "(1) The establishment of international partnerships to advance research and development in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Key strategic allies and partners of the United States that have demonstrated unique capabilities in one or more areas of quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(3) Efforts and plans to address risks to the national security and economic interests of the United States during development and deployment of quantum technologies worldwide, including plans for diplomatic engagement with allies and partners, and other countries. "(4) Efforts and plans to promote global development and deployment of quantum technologies, including through international engagement and leadership in the development of international standards that are aligned with United States national interests. "(5) Efforts and plans to develop, attract, and retain international talent. "(6) The ability and risks of domestic manufacturers and suppliers and those of allies and partners of the United States to meet the needs of the global quantum supply chain, including raw materials such as helium-3, plans for engagement with allies and partners, manufacturers, and suppliers, and options to mitigate gaps and vulnerabilities in the global quantum supply chain. "(7) A plan to safeguard research and technology supported through international cooperation, as appropriate, in whole or in part, including in quantum technologies critical to national security, from malign influence, theft, or exfiltration by foreign entities of concern. "(8) As necessary, a description of such legislative or administrative action as is needed to carry out the Strategy. "(d) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Strategy is completed, the Director shall brief the committees specified in subsection (a) on the Strategy.". SEC. ___10. PRIZE CHALLENGES. The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is amended-- (1) by redesignating section 106 as section 107; and (2) by inserting after section 105A, as added by section [___9], the following: "SEC. 106. NATIONAL QUANTUM PRIZE CHALLENGES. "(a) In General.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, any head of a Federal agency with a representative serving on the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science established under section 103 may, individually or in cooperation with one or more heads of Federal agencies-- "(1) conduct a prize competition under section 24 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719), or such other prize competition authority as may be available to the head of an agency, to accelerate the development of applications and algorithms in quantum information science, engineering, and technology; and "(2) define a measurable set of performance goals for participants in the prize competitions to demonstrate their solutions on a level playing field while making a significant advancement over the current state of the art. "(b) Purpose.--Any prize competition carried out under subsection (a) shall be for the purpose of stimulating innovation to advance the ability of the United States to achieve high-priority breakthroughs for applications in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, such as in quantum computing, quantum sensing, quantum communications, quantum networking, quantum algorithms, and quantum cryptography. "(c) Coordination With Subcommittees.--Each prize competition conducted under subsection (a) may be conducted in coordination with members of the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science and the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Information Science. "(d) Recommendations.--To assist in the administration of this section, the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science may provide recommendations on key challenges in quantum information science, engineering, and technology that would be well suited for a prize competition under subsection (a). The recommendations shall include a scope for efforts carried out under such subsection.". SEC. ___11. SUNSET OF NATIONAL QUANTUM INITIATIVE. Subsection (a) of section 107 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8815), as redesignated by section [___10], is amended to read as follows: "(a) In General.--Except as provided in subsection (b), the authority to carry out sections 101, 102, 103, 104, and 105 shall terminate on December 30, 2034.". SEC. ___12. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY ACTIVITIES AND QUANTUM CONSORTIUM. Section 201 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8831) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) by inserting "attract, educate, and" before "train"; and (ii) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (C) by amending paragraph (3) to read as follows: "(3) shall carry out research to facilitate the development and standardization, as appropriate, of quantum cryptography, post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C.

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1526 note; Public Law 117-260)), and practices to replace cryptographic keys or algorithms with minimal disruption to current applications and systems;"; (D) by amending paragraph (4) to read as follows: "(4) shall carry out research, development, and demonstration projects, as appropriate, to facilitate the development of quantum applications, including research on quantum supply chain-enabling technologies, such as lasers, cryogenics, and other supporting technologies;"; (E) by redesignating paragraphs (5), (6), and (7) as paragraphs (7), (8), and (9), respectively; (F) by inserting after paragraph (4) the following: "(5) shall promote United States participation in international standards organizations related to quantum information science, engineering, and technology; "(6) shall establish or expand partnerships with the public sector and private sector-- "(A) to accelerate the development of domestic quantum supply chain and supply chain-supporting technologies; "(B) to reduce quantum supply chain vulnerabilities; and "(C) to avoid offshoring to, or dependence on, foreign countries of concern for critical components of capabilities in the quantum supply chain;"; (G) in paragraph (7), as so redesignated, by striking "infrastructure" and inserting ", communications, sensing, and computing"; and (H) in paragraph (8), as so redesignated-- (i) by inserting "nonprofit research organizations," after "universities,"; and (ii) by striking "and engineering" and inserting ", engineering, and technology and expanding the domestic STEM workforce"; (2) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (1)-- (i) by striking "future measurement" and inserting "research, measurement"; and (ii) by striking "science and technology" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) by amending subparagraph (A) to read as follows: "(A) to gather and assess information on the quantum industry to address the needs identified in paragraph (1);"; and (ii) by striking subparagraphs (B) and (C) and inserting the following new subparagraphs: "(B) to provide recommendations regarding how the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Program, and other Federal agencies, as appropriate, can address the gaps in the research necessary to meet the needs identified in paragraph (1); and "(C) to assess and identify key areas for establishing, expanding, or developing international partnerships that will meet the needs identified in paragraph (1)."; (C) in paragraph (3)-- (i) by striking "Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act, the" and inserting "The"; and (ii) by inserting "periodically, but not less frequently than once every five years," after "shall"; and (D) by adding at the end the following new paragraph: "(4) Sense of congress on coordination.--It is the sense of Congress that, as may be appropriate, Federal agencies that are involved in the transition or translation of research results to practical quantum applications or that have a mission that could benefit from the development of quantum technologies, should engage with the consortium to inform and accelerate progress in such areas."; and (3) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following new subsections: "(c) Quantum Supply Chains.-- "(1) Mapping and planning.--The Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Industry and Analysis shall carry out the following activities: "(A) Assess, map, and model supply chains for quantum networking, quantum computing, quantum communications, quantum simulation, and quantum sensing technologies and applications. "(B) Identify current and future high-priority gaps and vulnerabilities in quantum supply chains, such as-- "(i) single points of failure, sole source, consolidated manufacturing, or where there are limited United States and partner national suppliers; and "(ii) critical components, elements, materials, equipment, and infrastructure. "(C) Identify potential supply chain shocks to the quantum supply chain that may disrupt, strain, or eliminate the supply chain. "(2) Study on critical quantum supply chains.--Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of Energy shall jointly-- "(A) complete a study documenting the critical quantum supply chains and identified high-priority gaps and vulnerabilities; and "(B) submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report on the findings with respect to the study completed pursuant to subparagraph (A). "(3) Recommendations for avoiding shocks to quantum supply chains.--Not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Secretary of Commerce shall, in coordination with the Secretary of Energy, the Director of the National Science Foundation, the Secretary of Defense, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Administrator of the Small Business Administration, and the heads of such other Federal agencies as the Secretary of Commerce considers relevant, develop and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress specific recommendations for actions to mitigate harm to quantum supply chains from a supply chain shock. "(4) Plan to strengthen and secure quantum supply chains.--Not later than 3 years after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Secretary of Commerce shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a plan identifying opportunities to strengthen supply chains and build capacity. "(d) International Quantum Research and Metrology.-- "(1) In general.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the Director of the National Science Foundation, promote, establish, and support international quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, metrology research, and standardization, as appropriate, to enhance international cooperation, meet United States commitments, and support United States engagement in international voluntary standards for quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this section, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall ensure alignment with the National Quantum Information Science Strategy and the U.S. Government National Standards Strategy for Critical and Emerging Technology, or successor strategies. "(3) Prohibitions.-- "(A) Confucius institutes.--None of the funds made available under this subsection may be obligated or expended to an institution of higher education that maintains a contract or agreement between such institution and a Confucius Institute (as defined in section 10339A of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19039)) or any successor of a Confucius Institute. "(B) Foreign countries or entities of concern.--None of the funds made available under this subsection may be obligated or expended to promote, establish, or finance quantum research activities between a United States entity and a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern, including the entity's subsidiaries, except such restriction shall not apply to participation by award recipients in consensus-based international standardization activities. "(e) Post-quantum Cryptography Deployment.-- "(1) Definitions.--In this subsection: "(A) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term `appropriate congressional committees' means-- "(i) the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and "(ii) the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. "(B) Classical computer; quantum computer.--The terms `classical computer' and `quantum computer' have the meanings given such terms in section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (Public Law 117-260; 6 U.S.C. 1526 note). "(C) Critical infrastructure sectors.--The term `critical infrastructure sectors' means the critical infrastructure sectors defined in the National Security Memorandum on `Critical Infrastructure Security and Resilience' (NSM-22), dated April 30, 2024. "(D) Post-quantum cryptography.--The term `post-quantum cryptography'-- "(i) means those cryptographic algorithms or methods that are assessed not to be specifically vulnerable to attack by either a quantum computer or classical computer; and "(ii) includes-- "(I) the lattice-based digital signature algorithm specified in National Institute of Standards and Technology Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 204 (dated August 13, 2024; relating to Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard), or any successor standard; "(II) the module-lattice-based key-encapsulation mechanism specified in National Institute of Standards and Technology Federal Information Processing Standards Publication 203 (dated August 13, 2024; relating to Module-Lattice-Based Key-Encapsulation Mechanism Standard), or any successor standard; and "(III) any cryptographic algorithm or method implemented in accordance with National Institute of Standards and Technology Federal Information Processing Standard Publication 140-3 (dated March 22, 2019; relating to Security Requirements for Cryptographic Modules), or any successor standard, operating within a zero trust architecture as described in National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 800-207 (dated August 2020; relating to Zero Trust Architecture), or any successor standard. "(E) Sector risk management agency.--The term `sector risk management agency' has the meaning given such term in section 2200 of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (6 U.S.C.

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650). "(2) Guidance on upgrading to post-quantum cryptography.-- "(A) In general.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the head of any other agency the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology considers appropriate, shall establish guidance for upgrading information systems to post-quantum cryptography, including guidance that is specifically tailored for critical infrastructure sectors. "(B) Dissemination of guidance.-- "(i) In general.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall make available to entities in the private sector the guidance established under subparagraph (A). "(ii) Special publications.--The Director may satisfy the requirement under clause (i) through the publication of Special Publications. "(3) Strategy for federal agency upgrade to post-quantum cryptography.-- "(A) National quantum cybersecurity upgrade strategy.--The Secretary of Commerce, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and in consultation with the Quantum Economic Development Consortium and the head of any other agency the Secretary of Commerce considers appropriate, shall develop a National Quantum Cybersecurity Upgrade Strategy that includes the following: "(i) A definition of a cryptographically relevant quantum computer. "(ii) Recommended standards to apply to determine whether a quantum computer meets such definition, including-- "(I) the characteristics of such computers; and "(II) the particular point at which such computers are capable of attacking real-world systems that classical computers are unable to attack. "(iii) Guidelines for assessing the urgency of upgrading to post-quantum cryptography for each Federal agency relative to-- "(I) the critical functions of each agency; and "(II) the risk each agency faces should a cryptographically relevant quantum computer attack a system operated by the agency. "(iv) Recommended performance measures for upgrading to post-quantum cryptography for the following tasks: "(I) Preparation for upgrading to post-quantum cryptography, including-- "(aa) the adoption of hardware integrating quantum-resistant cryptographic algorithms; and "(bb) the deployment of software-only post-quantum cryptography overlays that meet or exceed security standards set forth in the Federal Information Processing Standards issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology. "(II) Establishment of a baseline understanding of the data inventory, including through the use of automated tools to identify assets. "(III) Planning and execution of post-quantum cryptographic solutions, including ensuring that data at rest and in motion is subject to appropriate protections. "(IV) Monitoring and evaluating the success of the upgrade and assessing the security of the system. "(v) A plan for implementing the above performance measures, including evaluating and monitoring entities that are at high risk of quantum attacks, including sector risk management agencies. "(B) Report to congress.--Not later than 360 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that includes the National Quantum Cybersecurity Upgrade Strategy developed under subparagraph (A). "(4) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this section may be construed to authorize the development or implementation of any rulemaking or regulatory action for non-Federal entities. "(f) Funding.-- "(1) Authorization of appropriations.--There is authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology to carry out this section $85,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030. "(2) Derivation of funds.--Amounts made available pursuant to paragraph (1) for each of fiscal years 2026 and 2027 shall be derived from amounts authorized to be appropriated for the National Institute of Standards and Technology pursuant to section 10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167) for scientific and technical research and services laboratory activities.". SEC. ___13. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM CENTERS. Title II of the National Quantum Initiative Act is amended by adding at the end the following new sections: "SEC. 202. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY QUANTUM CENTERS. "(a) Establishment.-- "(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall, in consultation with such heads of other Federal departments and agencies as the Director considers appropriate, carry out a program to establish and operate at least 1, but not more than 3, centers to accelerate research, development, deployment, and standardization of quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Program details.-- "(A) Competitive, merit-based review process.--The centers established and operated under paragraph (1) shall be established through a competitive, merit-based review process described in paragraph (5). "(B) Applications.--An eligible applicant described in subparagraph (C) seeking to establish and operate a center described in paragraph (1) shall submit to the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology an application therefor at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Director determines to be necessary to evaluate the application using the criteria described in paragraph (5). "(C) Eligible applicants.--Eligible applicants described in this subparagraph are the following: "(i) Institutions of higher education. "(ii) Nonprofit organizations. "(iii) Multi-institution collaborations, including multiple types of research institutions, private sector entities, Federal laboratories, and nonprofit organizations, or consortia thereof. "(3) Selection of applications and prioritized topics.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall solicit proposals and prioritize the following topics in the initial selection of applications submitted under paragraph (2)(B), subject to merit-based review (including review of the criteria described in paragraph (5)): "(A) Advancing quantum sensing and measurement technologies. "(B) Advancing the manufacturing and scale-up of quantum systems and quantum-enabling technologies. "(C) Addressing technology barriers to quantum networking and communications. "(4) Grants.-- "(A) In general.--The Director shall carry out the program required by paragraph (1) through the award of grants to eligible applicants seeking to establish and operate centers under the program. "(B) Duration of grant awards.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the duration of a grant awarded under subparagraph (A) shall be a period of 5 years. "(C) Renewal.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, each grant awarded under subparagraph (A) may be renewed for successive periods of 5 years following a successful merit-based review by the Director. "(D) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the Institute, the Director may terminate a grant awarded under subparagraph (A) for an underperforming center for cause during the performance period of the grant. "(5) Competitive, merit-based review process.--The Director shall award grants under this subsection using a formal, merit-based review process for evaluating applications received by the Director under paragraph (2)(B) that shall-- "(A) ensure that grants are awarded to the most technically sound and strategically aligned quantum technology proposals; "(B) prioritize proposals that demonstrate strong potential to enhance leadership by the United States in quantum applications, quantum metrology, and the development of quantum standards; "(C) support initiatives that align with the strategic goals of the National Institute of Standards and Technology while avoiding unnecessary duplication of efforts led by other Federal agencies; "(D) facilitate a competitive, transparent, and objective selection process, utilizing qualified subject-matter experts; and "(E) include appropriate consideration of project feasibility, cost-effectiveness, technological maturity, and risk mitigation. "(b) Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, centers established and operated under this section shall serve the mission of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, for the benefit of the broader United States quantum information science community, for the following purposes: "(1) Advancing research and standardization in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Advancing technology development. "(3) Improving the competitiveness of the United States. "(c) Coordination.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall ensure coordination and avoid unnecessary duplication of the activities carried out under this section with existing activities of the Institute, other activities carried out under this Act, and other related programs, as appropriate. "(d) Commercial Technology.--Each center established under this section may leverage commercially available hardware and software to carry out the activities described in subsection (a), unless such hardware or software is manufactured in, or by, a foreign country of concern. "(e) Funding.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall allocate up to $18,000,000 for each center established under this section for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030, subject to the availability of appropriations. Such amounts shall be derived from amounts appropriated pursuant to section 10211 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (Public Law 117-167). "(f) Briefing Requirements.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, and not less frequently than once each year thereafter, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall provide the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a briefing on current and planned activities under this section. "SEC. 203. RESEARCH SECURITY. "The activities authorized under this title shall be carried out in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.) and section 6432 of the Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (Public Law 118-159; 42 U.S.C. 7144b note). "SEC. 204.

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COLLABORATION FOR QUANTUM APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT ACCELERATION. "(a) Definition of Near-term Use Case.--In this section, the term `near-term use case' means-- "(1) in the case of an application that includes the development of quantum computing hardware, an application that can be developed and deployed in less than 3 years; or "(2) in the case of an application that includes quantum technologies in general, including quantum communication, sensing, algorithm development for hybrid applications, supply chain innovation, or demonstrations of computational advantage, where new quantum computer hardware would not need to be developed, an application that can be developed and deployed in less than 18 months. "(b) Establishment of Collaborative Venture for Quantum Application Development Acceleration.--Consistent with the activities authorized under this title, the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall establish or expand an existing collaborative venture or consortia with other public or private sector entities-- "(1) for innovation and development of applications using quantum information sciences with a focus on near-term use cases; and "(2) that can be used to develop and test demonstrations, proofs of concept, and pilot applications. "(c) Coordination and Engagement.--In carrying out subsection (b), the Director shall -- "(1) coordinate activities with the members of the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science and the Subcommittee on Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Science; and "(2) engage with the Quantum Economic Development Consortium, the National Laboratories (as defined in section 2 of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 15801)), federally funded research and development centers, and other members of the United States quantum computing and quantum information ecosystem, including industry. "(d) Success Metrics.--In administering this section, the Director shall, in consultation with the entities described in subsection (c), define clear success metrics for the quantum sandbox established under subsection (b). "(e) Coordination.-- The Director shall ensure coordination and avoid unnecessary duplication of the activities carried out under this section with existing activities of the Institute, other activities carried out under this Act, and other related programs, as appropriate.". SEC. ___14. FEASIBILITY STUDY ON MANUFACTURING USA INSTITUTE FOR QUANTUM MANUFACTURING. (a) Definition of Manufacturing USA Institute.--In this section, the term "Manufacturing USA institute" has the meaning given such term in section 34(d) of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278s(d)). (b) Study Required.--The Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy and the members of the Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science and the Subcommittee on the Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Science, conduct a study on the feasibility of establishing or supporting a Manufacturing USA institute focused on quantum manufacturing, including manufacturing capabilities and activities related to quantum computing (inclusive of all modalities and qubit architectures), quantum sensing, and quantum networking. (c) Considerations.--In conducting the study under subsection (b), the Director shall, to the maximum extent practicable-- (1) determine the manufacturing capabilities necessary to produce reliable quantum components and systems at scale and identify gaps in access to such capabilities and limited domestic sources; (2) evaluate the extent to which such capabilities and gaps are already addressed, or could reasonably be addressed, by private industry, existing Manufacturing USA institutes, or other Federal programs; (3) evaluate existing Federal and non-Federal efforts relating to quantum computing, quantum sensing, and quantum networking to determine whether any proposed Manufacturing USA institute would duplicate or overlap with ongoing activities; (4) evaluate whether and to what extent barriers to technology development and transition, including those associated with moving from early-stage research to scaled production, are persistent and not already being addressed through private sector investment or existing Federal programs; (5) evaluate the feasibility of supporting domestic activities that include the capability to design, fabricate, and test materials, devices, structures, and manufacturing processes for quantum technologies or systems; (6) evaluate the full lifecycle costs of establishing, operating, and sustaining a Manufacturing USA institute for quantum manufacturing, including long-term Federal funding requirements, administrative costs, and risks of cost escalation; (7) evaluate alternative approaches, including leveraging existing Manufacturing USA institutes, targeted competitive grants, public-private partnerships, or other mechanisms that may more efficiently address identified barriers to technology development and transition; and (8) evaluate the estimated economic impact associated with the establishment of a Manufacturing USA institute described in subsection (b), including impacts on regional economies, suppliers, and job growth. (d) Report to Congress.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director shall submit to Congress a report describing the findings of the Director with respect to the study conducted under subsection (b). SEC. ___15. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION ACTIVITIES. Section 301 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841) is amended-- (1) in the section heading, by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; (2) in subsection (a), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (3) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (1)-- (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (ii) in subparagraph (B)-- (I) by striking "human resources" and inserting "education and workforce"; and (II) by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (B) in paragraph (2)--(i) in subparagraph (A)-- (I) in clause (i)-- (aa) by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (bb) by striking "and" after the semicolon; (II) in clause (ii), by inserting "and" after the semicolon; and (III) by adding at the end the following: "(iii) to pursue research at the frontiers of quantum information science, engineering, and technology, and explore solutions to important challenges for the development and application of quantum technologies;"; (ii) in subparagraph (B), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; and (iii) in subparagraph (C), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (4) by striking subsection (c) and inserting the following: "(c) Student Traineeships, Fellowships, and Other Models.-- "(1) Quantum traineeships.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal agencies as the Director considers appropriate, may use existing programs to make awards to institutions of higher education or nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof)-- "(A) to provide traineeships to graduate students at institutions of higher education within the United States who are citizens of the United States and who choose or plan to pursue master or doctoral degrees in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, or related fields; and "(B) to provide such graduate students with opportunities for research experiences in government or industry related to such students' quantum studies. "(2) Quantum fellowships and scholarships.-- "(A) In general.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal agencies as the Director considers appropriate, may use existing programs to support fellowships and scholarships for students at institutions of higher education for the purpose of-- "(i) increasing quantum information science, engineering, and technology exposure for undergraduate and graduate STEM students; and "(ii) increasing postgraduation employment opportunities for STEM students who demonstrate potential to pursue careers in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(B) Requirements.--An eligible participant in the fellowship and scholarship program under this paragraph shall-- "(i) be enrolled in or have graduated from a STEM degree program at an institution of higher education within the United States; and "(ii) have demonstrated interest in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, such as by taking not less than 1 quantum science or quantum-relevant course as part of the participant's degree program or by participating in a summer school program that focuses on quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(C) Considerations.--Eligible fellowships and scholarship programs under this paragraph may include temporary quantum-related positions at Federal or State agencies, National Laboratories, private sector entities, institutions of higher education, the quantum centers established under section 202, the Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education established under section 302, the National Quantum Information Science Research Centers established under section 402, and the initiatives established under section 503, or other quantum-relevant entities, as determined appropriate by the Director. "(D) Competitive awards.--Fellowships and scholarships awarded under this paragraph shall be competitively awarded through a merit-based review process. The Director of the National Science Foundation may prioritize fellowships that include an industry partner that provides financial assistance to awardees for direct or indirect costs. "(3) Quantum research experiences for undergraduates.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall seek to increase opportunities for quantum research for undergraduate students by encouraging proposals in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, through the research experiences for undergraduates provided under section 514 of the America COMPETES Reauthorization Act of 2010 (42 U.S.C.

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1862p-6). "(4) Cooperative education programs.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, in consultation with heads of Federal agencies the Director considers appropriate, may establish, or use existing, programs to support cooperative education programs between institutions of higher education and employers that increase opportunities for undergraduate students to acquire experiential learning and professional experiences in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(5) Partnerships.--In carrying out the activities under this subsection, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall encourage recipients of awards under this subsection to partner with relevant Federal agencies, Federal laboratories, industry and other private sector organizations, and nonprofit organizations to facilitate the expansion of workforce pathways and hands-on learning experiences."; (5) in subsection (d)-- (A) in the subsection heading, by striking "QISE" and inserting "QISET"; (B) in paragraph (1)-- (i) by striking "information science and engineering (referred to in this subsection as `QISE')" and inserting "information science, engineering, and technology (referred to in this subsection as `QISET')"; (ii) by striking "at all education levels, including community colleges" and inserting "at appropriate education levels, including community colleges and career and technical education entities"; (C) in paragraph (2)-- (i) in subparagraph (A), by striking "QISE" and inserting "quantum information science, engineering, and technology"; (ii) by striking subparagraph (C); (iii) by redesignating subparagraphs (D) and (E) as subparagraphs (C) and (D), respectively; (iv) in subparagraph (C), as so redesignated-- (I) by inserting ", engineering, and technology" after "science"; and (II) by inserting ", including those principles relevant to emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, microelectronics, and nanotechnology" after "fields"; and (v) by inserting after subparagraph (D), as so redesignated, the following: "(E) Methods to introduce security dimensions associated with quantum information science, engineering, and technology into STEM curricula."; (D) in paragraph (3), by striking "QISE" and inserting "quantum information science, engineering, and technology"; and (E) by striking paragraph (4); and (6) by adding at the end the following: "(e) International Research on Quantum Information Science, Engineering, and Technology.-- "(1) In general.--The Director of the National Science Foundation, in coordination with the Secretary of State and the heads of other Federal agencies, as appropriate, shall support international quantum information science, engineering, and technology research, as appropriate, to enhance international cooperation and meet United States commitments, including as part of the terms and conditions of bilateral or multilateral quantum information science, engineering, and technology research agreements. "(2) Alignment.--In carrying out this subsection, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure alignment with the national strategy for quantum information science in accordance with Executive Order 14073 (87 Fed. Reg. 27909; relating to enhancing the National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee) or successor strategies. "(3) Priority.--The Director shall prioritize research programs with countries that have signed a quantum cooperation statement with the United States. "(4) Restrictions.-- "(A) Confucius institutes.--None of the funds made available under this subsection may be obligated or expended to an institution of higher education that maintains a contract or agreement between such institution and a Confucius Institute, as defined in section 10339A of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19039) or any successor of a Confucius Institute. "(B) Foreign country of concern and foreign entity of concern.--None of the funds made available under this subsection may be obligated or expended to promote, establish, or finance quantum research activities between a United States entity and a foreign country of concern or foreign entity of concern, including the entity's subsidiaries. "(f) Upgrading and Improving Access to Quantum Research Resources.-- "(1) In general.--In carrying out the activities described in this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation, in consultation with the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, shall award grants to institutions of higher education or eligible nonprofit organizations (or consortia thereof) to upgrade research facilities and improve access to research resources, such as equipment and instrumentation, that is needed for research and development in quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Purpose.--Grants under paragraph (1) shall be used to facilitate quantum information science, engineering, and technology research and development, including by carrying out the following: "(A) Upgrading or adding research resources to-- "(i) accelerate the development of quantum technologies, including capabilities focused on addressing the roadblocks to implementation; and "(ii) meet the materials, advanced materials development, high-performance computing, heterogeneous computing, networking, software, data, clean room, and device needs of the scientific community and the quantum supply chain. "(B) Enhancing access to equipment and instrumentation, including at partnering institutions, by facilitating information sharing, coordination, education, and training, including activities that provide meaningful hands-on learning experiences for students, including at community and technical colleges. "(C) Enabling professional staff to support the operation, scheduling, and improvement of research resources used for quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(D) Expanding access for industry to quantum research infrastructure by prioritizing the placement of equipment and instrumentation in user-access facilities that support rapid iteration, including regional technology hubs, industry parks, co-locations operated by institutions of higher education and industry, and private sector testbeds. "(3) Requirements.--An institution of higher education or an eligible nonprofit organization (or a consortium thereof) seeking funding under this subsection shall submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Director may require.". SEC. ___16. MULTIDISCIPLINARY CENTERS FOR QUANTUM RESEARCH AND EDUCATION. Section 302 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8842) is amended-- (1) in subsection (a), by striking "5" and inserting "8"; (2) in subsection (c)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "science and engineering" and inserting "science, engineering, and technology"; (B) in paragraph (2), by striking "and engineering" and inserting ", engineering, and technology, including leveraging or expanding activities established pursuant to section 301(d)"; (C) in paragraph (3), by inserting ", such as commercially available hardware and software" after "resources"; and (D) by adding at the end the following: "(4) supporting research and development in enabling fields essential to the advancement of quantum information science, engineering, and technology, including materials science, fabrication science, and physics; "(5) encouraging the establishment of multidisciplinary quantum research and education centers that leverage existing domestic infrastructure, including data centers and communications networks, to support the demonstration and field application of quantum technologies; and "(6) promoting partnerships with industry to accelerate technology transfer and support domestic quantum innovation."; (3) in subsection (d)(2)-- (A) in subparagraph (A), by striking "quantum science," and inserting "quantum information science, engineering, and technology,"; (B) in subparagraph (B), by inserting "biotechnology," after "chemistry,"; (C) in subparagraph (D), by striking "and" after the semicolon; (D) in subparagraph (E), by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (E) by adding at the end the following: "(F) how the Center will participate in international collaborations, as appropriate, to build a trusted global research network with allies and partners of the United States and other countries that share values with the United States; "(G) how the Center will protect research from foreign countries of concern and foreign entities of concern, and the subsidiaries of such foreign entities, to ensure the competitiveness of the United States; and "(H) how the Center will regularly assess and report on progress toward achieving self-sustainability, including metrics, milestones, and a timeline for meeting the long-term goal described in subparagraph (E)."; (4) in subsection (e), by striking paragraph (2) and inserting the following: "(2) Reapplication.--An awardee may reapply for an additional subsequent period of 5 years following a successful merit-based review."; (5) in subsection (f), by striking "2019 through 2023" and inserting "2026 through 2030"; and (6) by adding at the end the following: "(g) Consultation With Regional Technology and Innovation Hubs.-- "(1) In general.--In carrying out the activities of the Multidisciplinary Centers for Quantum Research and Education under this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall consult with the Secretary of Commerce regarding opportunities for such centers to engage in research and development activities with regional technology and innovation hubs designated under section 28 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3722a) that have a primary focus on quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(2) Consultation.--Consultation under paragraph (1) may include discussion of-- "(A) opportunities to align Federal research priorities with the research, development, technology translation, and workforce development activities of the designated regional technology and innovation hubs; and "(B) opportunities for researcher exchange programs and sharing of facilities between the centers and the hubs. "(3) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this subsection shall be construed-- "(A) to transfer the ownership or administrative control of any research facility; or "(B) to alter the existing authorities or mission-related responsibilities of the Federal agencies, companies, or institutions that own or operate such facilities. "(h) Briefing Requirements.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, and not less frequently than annually thereafter, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall brief the appropriate committees of Congress on current and planned activities under this section. Each briefing shall include-- "(1) an assessment of how each Center is progressing toward the goal of self-sustainability described in subsection (d)(2)(E); and "(2) a summary of the most recent reports submitted by the Centers regarding such progress in accordance with subsection (d)(2)(H).". SEC. ___17. QUANTUM TESTBEDS; RESEARCH SECURITY. Title III of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8841 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: "SEC. 303.

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QUANTUM TESTBEDS. "(a) In General.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026, the Director of the National Science Foundation, in coordination with the Director of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the Secretary of Energy, the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the heads of other Federal agencies, as determined appropriate by the Director of the National Science Foundation, shall make awards on a competitive, merit-based review basis to institutions of higher education, nonprofit organizations, federally funded research and development centers, or consortia thereof, to establish testbeds focused on quantum applications. "(b) Purposes.--The quantum testbeds established under subsection (a) shall focus on advancing early-stage quantum research toward validated and deployable quantum applications, as determined by the Director of the National Science Foundation, through proof-of-concept testing, demonstrations, pilot projects, benchmarking, and prototyping, by-- "(1) supporting translational quantum research and development activities for quantum application use cases, including, for testbeds featuring quantum software and quantum algorithms driving toward utility, leveraging approaches such as algorithm innovation and tools such as resource estimators; "(2) providing accessible research resources for developing, testing, and benchmarking the application of quantum technologies to likely use cases, including enabling quantum cloud access; "(3) investing in quantum computing technologies that show promise for viability, including directing funding to advance each layer of the stack and related systems engineering and integration; "(4) demonstrating feasibility and establishing cost and benefit to facilitate transition to real-world applications or agency adoption; and "(5) supporting the co-location of quantum instrumentation, fabrication, and enabling technologies within testbeds and affiliated user-access facilities to enable rapid prototyping, iteration, and scale-up for industry. "(c) Applications.--An applicant for an award under this section shall submit to the Director of the National Science Foundation an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such information as the Director determines to be necessary to evaluate the application using the criteria described in subsection (d). The application shall, at a minimum, describe the following: "(1) How the applicant will assemble a workforce with the skills needed to operate a quantum testbed. "(2) How the applicant will ensure broad access to a quantum testbed, including for start-ups and research institutions. "(3) How a quantum testbed will operate after Federal funding has ended. "(4) How the applicant will contribute to the quantum testbed, such as through funding or other resources required to develop quantum applications. "(5) How the applicant will protect any research or advancements made as a result of using the quantum testbed. "(6) How the applicant will facilitate transition of testbed outcomes to subsequent development stages, including real-world applications or agency use. "(d) Competitive, Merit-based Review Process.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall select applications submitted under subsection (c) for awards using a formal merit-based review process that shall-- "(1) ensure that applications selected are the most technically sound and strategically aligned; "(2) prioritize applications that demonstrate strong potential to enhance United States leadership in quantum applications; "(3) support initiatives that align with the strategic goals of the National Science Foundation while avoiding unnecessary duplication of efforts led by other Federal agencies; "(4) facilitate a competitive, transparent, and objective selection process, utilizing qualified subject-matter experts; and "(5) include appropriate consideration of application feasibility, cost-effectiveness, technological maturity, and risk mitigation. "(e) Prioritization.--In awarding grants under this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall prioritize the following: "(1) Applicants that ensure that not less than 25 percent of the cost for a quantum testbed established under this section is provided by private or non-Federal entities, including through in-kind contributions. "(2) Awards for consortia that include quantum industry participation. "(3) Applicants that demonstrate a plan for transitioning quantum testbed outcomes, including through partnerships with industry or Federal agency end-users. "(f) Roles and Responsibilities.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall be responsible for the following: "(1) Maintaining a record of notable outcomes from each quantum testbed established under this section. "(2) Partnering with other Federal agencies to enable opportunities for quantum testbed outcomes to be transitioned to such agencies in alignment with the missions of such agencies. "(3) Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026 and every 2 years thereafter until December 31, 2030, briefing the appropriate committees of Congress on the status of such quantum testbeds and providing recommendations for improving such quantum testbeds. "(g) Coordination.--In supporting quantum testbeds established under this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall ensure coordination with other testbeds and other quantum facilities hosting Federal quantum technology and infrastructure supported by the National Science Foundation, including those testbeds and facilities authorized pursuant to section 10390 of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19110), or by other Federal agencies as determined appropriate by the Director, to avoid duplication and maximize use of Federal resources. "(h) Stakeholder Collaboration.--In carrying out this section, the Director of the National Science Foundation shall collaborate with the Quantum Consortium established pursuant to section 201(b) to accomplish the purposes of the quantum testbeds program described in subsection (b) and ensure there is strong collaboration with industry stakeholders. The Director may also engage with National Laboratories, federally funded research and development centers, industry, and other members of the United States quantum ecosystem. "SEC. 304. RESEARCH SECURITY. "(a) Research Security.--The activities authorized under this title shall be carried out in a manner consistent with subtitle D of title VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.). "(b) Review of Visitors and Assignees From Countries of Risk.--The Director of the National Science Foundation shall establish policies and procedures to assess and screen visitors and assignees to National Science Foundation-supported facilities that are similar, to the extent practicable, to the policies and procedures regarding visitors and assignees to the National Laboratories that were established in accordance with section 6432 of the Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (42 U.S.C. 7144b note).". SEC. ___18. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION CRYPTOGRAPHY RESEARCH. Section 4(a)(1)(A) of the Cyber Security Research and Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7403) is amended by inserting ", including post-quantum cryptography (as such term is defined in section 3 of the Quantum Computing Cybersecurity Preparedness Act (6 U.S.C. 1526 note; Public Law 117-260))" before the semicolon. SEC. ___19. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES. (a) In General.--The National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following new title:

"TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES

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"SEC. 501. DEFINITION OF ADMINISTRATOR. "In this title, the term `Administrator' means the Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. "SEC. 502. QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH FOR SPACE AND AERONAUTICS. "(a) In General.--The Administrator is authorized to carry out research on quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(b) Cooperation.--In carrying out subsection (a), the Administrator-- "(1) shall consider cooperative arrangements with the Department of Energy and other Federal Government agencies, as practicable, on areas of shared benefit; and "(2) may enter into memoranda of understanding or memoranda of agreement to establish such cooperative arrangements. "(c) Strategy.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this title, the Administrator shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a strategy for National Aeronautics and Space Administration research on quantum information science, engineering, and technology. The strategy shall identify resources required to support implementation of the strategy, including budgets, workforce, and infrastructure, describe cooperative efforts with other Federal Government agencies, and address areas of research and applications, including the following: "(1) Quantum sensing. "(2) Quantum networking. "(3) Quantum communications, including quantum satellite communications. "(4) Quantum computing. "(5) Science, aeronautics, and exploration-related applications. "(6) Any other area of quantum information, science, engineering, and technology that furthers the mission of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and is consistent with the purposes of this Act, as the Administrator considers appropriate. "(d) Consultation.--In developing the strategy described in subsection (c), the Administrator may seek input from relevant external stakeholders, including institutions of higher education, industry, and nonprofit research organizations. "SEC. 503. NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM INITIATIVES. "(a) In General.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Administrator, in consultation with the heads of other Federal departments and agencies, as appropriate, may establish one or more initiatives focused on space and aeronautics applications of quantum information science, engineering, and technology. "(b) Initiative Details.-- "(1) Merit-based review process.-- "(A) In general.--The Administrator shall develop and implement a formal, merit-based review process for evaluating proposals, applications, and initiatives submitted to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration with respect to the research, development, or deployment of quantum technologies with potential relevance to the civil space and aeronautics missions of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. "(B) Criteria.--The process established under subparagraph (A) shall be designed-- "(i) to ensure taxpayer dollars are directed to the most technically sound and strategically aligned quantum technology proposals; "(ii) to prioritize applications that demonstrate strong potential to enhance United States leadership in space-based quantum applications, including sensing, navigation, communications, simulation, and computing; "(iii) to support initiatives that align with the strategic goals of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration and avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts led by other Federal agencies; "(iv) to facilitate a competitive, transparent, and objective selection process using qualified subject-matter experts; and "(v) to include appropriate consideration of project feasibility, cost-effectiveness, technological maturity, and risk mitigation. "(2) Application requirements.--An applicant under this section shall submit to the Administrator an application at such time, in such manner, and containing such technical, programmatic, and budgetary information as the Administrator determines necessary to evaluate the application through the review process developed under paragraph (1). "(3) Eligible applicants.--In carrying out the process under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall consider applications from institutions of higher education, research centers, multi-institutional collaborations, and any other entity the Administrator considers appropriate. "(4) Collaborations.--A collaboration that receives an award under this section may include multiple types of research institutions, including institutions of higher education, private sector entities, and nonprofit organizations. "(5) Coordination and accountability.--The Administrator shall ensure that an awardee under this section-- "(A) coordinates with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, including by identifying personnel designated to serve as program liaisons for technical and programmatic oversight; and "(B) avoids unnecessary duplication of existing activities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, other activities carried out under the National Quantum Initiative Reauthorization Act of 2026 or the amendments made by that Act, and other related programs. "(6) Commercial technology.--An initiative established under this section may leverage commercially available hardware and software to carry out the activities described in subsection (c). "(c) Initiative Activities.--An initiative established under this section may carry out activities that-- "(1) support research focused on developing and demonstrating space, aeronautics, and exploration applications for quantum information science, engineering, and technology, including research relating to the strategy developed under section 502(c); and "(2) support quantum information science, engineering, and technology education and public outreach. "(d) Initiative Requirements.--To the maximum extent practicable, an initiative established under this section shall serve the needs of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the benefit of the broader United States quantum information science community, for the purpose of advancing space and aeronautics applications in quantum information science, engineering, and technology, and improving the competitiveness of the United States. "(e) Initiative Selection and Duration.-- "(1) In general.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, an initiative established under this section may carry out activities for a period of 5 years. "(2) Reapplication.--Subject to the availability of appropriations, an awardee may reapply for an additional subsequent period of 5 years following a successful merit-based review. "(3) Termination.--Consistent with the authorities of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, the Administrator may terminate the initiative for cause during the performance period. "SEC. 504. RESEARCH SECURITY. "The activities authorized under this title shall be carried out in a manner consistent with-- "(1) subtitle D of title VI of the Research and Development, Competition, and Innovation Act (42 U.S.C. 19231 et seq.); and "(2) section 6432 of the Servicemember Quality of Life Improvement and National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2025 (42 U.S.C. 7144b note; Public Law 118-159). "SEC. 505. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. "The Administrator shall allocate up to $25,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2026 through 2030 to carry out this title, subject to the availability of appropriations. Amounts made available to carry out this title shall be derived from amounts appropriated or otherwise made available to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration.". SEC. ___20. COMPTROLLER GENERAL REVIEW AND REPORT. (a) Review.--Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct a review of existing processes and reporting requirements associated with research and development programs established within the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Science Foundation, and the Department of Energy pursuant to the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801 et seq.) to identify potential opportunities-- (1) to reduce duplicative and unnecessary paperwork and reporting requirements without compromising security, transparency, and accountability; and (2) to expedite access to facilities and equipment of the Federal Government for researchers affiliated with such programs. (b) Research and Development Programs Covered.--The review required under subsection (a) shall cover all research and development programs established pursuant to sections 201, 302, 402, 403, and 404 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8831, 8842, 8852, 8853, and 8854). (c) Report.--Not later than 180 days after completing the review under subsection (a), the Comptroller General shall submit to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a report on the findings of the review, which shall include recommendations relating to paragraphs (1) and (2) of such subsection. SEC. ___21. REVIEW OF REGULATORY BARRIERS TO QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE, ENGINEERING, AND TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT. (a) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate committees of congress.--The term "appropriate committees of Congress" has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C. 8801). (2) Quantum information science, engineering, and technology.--The term "quantum information science, engineering, and technology" has the meaning given such term in section 2 of the National Quantum Initiative Act (15 U.S.C.

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8801), as amended by section [___2] of this Act. (b) Review and Assessment Required.--Not later than 540 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall, in coordination with the National Quantum Coordination Office, conduct a review to identify and assess any existing or potential regulatory barriers that inhibit research, development, deployment, or scaling of quantum information science, engineering, and technology. (c) Elements.--The review and assessment conducted pursuant to subsection (b) shall include the following: (1) An inventory of existing Federal regulations, policies, and guidance documents that are applicable to quantum information science, engineering, and technology. (2) An analysis of whether regulations, policies, and guidance inventoried pursuant to paragraph (1) impose undue burdens on academic, private sector, or government-led quantum information science, engineering, and technology research or development. (3) Recommendations to modernize, streamline, or eliminate duplicative or outdated regulatory barriers identified pursuant to subsection (b). (4) Input from stakeholders across industry, academia, and the National Laboratories with respect to such regulatory barriers. (5) Recommended actions to harmonize regulatory requirements relating to quantum information science, engineering, and technology across Federal agencies where inconsistencies exist. (d) Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date on which the Director completes the review and assessment required by subsection (b), the Director shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report detailing the findings and recommendations described in subsection (c). (e) Quinquennial Updates.--Not later than 5 years after the date on which the Director completes the review and assessment required by subsection (b), and every 5 years thereafter, the Director shall update the review and assessment required by subsection (b) and submit to the appropriate congressional committees an updated report detailing the findings and recommendations of the Director. SEC. ___22. SUNSET OF NATIONAL NANOTECHNOLOGY PROGRAM. (a) Sunset of National Nanotechnology Program.--The National Nanotechnology Program (in this section referred to as the "Program") and the authorities and requirements of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7501 et seq.) are terminated on the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act. (b) Wind-down.--The Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall take such actions as may be necessary to terminate and wind down the Program before the date specified in subsection (a). (c) Plan and Briefing.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy shall provide to the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives a briefing in which the Director shall present a plan on how the Director will carry out subsection (b). (2) Elements.--The plan presented under paragraph (1) shall-- (A) ensure minimal disruption to ongoing federally funded research and development activities; (B) ensure transfer or reassignment of nanotechnology research infrastructure programs and facilities to minimize disruption of researcher access to critical tools that support other national priorities; (C) provide for the orderly disposition or transfer of active grants, contracts, and personnel associated with the National Nanotechnology Coordination Office established under section 3(a) of the 21st Century Nanotechnology Research and Development Act (15 U.S.C. 7502(a)); (D) identify any relevant responsibilities that should be reassigned to existing programs at the Office of Science and Technology Policy; and (E) minimize duplication and ensure fiscal efficiency in the conclusion of the Program. SEC. ___23. CLERICAL AMENDMENTS. The table of contents in section 1(b) of the National Quantum Initiative Act is amended as follows: (1) By inserting after the item relating to section 105 the following new items: "Sec. 105A. International Quantum Cooperation Strategy. "Sec. 106. National quantum prize challenges.". (2) By inserting after the item relating to section 201 the following new items: "Sec. 202. National Institute of Standards and Technology Quantum Centers. "Sec. 203. Research security. "Sec. 204. Collaboration For Quantum Application Development Acceleration.". (3) By striking the item relating to section 301 and inserting the following new item: "Sec. 301. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology research and education program.". (4) By inserting after the item relating to section 302 the following new items: "Sec. 303. Quantum testbeds. "Sec. 304. Research security.". (5) By adding at the end the following new items:

"TITLE V--NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION QUANTUM ACTIVITIES "Sec. 501. Definition of Administrator. "Sec. 502. Quantum information science, engineering, and technology research for space and aeronautics. "Sec. 503. National Aeronautics and Space Administration quantum initiatives. "Sec. 504. Research security. "Sec. 505. Authorization of appropriations.".

Text of Senate Amendment 5862

Pages S2953–S2954 · Official text

SA 5862. Mr. HAWLEY submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ___. PREVENTING ELECTED LEADERS FROM OWNING SECURITIES AND INVESTMENTS (PELOSI) ACT. (a) Short Title.--This section may be cited as the "Preventing Elected Leaders from Owning Securities and Investments (PELOSI) Act". (b) Banning Insider Trading in Congress.-- (1) In general.--Chapter 131 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "Sec. 13161. Definitions "In this subchapter: "(1) Covered financial instrument.-- "(A) In general.--The term `covered financial instrument' means-- "(i) any investment in-- "(I) a security (as defined in section 3(a) of Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15 U.S.C. 78c(a))); "(II) a security future (as defined in that section); or "(III) a commodity (as defined in section 1a of the Commodity Exchange Act (7 U.S.C. 1a)); and "(ii) any economic interest comparable to an interest described in clause (i) that is acquired through synthetic means, such as the use of a derivative, including an option, a warrant, or other similar means. "(B) Exclusions.--The term `covered financial instrument' does not include-- "(i) a diversified mutual fund; "(ii) a diversified exchange-traded fund; "(iii) a United States Treasury bill, note, or bond; or "(iv) compensation from the primary occupation of a spouse or dependent child of a Member of Congress. "(2) Dependent child; member of congress.--The terms `dependent child' and `Member of Congress' have the meanings given those terms in section 13101. "(3) Supervising ethics committee.--The term `supervising ethics committee' means, as applicable-- "(A) the Select Committee on Ethics of the Senate; and "(B) the Committee on Ethics of the House of Representatives. "Sec. 13162. Prohibition on certain transactions and holdings involving covered financial instruments "(a) Prohibition.--Except as provided in subsection (b), a Member of Congress, or any spouse of a Member of Congress, may not, during the term of service of the Member of Congress, hold, purchase, or sell any covered financial instrument. "(b) Exceptions.--The prohibition under subsection (a) shall not apply to a sale by a Member of Congress, or a spouse of a Member of Congress, that is completed by the date that is-- "(1) for a Member of Congress serving on the date of enactment of the Preventing Elected Leaders from Owning Securities and Investments (PELOSI) Act, 180 days after that date of enactment; and "(2) for any Member of Congress who commences service as a Member of Congress after the date of enactment of the Preventing Elected Leaders from Owning Securities and Investments (PELOSI) Act, 180 days after the first date of the initial term of service. "(c) Penalties.-- "(1) Disgorgement.--A Member of Congress shall disgorge to the Treasury of the United States any profit from a transaction or holding involving a covered financial instrument that is conducted in violation of this section. "(2) Fines.--A Member of Congress who holds or conducts a transaction involving, or whose spouse holds or conducts a transaction involving, a covered financial instrument in violation of this section may be subject to a civil fine assessed by the applicable supervising ethics committee under section 13164. "Sec. 13163. Certification of compliance "(a) In General.--Not less frequently than annually, each Member of Congress shall submit to the applicable supervising ethics committee a written certification that the Member of Congress has achieved compliance with the requirements of this subchapter. "(b) Publication.--The supervising ethics committees shall publish each certification submitted under subsection (a) on a publicly available website. "Sec. 13164. Authority of supervising ethics committees "(a) In General.--The supervising ethics committees may implement and enforce the requirements of this subchapter, including by-- "(1) issuing-- "(A) for Members of Congress-- "(i) rules governing that implementation; and "(ii) 1 or more reasonable extensions to achieve compliance with this subchapter, if the applicable supervising ethics committee determines that a Member of Congress is making a good faith effort to divest any covered financial instruments; and "(B) guidance relating to covered financial instruments; "(2) publishing on the internet certifications submitted by Members of Congress under section 13163(a); and "(3) assessing civil fines against any Member of Congress who is in violation of this subchapter, subject to subsection (b). "(b) Requirements for Civil Fines.-- "(1) In general.--Before imposing a fine pursuant to this section, the applicable supervising ethics committee shall provide to the applicable Member of Congress-- "(A) a written notice describing each covered financial instrument transaction for which a fine will be assessed; and "(B) an opportunity, with respect to each such covered financial instrument transaction-- "(i) for a hearing; and "(ii) to achieve compliance with the requirements of this subchapter. "(2) Enforcement.-- "(A) In general.--In the event of continuing noncompliance after issuance of the notice described in paragraph (1), the applicable supervising ethics committee shall impose a civil penalty, in the amount described in subparagraph (B), on the Member of Congress to whom a notice was provided-- "(i) on the date that is 30 days after the date of provision of the notice; and "(ii) during the period in which such noncompliance continues, not less frequently than once every 30 days thereafter. "(B) Amount.--The amount of each civil penalty imposed on a Member of Congress pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall be an amount equal to 10 percent of the value of each covered financial instrument that was not divested in violation of this subchapter during the period covered by the penalty. "(3) Publication.--Each supervising ethics committee shall publish on a publicly available website a description of-- "(A) each fine assessed by the supervising ethics committee pursuant to this section; "(B) the reasons why each such fine was assessed; and "(C) the result of each assessment, including any hearing under paragraph (1)(B)(i) relating to the assessment. "(4) Appeal.--A Member of Congress may appeal the assessment of a fine under this section to a vote on the floor of the Senate or the House of Representatives, as applicable, as a privileged motion. "Sec. 13165. Audit by Government Accountability Office "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of the Preventing Elected Leaders from Owning Securities and Investments (PELOSI) Act, the Comptroller General of the United States shall-- "(1) conduct an audit of the compliance by Members of Congress with the requirements of this subchapter; and "(2) submit to the supervising ethics committees a report describing the results of the audit conducted under paragraph (1).". (2) Conforming amendments.-- (A) Table of sections.--The table of sections for chapter 131 of title 5, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "13161. Definitions. "13162. Prohibition on certain transactions and holdings involving covered financial instruments. "13163. Certification of compliance. "13164. Authority of supervising ethics committees. "13165. Audit by Government Accountability Office.". (B) Persons required to file.--Section 13103(f) of title 5, United States Code, is amended--(i) in paragraph (9), by striking "as defined in section 13101 of this title"; (ii) in paragraph (10), by striking "as defined in section 13101 of this title"; (iii) in paragraph (11), by striking "as defined in section 13101 of this title"; and (iv) in paragraph (12), by striking "as defined in section 13101 of this title". (C) Lobbying disclosure act of 1995.--Section 3(4)(D) of the Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995 (2 U.S.C. 1602(4)(D)) is amended by striking "legislative branch employee serving in a position described under section 13101(13) of title 5, United States Code" and inserting "officer or employee of Congress (as defined in section 13101 of title 5, United States Code)".

Text of Senate Amendment 5863

Page S2954 · Official text

SA 5863. Mr. HAWLEY submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle B of title XXVIII, add the following: SEC. 2829. AUTHORIZATION OF AMOUNTS FOR PRIVATIZED MILITARY HOUSING AT FORT LEONARD WOOD, MISSOURI. There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Defense $100,000,000 to be used for an equity investment in military family housing under subchapter IV of chapter 169 of title 10, United States Code, at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.

Text of Senate Amendment 5864

Pages S2954–S2961 · Official text

SA 5864. Mr. HAWLEY (for himself and Mr. Durbin) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of title X, add the following: SEC. 1094. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "Strengthening Transparency and Obligations to Protect Children Suffering from Abuse and Mistreatment Act of 2026" or the "STOP CSAM Act of 2026". SEC. 1095. PROTECTING CHILD VICTIMS AND WITNESSES IN FEDERAL COURT. (a) In General.--Section 3509 of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (a)-- (A) in paragraph (2)(A), by striking "or exploitation" and inserting "exploitation, or kidnapping, including international parental kidnapping"; (B) in paragraph (3), by striking "physical or mental injury" and inserting "physical injury, psychological abuse"; (C) by striking paragraphs (5), (6), and (7) and inserting the following: "(5) the term `psychological abuse' includes-- "(A) a pattern of acts, threats of acts, or coercive tactics intended to degrade, humiliate, intimidate, or terrorize a child; and "(B) the infliction of trauma on a child through-- "(i) isolation; "(ii) the withholding of food or other necessities in order to control behavior; "(iii) physical restraint; or "(iv) the confinement of the child without the child's consent and in degrading conditions; "(6) the term `exploitation' means-- "(A) child pornography; "(B) child sex trafficking; or "(C) an obscene visual depiction of a child; "(7) the term `multidisciplinary child abuse team' means a professional unit of individuals working together to investigate child abuse and provide assistance and support to a victim of child abuse, composed of representatives from-- "(A) health, social service, and legal service agencies that represent the child; "(B) law enforcement agencies and prosecutorial offices; and "(C) children's advocacy centers;"; (D) in paragraph (9)(D)-- (i) by striking "genitals" and inserting "anus, genitals,"; and (ii) by striking "or animal"; (E) in paragraph (11), by striking "and" at the end; (F) in paragraph (12)-- (i) by striking "the term `child abuse' does not" and inserting "the terms `physical injury' and `psychological abuse' do not"; and (ii) by striking the period and inserting a semicolon; and (G) by adding at the end the following: "(13) the term `covered person' means a person of any age who-- "(A) is or is alleged to be-- "(i) a victim of a crime of physical abuse, sexual abuse, exploitation, or kidnapping, including international parental kidnapping; or "(ii) a witness to a crime committed against another person; and "(B) was under the age of 18 when the crime described in subparagraph (A) was committed; "(14) the term `protected information', with respect to a covered person, includes-- "(A) personally identifiable information of the covered person, including-- "(i) the name of the covered person; "(ii) an address; "(iii) a phone number; "(iv) a user name or identifying information for an online, social media, or email account; and "(v) any information that can be used to distinguish or trace the identity of the covered person, either alone or when combined with other information that is linked or linkable to the covered person; "(B) medical, dental, behavioral, psychiatric, or psychological information of the covered person; "(C) educational or juvenile justice records of the covered person; and "(D) any other information concerning the covered person that is deemed `protected information' by order of the court under subsection (d)(5); "(15) the term `child pornography' has the meaning given the term in section 2256(8); and "(16) the term `obscene visual depiction of a child' means any visual depiction prohibited by section 1466A involving an identifiable minor, as that term is defined in section 2256(9)."; (2) in subsection (b)-- (A) in paragraph (1)(C), by striking "minor" and inserting "child"; and (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) in the heading, by striking "Videotaped" and inserting "Recorded"; (ii) in subparagraph (A), by striking "that the deposition be recorded and preserved on videotape" and inserting "that a video recording of the deposition be made and preserved"; (iii) in subparagraph (B)-- (I) in clause (ii), by striking "that the child's deposition be taken and preserved by videotape" and inserting "that a video recording of the child's deposition be made and preserved"; (II) in clause (iii)-- (aa) in the matter preceding subclause (I), by striking "videotape" and inserting "recorded"; and (bb) in subclause (IV), by striking "videotape" and inserting "recording"; and (III) in clause (v)-- (aa) in the heading, by striking "videotape" and inserting "video recording"; (bb) in the first sentence, by striking "made and preserved on video tape" and inserting "recorded and preserved"; and (cc) in the second sentence, by striking "videotape" and inserting "video recording"; (iv) in subparagraph (C), by striking "child's videotaped" and inserting "video recording of the child's"; (v) in subparagraph (D)-- (I) by striking "videotaping" and inserting "deposition"; and (II) by striking "videotaped" and inserting "recorded"; (vi) in subparagraph (E), by striking "videotaped" and inserting "recorded"; and (vii) in subparagraph (F), by striking "videotape" each place the term appears and inserting "video recording"; (3) in subsection (d)-- (A) in paragraph (1)(A)-- (i) in clause (i), by striking "the name or any other information concerning a child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; and (ii) in clause (ii)-- (I) by striking "documents described in clause (i) or the information in them that concerns a child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; and (II) by striking ", have reason to know such information" and inserting "(including witnesses or potential witnesses), have reason to know each item of protected information to be disclosed"; (B) in paragraph (2)-- (i) by striking "the name of or any other information concerning a child" each place the term appears and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; (ii) by redesignating subparagraphs (A) and (B) as clauses (i) and (ii), respectively, and adjusting the margins accordingly; (iii) by striking "All papers" and inserting the following: "(A) In general.--All papers"; and (iv) by adding at the end the following: "(B) Enforcement of violations.--The court may address a violation of subparagraph (A) in the same manner as disobedience or resistance to a lawful court order under section 401(3)."; (C) in paragraph (3)-- (i) in subparagraph (A)-- (I) by striking "a child from public disclosure of the name of or any other information concerning the child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information from public disclosure"; and (II) by striking ", if the court determines that there is a significant possibility that such disclosure would be detrimental to the child"; (ii) in subparagraph (B)-- (I) in clause (i)-- (aa) by striking "a child witness, and the testimony of any other witness" and inserting "any witness"; and (bb) by striking "the name of or any other information concerning a child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; and (II) in clause (ii), by striking "child" and inserting "covered person"; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: "(C)(i) For purposes of this paragraph, there shall be a presumption that public disclosure of a covered person's protected information would be detrimental to the covered person. "(ii) The court shall deny a motion for a protective order under subparagraph (A) only if the court finds that the party opposing the motion has rebutted the presumption under clause (i) of this subparagraph."; (D) in paragraph (4)-- (i) by striking "This subsection" and inserting the following: "(A) Disclosure to certain parties.--This subsection"; (ii) in subparagraph (A), as so designated-- (I) by striking "the name of or other information concerning a child" and inserting "a covered person's protected information"; and (II) by striking "or an adult attendant, or to" and inserting "an adult attendant, a law enforcement agency for any intelligence or investigative purpose, or"; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: "(B) Request for public disclosure.--If any party requests public disclosure of a covered person's protected information to further a public interest, the court shall deny the request unless the court finds that-- "(i) the party seeking disclosure has established that there is a compelling public interest in publicly disclosing the covered person's protected information; "(ii) there is a substantial probability that the public interest would be harmed if the covered person's protected information is not disclosed; "(iii) the substantial probability of harm to the public interest outweighs the harm to the covered person from public disclosure of the covered person's protected information; and "(iv) there is no alternative to public disclosure of the covered person's protected information that would adequately protect the public interest."; and (E) by adding at the end the following: "(5) Other protected information.--The court may order that information shall be considered to be `protected information' for purposes of this subsection if the court finds that the information is sufficiently personal, sensitive, or identifying that it should be subject to the protections and presumptions under this subsection."; (4) by striking subsection (f) and inserting the following: "(f) Victim Impact Statement.-- "(1) Probation officer.--In preparing the presentence report pursuant to rule 32(c) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, the probation officer shall request information from the multidisciplinary child abuse team, if applicable, or other appropriate sources to determine the impact of the offense on a child victim and any other children who may have been affected by the offense. "(2) Guardian ad litem.--A guardian ad litem appointed under subsection (h) shall-- "(A) make every effort to obtain and report information that accurately expresses the views of a child victim, and the views of family members as appropriate, concerning the impact of the offense; and "(B) use forms that permit a child victim to express the child's views concerning the personal consequences of the offense, at a level and in a form of communication commensurate with the child's age and ability."; (5) in subsection (h), by adding at the end the following: "(4) Authorization of appropriations.-- "(A) In general.--There is authorized to be appropriated to the United States courts to carry out this subsection $25,000,000 for each fiscal year. "(B) Supervision of payments.--Payments from appropriations authorized under subparagraph (A) shall be made under the supervision of the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts."; (6) in subsection (i)-- (A) by striking "A child testifying at or attending a judicial proceeding" and inserting the following: "(1) In general.--A child testifying at a judicial proceeding, including in a manner described in subsection (b),"; (B) in paragraph (1), as so designated-- (i) in the third sentence, by striking "proceeding" and inserting "testimony"; and (ii) by striking the fifth sentence; and (C) by adding at the end the following: "(2) Recording.--If the adult attendant is in close physical proximity to or in contact with the child while the child testifies-- "(A) at a judicial proceeding, a video recording of the adult attendant shall be made and shall become part of the court record; or "(B) in a manner described in subsection (b), the adult attendant shall be visible on the closed-circuit television or in the recorded deposition. "(3) Covered persons attending proceeding.--A covered person shall have the right to be accompanied by an adult attendant when attending any judicial proceeding."; (7) in subsection (j)-- (A) by striking "child"

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each place the term appears and inserting "covered person"; and (B) in the fourth sentence-- (i) by striking "and the potential" and inserting ", the potential"; (ii) by striking "child's" and inserting "covered person's"; and (iii) by inserting before the period at the end the following: ", and the necessity of the continuance to protect the defendant's rights"; (8) in subsection (k), by striking "child" each place the term appears and inserting "covered person"; (9) in subsection (l), by striking "child" each place the term appears and inserting "covered person"; and (10) in subsection (m)-- (A) by striking "(as defined by section 2256 of this title)" each place it appears; (B) by inserting "or an obscene visual depiction of a child" after "child pornography" each place it appears except the second instance in paragraph (3); (C) in paragraph (1), by inserting "and any civil action brought under section 2255 or 2255A" after "any criminal proceeding"; (D) in paragraph (2), by adding at the end the following: "(C)(i) Notwithstanding rule 26 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a court shall deny, in any civil action brought under section 2255 or 2255A, any request by any party to copy, photograph, duplicate, or otherwise reproduce any property or material that constitutes child pornography or an obscene visual depiction of a child. "(ii) In a civil action brought under section 2255 or 2255A, for purposes of paragraph (1), the court may-- "(I) order the plaintiff or defendant to provide to the court or the Government, as applicable, any equipment necessary to maintain care, custody, and control of such property or material; and "(II) take reasonable measures, and may order the Government (if such property or material is in the care, custody, and control of the Government) to take reasonable measures, to provide each party to the action, the attorney of each party, and any individual a party may seek to qualify as an expert, with ample opportunity to inspect, view, and examine such property or material at the court or a Government facility, as applicable."; and (E) in paragraph (3)-- (i) by inserting "and during the 1-year period following the date on which the criminal proceeding becomes final or is terminated" after "any criminal proceeding"; (ii) by striking ", as defined under section 2256(8),"; and (iii) by inserting "or obscene visual depiction of a child" after "such child pornography". (b) Effective Date.--The amendments made by this section shall apply to conduct that occurs before, on, or after the date of enactment of this Act. SEC. 1096. FACILITATING PAYMENT OF RESTITUTION; TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS TO RESTITUTION STATUTES. Title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in section 1593(c)-- (A) by inserting "(1)" after "(c)"; (B) by striking "chapter, including, in" and inserting the following: "chapter. "(2) In"; and (C) in paragraph (2), as so designated, by inserting "may assume the rights of the victim under this section" after "suitable by the court"; (2) in section 2248(c)-- (A) by striking "For purposes" and inserting the following: "(1) In general.--For purposes"; (B) by striking "chapter, including, in" and inserting the following: "chapter. "(2) Assumption of crime victim's rights.--In"; and (C) in paragraph (2), as so designated, by inserting "may assume the rights of the victim under this section" after "suitable by the court"; (3) in section 2259-- (A) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following: "(a) In General.--Notwithstanding section 3663 or 3663A, and in addition to any other civil or criminal penalty authorized by law, the court shall order restitution for any offense under-- "(1) section 1466A, to the extent the conduct involves a visual depiction of an identifiable minor; or "(2) this chapter."; (B) in subsection (b)-- (i) in paragraph (1), by striking "Directions.--Except as provided in paragraph (2), the" and inserting "Restitution for child pornography production.--If the defendant was convicted of child pornography production, the"; and (ii) in paragraph (2)(B), by striking "$3,000." and inserting the following: "-- "(i) $3,000; or "(ii) 10 percent of the full amount of the victim's losses, if the full amount of the victim's losses is less than $3,000."; and (C) in subsection (c)-- (i) by striking paragraph (1) and inserting the following: "(1) Child pornography production.--For purposes of this section and section 2259A, the term `child pornography production' means-- "(A) a violation of, attempted violation of, or conspiracy to violate section 1466A(a) to the extent the conduct involves production of a visual depiction of an identifiable minor; "(B) a violation of, attempted violation of, or conspiracy to violate section 1466A(a) involving possession with intent to distribute, or section 1466A(b), to the extent the conduct involves a visual depiction of an identifiable minor-- "(i) produced by the defendant; or "(ii) that the defendant attempted or conspired to produce; "(C) a violation of subsection (a), (b), or (c) of section 2251, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate any of those subsections under subsection (e) of that section; "(D) a violation of section 2251A; "(E) a violation of section 2252(a)(4) or 2252A(a)(5), or an attempt or conspiracy to violate either of those sections under section 2252(b)(2) or 2252A(b)(2), to the extent such conduct involves child pornography-- "(i) produced by the defendant; or "(ii) that the defendant attempted or conspired to produce; "(F) a violation of subsection (a)(7) of section 2252A, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (b)(3) of that section, to the extent the conduct involves production with intent to distribute; "(G) a violation of section 2252A(g) if the series of felony violations involves not fewer than 1 violation-- "(i) described in subparagraph (A), (B), (E), or (F) of this paragraph; "(ii) of section 1591; or "(iii) of section 1201, chapter 109A, or chapter 117, if the victim is a minor; "(H) a violation of subsection (a) of section 2260, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (c)(1) of that section; "(I) a violation of section 2260B(a)(2) for promoting or facilitating an offense-- "(i) described in subparagraph (A), (B), (D), or (E) of this paragraph; or "(ii) under section 2422(b); and "(J) a violation of chapter 109A or chapter 117, if the offense involves the production or attempted production of, or conspiracy to produce, child pornography."; (ii) by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following: "(3) Trafficking in child pornography.--For purposes of this section and section 2259A, the term `trafficking in child pornography' means-- "(A) a violation of, attempted violation of, or conspiracy to violate section 1466A(a) to the extent the conduct involves distribution or receipt of a visual depiction of an identifiable minor; "(B) a violation of, attempted violation of, or conspiracy to violate section 1466A(a) involving possession with intent to distribute, or section 1466A(b), to the extent the conduct involves a visual depiction of an identifiable minor-- "(i) not produced by the defendant; or "(ii) that the defendant did not attempt or conspire to produce; "(C) a violation of subsection (d) of section 2251 or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (e) of that section; "(D) a violation of paragraph (1), (2), or (3) of subsection (a) of section 2252, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate any of those paragraphs under subsection (b)(1) of that section; "(E) a violation of section 2252(a)(4) or 2252A(a)(5), or an attempt or conspiracy to violate either of those sections under section 2252(b)(2) or 2252A(b)(2), to the extent such conduct involves child pornography-- "(i) not produced by the defendant; or "(ii) that the defendant did not attempt or conspire to produce; "(F) a violation of paragraph (1), (2), (3), (4), or (6) of subsection (a) of section 2252A, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate any of those paragraphs under subsection (b)(1) of that section; "(G) a violation of subsection (a)(7) of section 2252A, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (b)(3) of that section, to the extent the conduct involves distribution; "(H) a violation of section 2252A(g) if the series of felony violations exclusively involves violations described in this paragraph (except subparagraphs (A) and (B)); "(I) a violation of subsection (b) of section 2260, or an attempt or conspiracy to violate that subsection under subsection (c)(2) of that section; and "(J) a violation of subsection (a)(1) of section 2260B, or a violation of subsection (a)(2) of that section for promoting or facilitating an offense described in this paragraph (except subparagraphs (A) and (B))."; and (iii) in paragraph (4), in the first sentence, by inserting "or an identifiable minor harmed as a result of the commission of a crime under section 1466A" after "under this chapter"; (4) in section 2259A(a)-- (A) in paragraph (1), by striking "under section 2252(a)(4) or 2252A(a)(5)" and inserting "described in subparagraph (B) or (E) of section 2259(c)(3)"; and (B) in paragraph (2), by striking "any other offense for trafficking in child pornography" and inserting "any offense for trafficking in child pornography other than an offense described in subparagraph (B) or (E) of section 2259(c)(3)"; (5) in section 2429-- (A) in subsection (b)(3), by striking "2259(b)(3)" and inserting "2259(c)(2)"; and (B) in subsection (d)-- (i) by inserting "(1)" after "(d)"; (ii) by striking "chapter, including, in" and inserting the following: "chapter. "(2) In"; and (iii) in paragraph (2), as so designated, by inserting "may assume the rights of the victim under this section" after "suitable by the court"; and (6) in section 3664, by adding at the end the following: "(q) Trustee or Other Fiduciary.-- "(1) In general.-- "(A) Appointment of trustee or other fiduciary.--When the court issues an order of restitution under section 1593, 2248, 2259, 2429, or 3663, or subparagraphs (A)(i) and (B) of section 3663A(c)(1), for a victim described in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the court, at its own discretion or upon motion by the Government, may appoint a trustee or other fiduciary to hold any amount paid for restitution in a trust or other official account for the benefit of the victim. "(B) Covered victims.--A victim referred to in subparagraph (A) is a victim who is-- "(i) under the age of 18 at the time of the proceeding; "(ii) incompetent or incapacitated; or "(iii) subject to paragraph (3), a foreign citizen or stateless person residing outside the United States. "(2) Order.--When the court appoints a trustee or other fiduciary under paragraph (1), the court shall issue an order specifying-- "(A) the duties of the trustee or other fiduciary, which shall require-- "(i) the administration of the trust or maintaining an official account in the best interests of the victim; and "(ii) disbursing payments from the trust or account-- "(I) to the victim; or "(II) to any individual or entity on behalf of the victim; "(B) that the trustee or other fiduciary-- "(i) shall avoid any conflict of interest; "(ii) may not profit from the administration of the trust or maintaining an official account for the benefit of the victim other than as specified in the order; and "(iii) may not delegate administration of the trust or maintaining the official account to any other person; "(C) if and when the trust or the duties of the other fiduciary will expire; and "(D) the fees payable to the trustee or other fiduciary to cover expenses of administering the trust or maintaining the official account for the benefit of the victim, and the schedule for payment of those fees. "(3) Fact-finding regarding foreign

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citizens and stateless person.--In the case of a victim who is a foreign citizen or stateless person residing outside the United States and is not under the age of 18 at the time of the proceeding or incompetent or incapacitated, the court may appoint a trustee or other fiduciary under paragraph (1) only if the court finds it necessary to-- "(A) protect the safety or security of the victim; or "(B) provide a reliable means for the victim to access or benefit from the restitution payments. "(4) Payment of fees.-- "(A) In general.--The court may, with respect to the fees of the trustee or other fiduciary-- "(i) pay the fees in whole or in part; or "(ii) order the defendant to pay the fees in whole or in part. "(B) Applicability of other provisions.--With respect to a court order under subparagraph (A)(ii) requiring a defendant to pay fees-- "(i) subsection (f)(3) shall apply to the court order in the same manner as that subsection applies to a restitution order; "(ii) subchapter C of chapter 227 (other than section 3571) shall apply to the court order in the same manner as that subchapter applies to a sentence of a fine; and "(iii) subchapter B of chapter 229 shall apply to the court order in the same manner as that subchapter applies to the implementation of a sentence of a fine. "(C) Effect on other penalties.--Imposition of payment under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall not relieve a defendant of, or entitle a defendant to a reduction in the amount of, any special assessment, restitution, other fines, penalties, or costs, or other payments required under the defendant's sentence. "(D) Schedule.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, if the court orders the defendant to make any payment under subparagraph (A)(ii), the court may provide a payment schedule that is concurrent with the payment of any other financial obligation described in subparagraph (C). "(5) Authorization of appropriations.-- "(A) In general.--There is authorized to be appropriated to the United States courts to carry out this subsection $15,000,000 for each fiscal year. "(B) Supervision of payments.--Payments from appropriations authorized under subparagraph (A) shall be made under the supervision of the Director of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts.". SEC. 1097. CYBERTIPLINE IMPROVEMENTS, AND ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY BY THE TECH INDUSTRY. (a) In General.--Chapter 110 of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in section 2258A-- (A) by striking subsections (a), (b), and (c) and inserting the following: "(a) Duty to Report.-- "(1) Duty.--In order to reduce the proliferation of online child sexual exploitation and to prevent the online sexual exploitation of children, as soon as reasonably possible after obtaining actual knowledge of any facts or circumstances described in paragraph (2) or any apparent child pornography on the provider's service, and in any event not later than 60 days after obtaining such knowledge, a provider shall submit to the CyberTipline of NCMEC, or any successor to the CyberTipline operated by NCMEC, a report that-- "(A) shall contain-- "(i) the mailing address, telephone number, facsimile number, electronic mailing address of, and individual point of contact for, such provider; and "(ii) information or material described in subsection (b)(1)(A) concerning such facts or circumstances or apparent child pornography; and "(B) may contain information described in subsection (b)(2), including any available information to identify or locate any involved minor. "(2) Facts or circumstances.--The facts or circumstances described in this paragraph are any facts or circumstances indicating an apparent, planned, or imminent violation of section 1591 (if the violation involves a minor), 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, 2252B, 2260, or 2422(b). "(3) Complainant information.--For a report premised on a complaint or notification submitted to a provider by a user of the provider's product or service, or a parent, guardian, or representative of such user, the provider shall take reasonable measures to determine what information or material in the user's account shall be included in the report as provided in subsection (b)(1)(A)(vi). "(b) Contents of Report.-- "(1) In general.--In an effort to prevent the future sexual victimization of children, and to the extent the information is within the custody or control of a provider, each report provided under subsection (a)(1)-- "(A) shall include, to the extent that it is applicable and reasonably available-- "(i) the name, address, electronic mail address, user or account identification, Internet Protocol address, port number, and uniform resource locator of any individual who is a subject of the report; "(ii) the terms of service in effect at the time of-- "(I) the apparent violation; or "(II) the detection of apparent child pornography or a planned or imminent violation; "(iii) a copy of any apparent child pornography that is the subject of the report, or all accessible chats, messages, or text exchanges that are related to the report, that were identified in a publicly available location; "(iv) for each item of apparent child pornography included in the report under clause (iii) or paragraph (2)(E), information indicating whether-- "(I) the apparent child pornography was publicly available; or "(II) the provider, in its sole discretion, viewed the apparent child pornography, or any copy thereof, at any point concurrent with or prior to the submission of the report; "(v) for each item of apparent child pornography that is the subject of the report, an indication as to whether the apparent child pornography-- "(I) is created in whole or in part through the use of software, machine learning, artificial intelligence, or any other computer-generated or technological means, including by adapting, modifying, manipulating, or altering an authentic visual depiction; "(II) has previously been the subject of a report under subsection (a)(1); or "(III) is the subject of multiple contemporaneous reports due to rapid and widespread distribution; and "(vi) any and all information or material (including apparent child pornography, chats, messages, or text exchanges) relating to the subject of the report in the account of a user of the provider's product or service, if the user, or the parent, guardian, or representative of such user-- "(I) provided the information or material in a notification or complaint to the provider; "(II) indicates that such information or material should be included in the report; or "(III) consents to the inclusion of such information or material in the report; and "(B) may, at the sole discretion of the provider, include the information described in paragraph (2) of this subsection. "(2) Other information.--The information referred to in paragraph (1)(B) is the following: "(A) Information about any involved individual.--Any information relating to the identity or location of any individual who is a subject of the report, including payment or financial information (excluding personally identifiable information) and self-reported identifying or locating information. "(B) Information about any involved minor.--Information relating to the identity or location of any involved minor, which may include an address, electronic mail address, Internet Protocol address, port number, uniform resource locator, payment or financial information (excluding personally identifiable information), or any other information that may identify or locate any involved minor, including self-reported identifying or locating information. "(C) Historical reference.--Information relating to when and how a customer or subscriber of a provider uploaded, transmitted, or received content relating to the report or when and how content relating to the report was reported to, or discovered by the provider, including a date and time stamp and time zone. "(D) Geographic location information.--Information relating to the geographic location of the involved individual or website, which may include the Internet Protocol address, port number, or verified address, or, if not reasonably available, at least one form of geographic identifying information, including area code or ZIP Code, provided by the customer or subscriber, or stored or obtained by the provider. "(E) Apparent child pornography.--Any apparent child pornography not described in paragraph (1)(A)(iii), or other content related to the subject of the report. "(F) Complete communication.--The complete communication containing any apparent child pornography or other content, including-- "(i) any data or information regarding the transmission of the communication; and "(ii) any visual depictions, data, or other digital files contained in, or attached to, the communication. "(G) Technical identifier.--An industry-standard hash value or other similar industry-standard technical identifier for any reported visual depiction as it existed on the provider's service. "(H) Description.--For any item of apparent child pornography that is the subject of the report, an indication of whether-- "(i) the depicted sexually explicit conduct involves-- "(I) genital, oral, or anal sexual intercourse; "(II) bestiality; "(III) masturbation; "(IV) sadistic or masochistic abuse; or "(V) lascivious exhibition of the anus, genitals, or pubic area of any person; and "(ii) the depicted minor is-- "(I) an infant or toddler; "(II) prepubescent; "(III) pubescent; "(IV) post-pubescent; or "(V) of an indeterminate age or developmental stage. "(I) Chats, messages, or text exchanges.--Chats, messages, or text exchanges that fully provide the context for the report. "(3) Formatting of reports.--When a provider includes any information described in paragraph (1) or, at its sole discretion, any information described in paragraph (2) in a report to the CyberTipline of NCMEC, or any successor to the CyberTipline operated by NCMEC, the provider shall use best efforts to ensure that the report conforms with the structure of the CyberTipline or the successor, as applicable. "(c) Forwarding of Report and Other Information to Law Enforcement.-- "(1) In general.--Pursuant to its clearinghouse role as a private, nonprofit organization, and at the conclusion of its review in furtherance of its nonprofit mission, NCMEC shall make available each report submitted under subsection (a)(1) to one or more of the following law enforcement agencies: "(A) Any Federal law enforcement agency that is involved in the investigation of child sexual exploitation, kidnapping, or enticement crimes. "(B) Any State or local law enforcement agency that is involved in the investigation of child sexual exploitation. "(C) A foreign law enforcement agency designated by the Attorney General under subsection (d)(3) or a foreign law enforcement agency that has an established relationship with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, or INTERPOL, and is involved in the investigation of child sexual exploitation, kidnapping, or enticement crimes. "(2) Technical identifiers.--If a report submitted under subsection (a)(1) contains an industry-standard hash value or other similar industry-standard technical identifier-- "(A) NCMEC may compare that hash value or identifier with any database or repository of visual depictions owned or operated by NCMEC; and "(B) if the comparison under subparagraph (A) results in a match, NCMEC may include the matching visual depiction from its database or repository when forwarding the report to an agency described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1)."; (B) in subsection (d)-- (i) in paragraph (2), by striking "subsection (c)(1)" and inserting "subsection (c)(1)(A)"; (ii) in paragraph (3)-- (I) in subparagraph (A), by striking "subsection (c)(3)" and inserting "subsection (c)(1)(C)"; and (II) in subparagraph (C), by striking

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"subsection (c)(3)" and inserting "subsection (c)(1)(C)"; and (iii) in paragraph (5)(B)-- (I) in clause (i), by striking "forwarded" and inserting "made available"; and (II) in clause (ii), by striking "forwarded" and inserting "made available"; (C) by striking subsection (e) and inserting the following: "(e) Failure to Comply With Requirements.-- "(1) Criminal penalty.-- "(A) Offense.--It shall be unlawful for a provider to knowingly-- "(i) fail to submit a report under subsection (a)(1) within the time period required by that subsection; or "(ii) fail to preserve material as required under subsection (h). "(B) Penalty.-- "(i) In general.--A provider that violates subparagraph (A) shall be fined-- "(I) in the case of an initial violation, not more than-- "(aa) $850,000 if the provider has not fewer than 100,000,000 monthly active users; or "(bb) $600,000 if the provider has fewer than 100,000,000 monthly active users; and "(II) in the case of any second or subsequent violation, not more than-- "(aa) $1,000,000 if the provider has not fewer than 100,000,000 monthly active users; or "(bb) $850,000 if the provider has fewer than 100,000,000 monthly active users. "(ii) Harm to individuals.--The maximum fine under clause (i) shall be doubled if an individual is harmed as a direct and proximate result of the applicable violation. "(2) Civil penalty.-- "(A) Violations relating to cybertipline reports and material preservation.--A provider shall be liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty in an amount of not less than $50,000 and not more than $250,000 if the provider knowingly-- "(i) fails to submit a report under subsection (a)(1) within the time period required by that subsection; "(ii) fails to preserve material as required under subsection (h); or "(iii) submits a report under subsection (a)(1) that-- "(I) contains materially false or fraudulent information; or "(II) omits information described in subsection (b)(1)(A) that is reasonably available. "(B) Annual report violations.--A provider shall be liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty in an amount of not less than $100,000 and not more than $1,000,000 if the provider knowingly-- "(i) fails to submit an annual report as required under subsection (i); or "(ii) submits an annual report under subsection (i) that-- "(I) contains a materially false, fraudulent, or misleading statement; or "(II) omits information described in subsection (i)(1) that is reasonably available. "(C) Harm to individuals.--The amount of a civil penalty under subparagraph (A) or (B) shall be tripled if an individual is harmed as a direct and proximate result of the applicable violation. "(D) Costs of civil actions.--A provider that commits a violation described in subparagraph (A) or (B) shall be liable to the United States Government for the costs of a civil action brought to recover a civil penalty under that subparagraph. "(E) Enforcement.--This paragraph shall be enforced in accordance with sections 3731, 3732, and 3733 of title 31, except that a civil action to recover a civil penalty under subparagraph (A) or (B) of this paragraph may only be brought by the United States Government. "(3) Deposit of fines and penalties.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, any criminal fine or civil penalty collected under this subsection shall be deposited into the Child Pornography Victims Reserve as provided in section 2259B."; (D) in subsection (f), by striking paragraph (3) and inserting the following: "(3) affirmatively search, screen, or scan for-- "(A) facts or circumstances described in subsection (a)(2); "(B) information described in subsection (b)(2); or "(C) any apparent child pornography."; (E) in subsection (g)-- (i) in paragraph (2)(A)-- (I) in clause (iii), by inserting "or personnel at a children's advocacy center" after "State)"; and (II) in clause (iv), by striking "State or subdivision of a State" and inserting "State, subdivision of a State, or children's advocacy center"; and (ii) in paragraph (3), in the matter preceding subparagraph (A), by striking "subsection (a)" and inserting "subsection (a)(1)"; (F) in subsection (h), by striking paragraph (5) and inserting the following: "(5) Relation to reporting requirement.--Submission of a report as described in subsection (a)(1) does not satisfy the obligations under this subsection."; and (G) by adding at the end the following: "(i) Annual Report.-- "(1) In general.--Not later than March 31 of the second year beginning after the date of enactment of the STOP CSAM Act of 2026, and of each year thereafter, a provider that had more than 1,000,000 unique monthly visitors or users during each month of the preceding year and accrued revenue of more than $50,000,000 during the preceding year shall submit to the Attorney General and the Chair of the Federal Trade Commission a report, disaggregated by subsidiary, that provides the following information for the preceding year to the extent such information is applicable and reasonably available: "(A) Cybertipline data.-- "(i) The total number of reports that the provider submitted under subsection (a)(1). "(ii) Which items of information described in subsection (b)(2) are routinely included in the reports submitted by the provider under subsection (a)(1). "(B) Other reporting to the provider.-- "(i) The measures the provider has in place to receive other reports concerning child sexual exploitation and abuse using the provider's product or on the provider's service. "(ii) The average time for responding to reports described in clause (i). "(iii) The number of reports described in clause (i) that the provider received. "(iv) A summary description of the actions taken upon receipt of the reports described in clause (i). "(C) Policies.-- "(i) A description of the policies of the provider with respect to the commission of child sexual exploitation and abuse using the provider's product or on the provider's service, including how child sexual exploitation and abuse is defined. "(ii) A description of possible user consequences for violations of the policies described in clause (i). "(iii) The methods of informing users of the policies described in clause (i). "(iv) The process for adjudicating potential violations of the policies described in clause (i). "(D) Culture of safety.-- "(i) The measures, tools, and technologies that the provider deploys to-- "(I) protect children from sexual exploitation and abuse using the provider's product or service; "(II) prevent or interdict activity by children related to sexual exploitation and abuse, including the posting or sharing of intimate visual depictions; and "(III) accurately identify adult and minor users. "(ii) The measures, tools, and technologies that the provider deploys to empower parents and guardians to protect their children from sexual exploitation and abuse using the provider's product or service. "(iii) The measures, tools, and technologies that the provider deploys to prevent the use of the provider's product or service by individuals seeking to commit child sexual exploitation and abuse. "(iv) With respect to the measures, tools, and technologies described in clauses (i), (ii), and (iii)-- "(I) an assessment of their efficacy, including any relevant quantitative information indicating when and how often they are used; and "(II) information on any factors that limit their efficacy or create gaps in their protection and efforts by the provider to address those loopholes or gaps. "(v) A description of factors that interfere with the provider's ability to detect or evaluate instances of child sexual exploitation and abuse and an analysis of the impact of those factors. "(vi) Information shared by the provider with users about the risks to children on the provider's product or service concerning sexual exploitation and abuse and an assessment of the impact of the information on users, including any relevant quantitative information indicating how often the information is reviewed. "(vii) A description of efforts undertaken by the provider, to the extent appropriate, to allow for independent verification of the information provided pursuant to this subparagraph and of the efficacy of the measures, tools, and technologies described in clauses (i), (ii), and (iii), including through the facilitation of independent research. "(E) Safety by design.--The measures that the provider takes before launching a new product or service-- "(i) to assess-- "(I) the safety risks for children with respect to sexual exploitation and abuse; and "(II) whether and how individuals could use the new product or service to commit child sexual exploitation and abuse; and "(ii) to determine-- "(I) the appropriate age for users of the new product or service; and "(II) whether the new product or service will be adopted to commit child sexual exploitation and abuse. "(F) Prevalence, trends, and patterns.--Any information concerning-- "(i) the prevalence of child sexual exploitation and abuse on the provider's product or service, including the volume of child pornography that is available and that is being accessed, distributed, or received; and "(ii) emerging trends, risks, and changing patterns with respect to the commission of online child sexual exploitation and abuse. "(G) Other information.--Any other information relevant to child sexual exploitation and abuse on the provider's product or service. "(2) Avoiding duplication.--Notwithstanding the requirement under the matter preceding paragraph (1) that information be submitted annually, in the case of any report submitted under that paragraph after the initial report, a provider shall submit information described in subparagraphs (C) through (F) of that paragraph not less frequently than once every 3 years or when new information is available, whichever is more frequent. "(3) Limitation.--Nothing in paragraph (1) shall require the disclosure of trade secrets or other proprietary information. "(4) Publication.-- "(A) In general.--Subject to subparagraph (B), the Attorney General and the Chair of the Federal Trade Commission shall publish the reports received under this subsection. "(B) Redaction.-- "(i) In general.--Whether or not such redaction is requested by the provider, the Attorney General and Chair of the Federal Trade Commission shall redact from a report published under subparagraph (A) any information as necessary to avoid-- "(I) undermining the efficacy of a safety measure described in the report; or "(II) revealing how a product or service of a provider may be used to commit online child sexual exploitation and abuse. "(ii) Additional redaction.-- "(I) Request.--In addition to information redacted under clause (i), a provider may request the redaction, from a report published under subparagraph (A), of any information that is law enforcement sensitive or otherwise not suitable for public distribution. "(II) Agency discretion.--The Attorney General and Chair of the Federal Trade Commission-- "(aa) shall consider a request made under subclause (I); and "(bb) may, in their discretion, redact from a report published under subparagraph (A) any information pursuant to the request."; (2) in section 2258B-- (A) by striking subsection (a) and inserting the following: "(a) In General.-- "(1) Limited liability.--Except as provided in subsection (b), a civil claim or criminal charge described in paragraph (2) may not be brought in any Federal or State court. "(2) Covered claims and charges.--A civil claim or criminal charge referred to in paragraph (1) is a civil claim or criminal charge against a provider or domain name registrar, including any director, officer, employee, or agent of such provider or domain name registrar, that is directly attributable to-- "(A) the performance of the reporting or preservation responsibilities of

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such provider or domain name registrar under this section, section 2258A, or section 2258C; "(B) transmitting, distributing, or mailing child pornography to any Federal, State, or local law enforcement agency, or giving such agency access to child pornography, in response to a search warrant, court order, or other legal process issued or obtained by such agency; or "(C) the use by the provider or domain name registrar of any material being preserved under section 2258A(h) by such provider or registrar for research and the development and training of tools, undertaken voluntarily and in good faith for the sole and exclusive purpose of-- "(i) improving or facilitating reporting under this section, section 2258A, or section 2258C; or "(ii) stopping the online sexual exploitation of children."; and (B) in subsection (b)-- (i) in paragraph (1), by striking "; or" and inserting "or knowingly failed to comply with a requirement under section 2258A;"; (ii) in paragraph (2)(C)-- (I) by striking "sections" and inserting "this section or section"; and (II) by striking the period and inserting "; or"; and (iii) by adding at the end the following: "(3) for purposes of subsection (a)(2)(C), knowingly distributed or transmitted the material, or made the material available, except as required by law, to-- "(A) any other entity; "(B) any person not employed by the provider or domain name registrar; or "(C) any person employed by the provider or domain name registrar who is not conducting any research described in that subsection."; (3) in section 2258C-- (A) in the section heading, by striking "the CyberTipline" and inserting "NCMEC"; (B) in subsection (a)-- (i) in the subsection heading, by striking "Elements" and inserting "Information Sharing With Providers and Entities for the Purposes of Preventing and Curtailing the Online Sexual Exploitation of Children"; (ii) in paragraph (1)-- (I) by striking "to a provider" and inserting the following: "or submission to the Child Victim Identification Program to-- "(A) a provider"; (II) in subparagraph (A), as so designated-- (aa) by inserting "use of the provider's products or services to commit" after "stop the"; and (bb) by striking the period at the end and inserting "; or"; and (III) by adding at the end the following: "(B) an entity for the sole and exclusive purpose of preventing and curtailing the online sexual exploitation of children."; and (iii) in paragraph (2)-- (I) in the heading, by striking "Inclusions" and inserting "Elements"; (II) by striking "unique identifiers" and inserting "similar technical identifiers"; (III) by inserting "or content, elements, or reported materials," after "visual depiction,"; (IV) by inserting a comma after "location"; (V) by striking "and any other elements"; and (VI) by inserting "or submission to the Child Victim Identification Program" after "CyberTipline report"; (C) in subsection (b)-- (i) in the heading, by inserting "or Entities" after "Providers"; (ii) by striking "Any provider" and inserting the following: "(1) In general.--Any provider or entity"; (iii) in paragraph (1), as so designated-- (I) by striking "receives" and inserting "obtains"; and (II) by inserting "or submission to the Child Victim Identification Program" after "CyberTipline report"; and (iv) by adding at the end the following: "(2) Limitation on sharing with other entities.--A provider or entity that obtains elements under subsection (a)(1) may not distribute those elements, or make those elements available, to any other entity, except for the sole and exclusive purpose of curtailing, preventing, or stopping the online sexual exploitation of children."; (D) in subsection (c)-- (i) by striking "subsections" and inserting "subsection"; (ii) by striking "providers receiving" and inserting "a provider or entity to obtain"; (iii) by inserting "or submission to the Child Victim Identification Program" after "CyberTipline report"; and (iv) by striking "to use the elements to stop the online sexual exploitation of children"; and (E) in subsection (d), by inserting "or to the Child Victim Identification Program" after "CyberTipline"; (4) in section 2258E-- (A) in paragraph (6), by striking "electronic communication service provider" and inserting "electronic communication service"; (B) in paragraph (7), by striking "and" at the end; (C) in paragraph (8), by striking the period at the end and inserting a semicolon; and (D) by adding at the end the following: "(9) the term `publicly available', with respect to a visual depiction on a provider's service, means the visual depiction can be viewed by or is accessible to all users of the service, regardless of the steps, if any, a user must take to create an account or to gain access to the service in order to access or view the visual depiction; and "(10) the term `Child Victim Identification Program' means the program described in section 404(b)(1)(K)(ii) of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (34 U.S.C. 11293(b)(1)(K)(ii))."; (5) in section 2259B(a), by inserting ", any fine or penalty collected under section 2258A(e)," after "2259A"; and (6) by adding at the end the following: "Sec. 2260B. Liability for certain child sexual exploitation offenses "(a) Offense.--It shall be unlawful for a provider of an interactive computer service, as that term is defined in section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230), that operates through the use of any facility or means of interstate or foreign commerce or in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce, through such service to-- "(1) intentionally host or store child pornography or make child pornography available to any person; or "(2) knowingly promote or facilitate a violation of section 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, or 2422(b). "(b) Penalty.--A provider of an interactive computer service that violates subsection (a)-- "(1) subject to paragraph (2), shall be fined not more than $1,000,000; and "(2) if the offense involves a conscious or reckless risk of serious personal injury or an individual is harmed as a direct and proximate result of the violation, shall be fined not more than $5,000,000. "(c) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to any good faith action by a provider of an interactive computer service that is necessary to comply with a valid court order, subpoena, search warrant, statutory obligation, or preservation request from law enforcement.". (b) Clerical Amendment.--The table of sections for chapter 110 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding at the end the following: "2260B. Liability for certain child sexual exploitation offenses.". (c) Effective Date for Amendments to Reporting Requirements of Providers.--The amendments made by subsection (a)(1) of this section shall take effect on the date that is 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act. SEC. 1098. EXPANDING CIVIL REMEDIES FOR VICTIMS OF ONLINE CHILD SEXUAL EXPLOITATION. (a) Statement of Intent.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to abrogate or narrow any case law concerning section 2255 of title 18, United States Code. (b) Civil Remedy for Personal Injuries.--Section 2255(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended-- (1) by striking "In General.--Any person who, while a minor, was a victim of a violation of section 1589, 1590, 1591, 2241(c), 2242, 2243, 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, 2260, 2421, 2422, or 2423 of this title and who suffers personal injury as a result of such violation, regardless of whether the injury occurred while such person was a minor, may sue" and inserting the following: "Private Right of Action.-- "(1) In general.--Any person described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of paragraph (2) who suffers personal injury as a result of a violation described in that subparagraph, regardless of whether the injury occurred while such person was a minor, may bring a civil action"; and (2) by adding at the end the following: "(2) Eligible persons.--Paragraph (1) shall apply to any person-- "(A) who, while a minor, was a victim of-- "(i) a violation of section 1589, 1590, 1591, 2241, 2242, 2243, 2251, 2251A, 2260(a), 2421, 2422, or 2423; "(ii) an attempt to violate section 1589, 1590, or 1591 under section 1594(a); "(iii) a conspiracy to violate section 1589 or 1590 under section 1594(b); or "(iv) a conspiracy to violate section 1591 under section 1594(c); "(B) who-- "(i) is depicted as a minor in child pornography; and "(ii) is a victim of a violation of 2252, 2252A, or 2260(b) (regardless of when the violation occurs); or "(C) who-- "(i) is depicted as an identifiable minor in a visual depiction described in section 1466A; and "(ii) is a victim of a violation of that section (regardless of when the violation occurs).". (c) Civil Remedy Against Online Platforms and App Stores.-- (1) In general.--Chapter 110 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after section 2255 the following: "Sec. 2255A. Additional remedy for certain victims of child pornography or child sexual exploitation "(a) In General.-- "(1) Promotion or aiding and abetting of certain violations.--Any person who is a victim of the intentional, knowing, or reckless promotion, or aiding and abetting, of a violation of section 1591 or 1594(c) (involving a minor), or section 2251, 2251A, 2252, 2252A, or 2422(b), where such promotion, or aiding and abetting, is by a provider of an interactive computer service or an app store, and who suffers personal injury as a result of such promotion or aiding and abetting, regardless of when the injury occurred, may bring a civil action in any appropriate United States District Court for relief set forth in subsection (b). "(2) Activities involving child pornography.--Any person who is a victim of the intentional, knowing, or reckless hosting or storing of child pornography or making child pornography available to any person by a provider of an interactive computer service, and who suffers personal injury as a result of such hosting, storing, or making available, regardless of when the injury occurred, may bring a civil action in any appropriate United States District Court for relief set forth in subsection (b). "(b) Relief.--In a civil action brought by a person under subsection (a)-- "(1) the person shall recover the actual damages the person sustains or liquidated damages in the amount of $300,000, and the cost of the action, including reasonable attorney fees and other litigation costs reasonably incurred; and "(2) the court may, in addition to any other relief available at law, award punitive damages and such other preliminary and equitable relief as the court determines to be appropriate, including a temporary restraining order, a preliminary injunction, or a permanent injunction ordering the defendant to cease the offending conduct. "(c) Statute of Limitations.--There shall be no time limit for the filing of a complaint commencing an action under subsection (a). "(d) Venue; Service of Process.-- "(1) Venue.--Any action brought under subsection (a) may be brought in the district court of the United States that meets applicable requirements relating to venue under section 1391 of title 28. "(2) Service of process.--In an action brought under subsection (a), process may be served in any district in which the defendant-- "(A) is an inhabitant; or "(B) may be found. "(e) Relation to Section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934.--Nothing in section 230 of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C.

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230) shall be construed to impair or limit any claim brought under subsection (a). "(f) Rules of Construction.-- "(1) Applicability to legal process or obligation.--Nothing in this section shall be construed to apply to any good faith action that is necessary to comply with a valid court order, subpoena, search warrant, statutory obligation, or preservation request from law enforcement. "(2) Application of section 2258b.--A civil action brought under subsection (a) shall be subject to section 2258B. "(g) Encryption Technologies.-- "(1) In general.--None of the following actions or circumstances shall serve as an independent basis for liability under subsection (a): "(A) Utilizing full end-to-end encrypted messaging services, device encryption, or other encryption services. "(B) Not possessing the information necessary to decrypt a communication. "(C) Failing to take an action that would otherwise undermine the ability to offer full end-to-end encrypted messaging services, device encryption, or other encryption services. "(2) Consideration of evidence.--Evidence of actions or circumstances described in paragraph (1) shall be admissible in a civil action brought under subsection (a) if-- "(A) the actions or circumstances are relevant under rules 401 and 402 of the Federal Rules of Evidence to-- "(i) prove motive, intent, preparation, plan, absence of mistake, or lack of accident; or "(ii) rebut any evidence or factual or legal claim; and "(B) the actions or circumstances-- "(i) are otherwise admissible under the Federal Rules of Evidence; and "(ii) are not subject to exclusion under rule 403 or any other rule of the Federal Rules of Evidence. "(3) No effect on discovery.--Nothing in paragraph (1) or (2) shall be construed to create a defense to a discovery request or otherwise limit or affect discovery in any civil action brought under subsection (a). "(h) Defense.--In a civil action under subsection (a)(2) involving knowing or reckless conduct, it shall be a defense at trial, which the provider of an interactive computer service must establish by a preponderance of the evidence as determined by the finder of fact, that-- "(1) the provider disabled access to or removed the child pornography within a reasonable timeframe, and in any event not later than 48 hours after obtaining knowledge that the child pornography was being hosted, stored, or made available by the provider (or, in the case of a provider that, for the most recent calendar year, averaged fewer than 10,000,000 active users on a monthly basis in the United States, within a reasonable timeframe, and in any event not later than 2 business days after obtaining such knowledge); "(2) the provider exercised a reasonable, good faith effort to disable access to or remove the child pornography but was unable to do so for reasons outside the provider's control; or "(3) it is technologically impossible for the provider to disable access to or remove the child pornography without compromising encryption technologies. "(i) Sanctions for Repeated Bad Faith Civil Actions or Defenses.-- "(1) Definitions.--In this subsection: "(A) Bad faith civil action.--The term `bad faith civil action' means a civil action brought under subsection (a) in bad faith where the finder of fact determines that at the time the civil action was filed, the party, attorney, or law firm described in paragraph (2) had actual knowledge that-- "(i) the alleged conduct did not involve any minor; or "(ii) the alleged child pornography did not depict-- "(I) any minor; or "(II) sexually explicit conduct, sexual suggestiveness, full or partial nudity, or implied sexual activity. "(B) Bad faith defense.--The term `bad faith defense' means a defense in a civil action brought under subsection (a) raised in bad faith where the finder of fact determines that at the time the defense was raised, the party, attorney, or law firm described in paragraph (3) had actual knowledge that the defense-- "(i) was made solely for the purpose of delaying the civil action or increasing the costs of the civil action; or "(ii) was objectively baseless in light of the applicable law or facts at issue. "(2) Bad faith civil action.--In the case of a civil action brought under subsection (a), the court may impose sanctions on-- "(A) the party bringing the civil action if the court finds that the party has brought 2 or more bad faith civil actions (which may include the instant civil action); or "(B) an attorney or law firm representing the party bringing the civil action if the court finds that the attorney or law firm has represented-- "(i) a party who has brought 2 or more bad faith civil actions (which may include the instant civil action); or "(ii) 2 or more parties who have each brought a bad faith civil action (which may include the instant civil action). "(3) Bad faith defense.--In the case of a civil action brought under subsection (a), the court may impose sanctions on-- "(A) the party defending the civil action if the court finds that the party has raised 2 or more bad faith defenses (which may include 1 or more defenses raised in the instant civil action); or "(B) an attorney or law firm representing the party defending the civil action if the court finds that the attorney or law firm has represented-- "(i) a party who has raised 2 or more bad faith defenses (which may include 1 or more defenses raised in the instant civil action); or "(ii) 2 or more parties who have each raised a bad faith defense (which may include a defense raised in the instant civil action). "(4) Implementation.--Rule 11(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure shall apply to sanctions imposed under this subsection in the same manner as that rule applies to sanctions imposed for a violation of rule 11(b) of those Rules. "(5) Rules of construction.-- "(A) Rule 11.--This subsection shall not be construed to limit or expand the application of rule 11 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. "(B) Definition change.--Paragraph (1)(A)(ii) shall not be construed to apply to a civil action affected by a contemporaneous change in the law with respect to the definition of `child pornography'. "(j) Definitions.--In this section: "(1) App.--The term `app' means a software application or electronic service that may be run or directed by a user on a computer, a mobile device, or any other general purpose computing device. "(2) App store.--The term `app store' means a publicly available website, software application, or other electronic service that-- "(A) distributes apps from third-party developers to users of a computer, a mobile device, or any other general purpose computing device; and "(B) operates-- "(i) through the use of any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce; or "(ii) in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce. "(3) Interactive computer service.--The term `interactive computer service' means an interactive computer service, as defined in section 230(f) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 230(f)), that operates-- "(A) through the use of any means or facility of interstate or foreign commerce; or "(B) in or affecting interstate or foreign commerce. "(k) Savings Clause.--Nothing in this section, including the defenses under this section, shall be construed to apply to any civil action brought under any other Federal law, rule, or regulation, including any civil action brought against a provider of an interactive computer service or an app store under section 1595 or 2255.". (2) Clerical amendment.--The table of sections for chapter 110 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by inserting after the item relating to section 2255 the following: "2255A. Additional remedy for certain victims of child pornography or child sexual exploitation.". SEC. 1099. SEVERABILITY. If any provision of this subtitle, an amendment made by this subtitle, or the application of such provision or amendment to any person or circumstance is held to be unconstitutional, the remainder of this subtitle and the amendments made by this subtitle, and the application of the provision or amendment to any other person or circumstance, shall not be affected. SEC. 1100. CONTINUED APPLICABILITY OF FEDERAL, STATE, AND TRIBAL LAW. (a) Federal Law.--Nothing in this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle, nor any rule or regulation issued pursuant to this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle, shall affect or diminish any right or remedy for a victim of child pornography or child sexual exploitation under any other Federal law, rule, or regulation, including any claim under section 2255 of title 18, United States Code, with respect to any individual or entity. (b) State or Tribal Law.--Nothing in this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle, nor any rule or regulation issued pursuant to this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle, shall-- (1) preempt, diminish, or supplant any right or remedy for a victim of child pornography or child sexual exploitation under any State or Tribal common or statutory law; or (2) prohibit the enforcement of a law governing child pornography or child sexual exploitation that is at least as protective of the rights of a victim as this subtitle and the amendments made by this subtitle.

Text of Senate Amendment 5865

Pages S2961–S2962 · Official text

SA 5865. Mr. MERKLEY (for himself and Mr. Cruz) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of title XII, insert the following: SEC. 1281. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "Blue Skies for Taiwan Act of 2026". SEC. 1282. DEFINITIONS. In this subtitle: (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means-- (A) the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on the Budget, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on the Budget, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives. (2) Blue uas.--The term "Blue UAS" refers to UAS components and systems that comply with Defense Contract Management Agency's Blue UAS program and its associated list. SEC. 1283. FINDINGS. Congress makes the following findings: (1) Taiwan is a longstanding and vital democratic partner whose security is central to United States strategic interests and regional stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (2) The People's Republic of China (PRC) is increasingly employing gray-zone tactics, including routine use of unmanned aerial systems and other low-cost platforms, to pressure Taiwan and undermine its security. (3) As set forth in the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-8), it is United States policy to maintain its capacity to resist any resort to force or other forms of coercion against Taiwan and provide Taiwan with arms of a defensive nature. (4) As set forth in the Taiwan Enhanced Resilience Act (subtitle A of title XII of Public Law 117-263), it is the sense of Congress that the United States should support Taiwan's acquisition and employment of capabilities that advance asymmetric strategies. (5) The vast majority of commercially available UAS contain PRC-sourced components, creating significant cybersecurity, supply chain, and operational risks for both Taiwan and the United States. (6) Taiwan is well-positioned to develop and produce UAS components and systems but faces challenges in competing with PRC commercial companies, accessing capital, and meeting United States certification and cybersecurity requirements. (7) The United States should support UAS supply chain development in Taiwan to strengthen Taiwan's asymmetric defense posture and expand United States access to secure, PRC-independent UAS components and systems. (8) The Army Organic Industrial Base, including its arsenals, depots, and ammunition plants, is undergoing modernization to support emerging technologies and may provide opportunities to support the testing and sustainment of unmanned aerial systems and related components in coordination with allies and partners. SEC. 1284. BLUE UAS WORKING GROUP. (a) Establishment.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall establish a Blue UAS working group, leveraging existing workstreams and expanding scope as needed, inclusive of government, industry, and academic experts, to-- (1) assess Taiwan's domestic drone production capacity, including research and development, legal and regulatory frameworks, testing, certification, and production capacities for dual-use drones; (2) evaluate opportunities for public-private partnerships between the United States and Taiwan for co-development and co-production of UAS systems and components, including pilot programs; (3) identify barriers to the inclusion of Taiwan-manufactured components and systems manufactured in Blue UAS programs; (4) identify regulatory, export-control, and certification barriers that impede Taiwan's participation in Blue UAS programs; (5) provide recommendations to expand and improve incorporation of Taiwanese suppliers into Blue UAS programs; (6) identify specific UAS components or systems that could be integrated into Blue UAS programs within 12 to 24 months; (7) analyze opportunities and impediments to include Taiwan in the Defense Autonomous Warfare Group and similar initiatives; (8) assess opportunities for collaboration with the Army Organic Industrial Base, including its arsenals, depots, and ammunition plants, to support the testing, evaluation, production, maintenance, and sustainment of Blue UAS components and systems, including those co-developed or co-produced with Taiwan; and (9) institute lessons learned from the war in Ukraine, in consultation with the United States European Command (EUCOM) and Ukrainian officials. (b) Reporting.--Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter for three years, the Working Group shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees an unclassified report on its activities, including findings, recommendations, timelines, resource needs, and potential funding mechanisms, with a classified appendix as necessary. SEC. 1285. COOPERATIVE FRAMEWORK WITH ALLIES. (a) In General.--The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall establish a cooperative framework, drawing on the Partnership for Indo-Pacific Industrial Resilience (PIPIR), among the United States, Taiwan, and regional allies and global partners to promote secure, PRC-independent UAS supply chains and enhance interoperability. (b) Elements.--The cooperative framework shall include-- (1) support regional allies in the acquisition of Blue UAS components or systems from Taiwan in lieu of PRC-sourced components; and (2) fast-track Blue UAS certification for components co-developed or co-produced by Taiwan and regional allies. SEC. 1286. FAST-TRACK CERTIFICATION. (a) In General.--The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall develop a fast-track process for Blue UAS companies in Taiwan to obtain Blue UAS certification. (b) Elements.--The fast-track certification process shall include the following procedures: (1) Expedited export control reviews and licensing for Taiwan drone and drone component manufacturers, including streamlined technical reviews for components with no PRC-connected subcomponents. (2) A fast-track certification procedure for Taiwanese manufacturers, including reciprocal testing arrangements or recognition of equivalent Taiwan cybersecurity standards where appropriate. SEC. 1287. RULES OF CONSTRUCTION. Nothing in this subtitle shall be construed-- (1) to alter United States policy towards Taiwan as codified in the Taiwan Relations Act of 1979 (Public Law 96-8); (2) to alter the United States commitment to the One China Policy, including commitments made in the Three United States-China Communiques and the Six Assurances to Taiwan; or (3) to alter the United States Government's position with respect to the international status of Taiwan.

Text of Senate Amendment 5866

Pages S2962–S2963 · Official text

SA 5866. Mr. CORNYN (for himself and Mr. Peters) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle B of title VIII, add the following: SEC. 823. AGENCY USE OF IT PRODUCTS. (a) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means-- (A) the congressional defense committees; and (B) the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight of the House of Representatives. (2) Authorized reseller.--The term "authorized reseller" means a reseller, after market manufacturer, supplier, or distributor of a covered product that-- (A) has a direct or prime contractual arrangement with, or the express written authority of, the eligible original equipment manufacturer of the covered product to manufacture, buy, stock, repackage, sell, resell, repair, service, otherwise support, or distribute the covered product; and (B) has not been found to be subject to criminal liability pursuant to sections 2318, 2319, or 2320 of title 18, United States Code, or civil liability pursuant to sections 42 or 43 of the Act entitled "An Act to provide for the registration and protection of trademarks used in commerce, to carry out the provisions of certain international conventions, and for other purposes", approved July 5, 1946 (commonly referred to as the "Trademark Act of 1946"; 15 U.S.C. 1124, 1125). (3) Covered product.--The term "covered product"-- (A) means an information and communications technology end-use hardware product or component, including software and firmware that comprise the end-use hardware product or component; and (B) does not include-- (i) other software; or (ii) an end-use hardware product-- (I) in which there is embedded information and communications technology; and (II) the principal function of which is not the creation, manipulation, storage, display, receipt, or transmission of electronic data and information. (4) Eligible original equipment manufacturer.--The term "eligible original equipment manufacturer" means a company that-- (A) manufactures a covered product that the company-- (i) designed from self-sourced or purchased components; and (ii) sells under the name of the company; and (B) has not been found to be subject to criminal liability pursuant to sections 2318, 2319, or 2320 of title 18, United States Code, or civil liability pursuant to sections 42 or 43 of the Act entitled "An Act to provide for the registration and protection of trademarks used in commerce, to carry out the provisions of certain international conventions, and for other purposes", approved July 5, 1946 (commonly referred to as the "Trademark Act of 1946"; 15 U.S.C. 1124, 1125). (5) End-use product.--The term "end-use product" means a product ready for use by the maintainer, integrator, or end user of the product. (6) Information and communications technology.--The term "information and communications technology"-- (A) has the meaning given the term in section 4713 of title 41, United States Code; and (B) includes information and communications technologies covered by definitions contained in the Federal Acquisition Regulation, including definitions added after the date of the enactment of this Act by the Federal Acquisition Regulatory Council pursuant to notice and comment. (b) Prohibition on Procurement and Use.--Subject to subsection (c) and notwithstanding sections 1905 through 1907 of title 41, United States Code, the Secretary of Defense may not procure or obtain, renew a contract to procure or obtain, or use a covered product that is procured from an entity other than an eligible original equipment manufacturer or an authorized reseller. (c) Waiver.-- (1) In general.--Upon notice to appropriate congressional committees, the Secretary of Defense may waive the prohibition under subsection (b) with respect to a covered product if the Secretary determines that procuring, obtaining, or using the covered product is necessary-- (A) for the purpose of scientifically valid research (as defined in section 102 the Education Sciences Reform Act of 2002 (20 U.S.C. 9501)); or (B) to avoid jeopardizing the performance of mission critical functions. (2) Notice.--The notice described in paragraph (1)-- (A) shall-- (i) specify, with respect to the waiver under paragraph (1)-- (I) the justification for the waiver; (II) any security mitigations that have been implemented; and (III) with respect to a waiver that necessitates a security mitigation, the plan of action and milestones to avoid future waivers for subsequent similar purchases; and (ii) provide a declaration that covered product is not being purchased from an entity that is under the influence or control of a foreign adversary; and (iii) be submitted in an unclassified form; and (B) may include a classified annex. (3) Duration.--With respect to a waiver for the purpose of research, as described in paragraph (1)(A), the waiver shall be effective for the duration of the research identified in the waiver. (d) Vendor Technical Assistance.--The Secretary of Defense shall establish procurement guidance to provide assistance to entities that are not eligible for procurements of covered products due to the prohibition under subsection (b) on the process of becoming an authorized reseller for covered products. (e) Reports to Congress.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter until the date that is 6 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that provides-- (A) the number and types of covered products for which a waiver under subsection (c)(1) was granted during the 1-year period preceding the date of the submission of the report; (B) the legal authority under which each waiver described in subparagraph (A) was granted, such as whether the waiver was granted pursuant to subparagraph (A) or (B) of subsection (c)(1); and (C) any actions taken by the Secretary to reduce the number of waivers issued by the Department of Defense under subsection (c)(1) with the goal of achieving full compliance with the prohibition under subsection (b). (2) Classification of report.--Each report submitted under this subsection-- (A) shall be submitted in unclassified form; and (B) may include a classified annex that contains the information described in paragraph (1)(B). (f) Redress Process.-- (1) Notice.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Director of the Office of Management and Budget determines that an entity is not an eligible original equipment manufacturer or an authorized reseller, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall issue to the entity a notice of the determination-- (A) advising the entity of the determination; (B) identifying the criteria relied upon and the information that formed the basis for the determination; (C) advising that, not later 90 days after the date of receipt of the notice, the entity may submit to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget a request to rescind the determination with information and argument in opposition to the determination; (D) describing the procedures governing the review and possible issuance of a determination; and (E) where practicable, identifying mitigation steps that could be taken by the entity that may result in the rescission of the determination. (2) Congressional notification requirements.-- (A) Notice of designation.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Director of the Office of Management and Budget issues a notice to an entity under paragraph (1), the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Accountability of the House of Representatives the notice. (B) Information and argument in opposition to determinations.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Director of the Office of Management and Budget receives any information and argument in opposition to a determination pursuant to paragraph (1)(C), the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall submit to the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Accountability of the House of Representatives such information. (g) No New Funds.--No additional amounts are authorized to be appropriated for the purpose of carrying out this section. (h) Effective Date.--This section shall take effect on the date that is 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act.

Text of Senate Amendment 5867

Page S2963 · Official text

SA 5867. Mr. CORNYN (for himself and Ms. Hirono) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title X, insert the following: SEC. __. APPLICABILITY OF AUTHORITY TO RECONSIDER DECISIONS TO INTER THE REMAINS OR HONOR THE MEMORY OF A PERSON IN A NATIONAL CEMETERY. (a) In General.--Section 2411 of title 38, United States Code, is amended-- (1) in subsection (d)(1), by inserting "made on or after June 18, 1973," after "reconsider a decision"; (2) in subsections (b)(4)(A), (b)(5)(A), (d)(2)(A)(ii), and (e)(1)(B), by striking "to be a tier III sex offender for purposes of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (34 U.S.C. 20901 et seq.)" each place it appears and inserting "to meet the definition of a tier III sex offender under section 111 of the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (34 U.S.C. 20911)"; and (3) by adding at the end the following new subsection: "(g) This section shall apply with respect to applications for interment or memorialization made on or after June 18, 1973.". (b) Conforming Repeals.-- (1) Section 2 of the Alicia Dawn Koehl Respect for National Cemeteries Act (Public Law 113-65) is amended by striking subsection (c). (2) Section 1 of the Act entitled "An Act to amend title 38, United States Code, to prohibit interment or memorialization in certain cemeteries of persons committing Federal or State capital crimes", approved November 21, 1997 (Public Law 105-116), is amended by striking subsection (c).

Text of Senate Amendment 5868

Page S2963 · Official text

SA 5868. Mr. CORNYN (for himself and Mr. Coons) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle C of title XII, insert the following: SEC. 1230. EXPANSION OF PERMISSIBLE USES OF UKRAINE SUPPORT FUND. Section 104(f)(2) of the Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act (division F of Public Law 118-50; 22 U.S.C. 9521 note) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(D) Purchases by the Government of Ukraine of defense articles and services to respond to and recover from the consequences of the aggression of the Russian Federation.".

Text of Senate Amendment 5869

Page S2963 · Official text

SA 5869. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ___. ACCESS TO BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP INFORMATION. (a) Short Title.--This section may be cited as the "Ownership Clarity Act". (b) Access to Beneficial Ownership Information.--Section 5336 of title 31, United States Code, is amended-- (1) by redesignating subsection (j) as subsection (k); and (2) by inserting after subsection (i) the following: "(j) Access to Beneficial Ownership Information by Private Parties.-- "(1) Definitions.--In this subsection: "(A) Access license.--The term `access license' means a license to access beneficial ownership information in accordance with this subsection. "(B) Covered entity.--The term `covered entity' means a financial institution that provides, or an entity that assists a financial institution in providing, screening services. "(C) Permitted personnel.--The term `permitted personnel' means personnel of a covered entity who are permitted to access beneficial ownership information in accordance with this subsection. "(D) Permitted purpose.--The term `permitted purpose' means the use of beneficial ownership information for screening services. "(E) Screening services.--The term `screening services' means the risk management procedures and activities undertaken by permitted personnel for the protection of the United States national security from international illicit actors and corrupt foreign officials who seek to exploit the financial systems of the United States by engaging in illicit activity such as serious tax fraud, human and drug trafficking, money laundering, financing terrorism. "(2) Access licenses.-- "(A) In general.--Notwithstanding any other provision of this section, the Director shall establish a process by which covered entities may apply to the Director for an access license. "(B) Determination.--The Director may not issue an access license to a covered entity unless the Director determines that-- "(i) access to beneficial ownership information under this subsection is predicated upon a reasonable concern for United States national security and United States economic stability, by identifying international illicit actors and corrupt foreign officials and preventing international illicit activity such as-- "(I) international terrorist financing; "(II) any activity engaged in by an agent of the Government of Iran, North Korea, Syria, or any other government the Secretary of State has determined has repeatedly provided support for acts of international terrorism for purposes of-- "(aa) section 1754(c)(1)(A)(i) of the Export Control Reform Act of 2018 (50 U.S.C. 4813(c)(1)(A)(i)); "(bb) section 620A of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2371); "(cc) section 40(d) of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2780(d)); or "(dd) any other provision of law; "(III) any activity engaged in by any individual or entity included on the list of specially designated nationals and blocked persons maintained by the Office of Foreign Assets Control of the Department of the Treasury; or "(IV) any other illicit financial conduct directly or indirectly supporting a transnational criminal organization, transnational drug trafficking organization, or transnational money laundering organization; "(ii) the covered entity limits access to and use of the beneficial ownership information to permitted personnel of the covered entity in connection with, or to support, screening services; and "(iii) the use, disclosure, and retention of the beneficial ownership information is strictly limited to a permitted purpose. "(C) Duration.-- "(i) In general.--An access license issued under this subsection shall expire on the date that is 2 years after the date on which the license is issued. "(ii) Renewal.--An expired access license may be renewed for 2-year periods in accordance with the process established under this paragraph. "(3) Regulations.--The Director shall promulgate regulations governing the use, disclosure, and retention of the beneficial ownership information accessed pursuant to an access license issued under this subsection.".

Text of Senate Amendment 5870

Pages S2963–S2964 · Official text

SA 5870. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle E of title III add the following: SEC. 358. ADVANCED NOTIFICATION TO CONGRESS ON USE OF PROPRIETARY LABELS. (a) In General.--The Director of the Defense Logistics Agency shall submit to the congressional defense committees a notification-- (1) before procuring a new item with a national stock number having an original listing as proprietary, which shall include-- (A) a justification as to why the labeling of the item as proprietary is warranted; and (B) the price point for the item and a comparison to a similar item that is not proprietary; and (2) before a national stock number has its characteristics data updated to proprietary, which shall include-- (A) a justification as to why such update is warranted; (B) the price point for the item and a comparison to a similar item that is not proprietary; and (C) the change in cost per unit for procurement of the proprietary item. (b) Annual Report.--Not less frequently than annually, the Director shall submit to Congress a report on the year over year use of proprietary labels by the Department of Defense and the associated price increases for use of such labels.

Text of Senate Amendment 5871

Page S2964 · Official text

SA 5871. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle B of title III, add the following: SEC. 320C. TREATMENT OF AIR FORCE MILITARY CONSTRUCTION AND LAND ACQUISITION FUNCTIONS UNDER SENTINEL PROGRAM. (a) Authority Relating to Environmental Review.--Notwithstanding any other provision of law, military construction and land acquisition functions of the Department of the Air Force for projects related to the Sentinel intercontinental ballistic missile program (previously referred to as the "ground-based strategic weapon program") shall not be considered to be a major Federal action under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) or an undertaking for the purposes of division A of subtitle III of title 54, United States Code, if the activity-- (1) occurs on previously developed land; and (2) does not substantially alter land use. (b) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section may be construed as altering whether an activity described in subsection (a) is considered to be a major Federal action under the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969 (42 U.S.C. 4321 et seq.) or an undertaking under division A of subtitle III of title 54, United States Code, for a reason other than military construction or land acquisition by the Department of the Air Force.

Text of Senate Amendment 5872

Page S2964 · Official text

SA 5872. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title VII, insert the following: SEC. ___. ESTABLISHMENT OF ANTIVENOM BANK. Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Commanding General of the Medical Research and Development Command of the Army shall establish and maintain an antivenom bank.

Text of Senate Amendment 5873

Page S2964 · Official text

SA 5873. Mr. DAINES submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle E of title XII, add the following: SEC. 1271. TERMINATION OF APPLICATION OF TITLE IV OF THE TRADE ACT OF 1974 TO PRODUCTS OF CERTAIN COUNTRIES. (a) Presidential Determinations and Extension of Nondiscriminatory Treatment.--Notwithstanding any provision of title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2431 et seq.), the President may-- (1) determine that such title should no longer apply to a covered country; and (2) after making a determination under paragraph (1) with respect to a covered country, proclaim the extension of nondiscriminatory treatment (normal trade relations treatment) to the products of the covered country. (b) Termination of Applicability of Title IV.--On and after the effective date under subsection (a)(2) of the extension of nondiscriminatory treatment to the products of a covered country, title IV of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2431 et seq.) shall cease to apply to the covered country. (c) Covered Country Defined.--In this section, the term "covered country" means any country excluding Belarus, Cuba, and North Korea.

Text of Senate Amendment 5874

Pages S2964–S2965 · Official text

SA 5874. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Ms. Rosen) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title X, insert the following: SEC. 10__. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS GRANT PROGRAM FOR SUPPLEMENTAL NEUROREHABILITATION APPROACHES TO CHRONIC MILD TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY TREATMENT. (a) In General.--The Secretary of Veterans Affairs (in this section referred to as the "Secretary") shall establish a grant program (to be known as the "TBI Innovation Grant Program") to award grants to eligible entities for the development, implementation, and evaluation of approaches and methodologies for prospective randomized control trials for neurorehabilitation treatments for chronic mild traumatic brain injury (in this section referred to as "mTBI") in veterans. (b) Duration.--The authority of the Secretary to carry out the grant program under this section shall terminate at the end of the three-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act. (c) Use of Funds.--An eligible entity in receipt of a grant under this section shall use amounts awarded under such grant to support activities that include-- (1) designing and testing novel or integrative treatments for mTBI that prioritize patient-centered care, including non-pharmacological therapies; (2) conducting clinical studies and assessments to measure the effectiveness of approaches-- (A) to improve mental health outcomes among veterans; (B) to reduce suicidality and common risk factors for completing suicide among veterans, including depression and substance use disorders; and (C) to mitigate long-term effects of mTBI; (3) providing training for clinicians and outreach to veterans and their families to improve awareness and accessibility of innovative mTBI treatments; and (4) establishing partnerships with community organizations, academic institutions, and health care facilities of the Department of Veterans Affairs (in this section referred to as the "Department") to implement and evaluate best practices. (d) Limitation on Grant Amount.--The Secretary may not award an eligible entity a grant under this section in an amount that exceeds $5,000,000 per fiscal year. (e) Priority.--In awarding grants under this section, the Secretary shall give priority to eligible entities that the Secretary determines have demonstrated experience in delivering or researching effective treatments for mTBI. (f) Program Administration.-- (1) Applications.--An eligible entity desiring a grant under this section shall submit to the Secretary an application therefor in such form, at such time, and containing such information and assurances as the Secretary determines appropriate, including a detailed description of-- (A) proposed activities; (B) expected outcomes; and (C) plans for evaluating effectiveness. (2) Periodic reports.--An eligible entity in receipt of a grant under this section shall, not less frequently than annually, submit to the Secretary a report that includes, with respect to the period covered by the report-- (A) a description of how the eligible entity used amounts provided under such grant; (B) a summary of the progress of activities funded with such amounts; and (C) measured outcomes relating to such activities. (3) Oversight; annual evaluations.--The Secretary shall-- (A) ensure rigorous oversight with respect to the grant program under this section; and (B) on an annual basis during the period in which the authority to carry out the grant program is effective, evaluate the efficacy of activities funded with amounts provided under a grant awarded under such grant program. (g) Coordination With Mental Health Services of Department of Veterans Affairs.--The Secretary shall ensure that the grant program under this section aligns with the Staff Sergeant Parker Gordon Fox Suicide Prevention Grant Program of the Department under section 201 of the Commander John Scott Hannon Veterans Mental Health Care Improvement Act of 2019 (Public Law 116-171; 38 U.S.C. 1720F note)-- (1) to provide for cohesive and comprehensive support for veterans with mTBI and associated mental health conditions; and (2) to increase research and development on integrated mTBI and mental health interventions outside of the scope of traditional pathways, interventions, programs, procedures, and pharmaceuticals of the Department. (h) Annual Review.--Not less frequently than annually during the duration of the grant program under this section, the Secretary shall review the effectiveness of such program to determine the potential of such program for continuation or expansion. (i) Reports to Congress.--Not later than two years after the date of the enactment of this Act, and not less frequently than annually thereafter, the Secretary shall submit to Congress a report that includes-- (1) the findings of the activities reported under subsection (f)(2); and (2) the recommendations of the Secretary with respect to policy and programmatic improvements to services of the Department to treat traumatic brain injuries among veterans. (j) Regulations.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall prescribe regulations to carry out this section. (k) Funding.-- (1) Available amounts.--The Secretary may carry out the grant program under this section using amounts available to the Secretary for general mental health care programs. (2) Authorization of appropriations.--There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary $30,000,000 for fiscal years 2027 through 2029 to carry out the grant program under this section, which shall remain available until expended. (l) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Eligible entity.--The term "eligible entity" means any of the following: (A) A nonprofit organization. (B) An academic institution engaged in research with respect to traumatic brain injury. (C) A non-Department health care provider with expertise in neurorehabilitative therapies. (D) An entity the Secretary determines appropriate for an award of a grant under this section. (2) Treatment.--The term "treatment", with respect to traumatic brain injury, means clinical interventions, therapeutic devices, or rehabilitation care provided directly to a veteran with traumatic brain injury. (3) Veteran.--The term "veteran" has the meaning given that term in section 101 of title 38, United States Code.

Text of Senate Amendment 5875

Pages S2965–S2966 · Official text

SA 5875. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Mr. Hickenlooper) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title X, insert the following: SEC. 10__. NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ROBOTICS. (a) Establishment.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish an independent commission to be known as the "Commission on American Leadership in Robotics" (in this section referred to as the "Commission"). (2) Purpose.--The Commission shall-- (A) examine robotics as it pertains to interstate and foreign commerce, economic competitiveness, and national security; and (B) make recommendations relating thereto to the appropriate congressional committees. (b) Membership.-- (1) Number and appointment.--The Commission shall be composed of 18 members appointed as follows: (A) Three members appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives. (B) Three members appointed by the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives. (C) Three members appointed by the Majority Leader of the Senate. (D) Three members appointed by the Minority Leader of the Senate. (E) Six members appointed by the President of the United States. (2) Deadline for appointment.--Members shall be appointed to the Commission by not later than 45 days after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a). (3) Effect of lack of appointment by appointment date.--If one or more appointments under paragraph (1) are not made by the appointment date specified in paragraph (2), the authority to make such appointment or appointments shall expire, and the number of members of the Commission shall be reduced to the number of appointments made to the Commission as of that date. (4) Qualifications.--Members of the Commission shall be individuals who are recognized experts and have appropriate professional experience in matters relating to any of the following: (A) Robotics. (B) Applications, or potential applications, of robotics by the private sector or public sector. (C) Impacts of robotics on economic competitiveness, including economics, international trade, or supply chain analysis. (c) Chair and Vice Chair.-- (1) Chair.--The Majority Leader of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall jointly designate one member of the Commission to serve as Chair of the Commission. (2) Vice chair.--The Minority Leader of the Senate and the Minority Leader of the House of Representatives shall jointly designate one member of the Commission to serve as Vice Chair of the Commission. (d) Period of Appointment and Vacancies.-- (1) Period of appointment.--Members shall be appointed for the life of the Commission. (2) Vacancies.--A vacancy in the Commission shall not affect its powers and shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointment was made. (e) Scope and Duties.-- (1) In general.--The Commission shall carry out a review of advances in robotics. (2) Considerations.--In carrying out the review under paragraph (1), the Commission shall consider the methods, means, and policies necessary to advance the development of robotics by the United States to comprehensively address the economic competitiveness and national security needs of the United States. (3) Scope of the review.--In conducting the review under paragraph (1), the Commission shall consider the following: (A) The competitiveness of the United States in robotics, including matters related to the domestic marketplace for robotics and private sector and public sector applications of robotics in the United States. (B) Means and methods for the United States to assert and maintain a technological advantage in robotics, specifically in the deployment of robotics in industrial, retail, and commercial sectors in the United States. (C) International developments and trends, including foreign actions and policies to advance robotics. (D) Means by which to foster greater emphasis and investments in robotics to stimulate strategic partnerships in robotics with industry, the public, and academic institutions, to the extent that such efforts have material application related to economic competitiveness and manufacturing. (E) Workforce incentives and programs to attract and recruit leading talent in robotics, including in associated science, technology, engineering, and mathematics fields, to the extent that such efforts relate to economic competitiveness in robotics. (F) The global and domestic supply chain for robotics, including any supply chain risks or dependencies, and policies to increase the manufacturing of robotics in the United States. (G) Any other matters the Commission determines appropriate related to robotics. (f) Commission Report and Recommendations.-- (1) Interim report.--Not later than one year after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a), the Commission shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and the President an interim report on the status of the review by the Commission under subsection (e), including a discussion of any interim recommendations. (2) Final report.--Not later than two years after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a), the Commission shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and the President a final report on the findings of the Commission and such recommendations as the Commission may have for action by Congress and the Federal Government. (g) Government Cooperation.-- (1) Cooperation.--In carrying out its duties under this section, the Commission shall receive the full and timely cooperation of the Secretary and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies in providing the Commission with analysis, briefings, and other information necessary for the fulfillment of such duties. (2) Liaison.--The Secretary shall designate at least one officer or employee of the Department to serve as a liaison officer between the Secretary and the Commission. (3) Detailees authorized.--The Secretary and the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies may provide, and the Commission may accept and employ, personnel detailed from the Department and such other Federal departments and agencies, as the case may be, without reimbursement. (4) Facilitation of certain services.-- (A) Independent, nongovernmental institute.--Not later than 45 days after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a), the Secretary may make available to the Commission the services of an independent, nongovernmental institute described in section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, and exempt from tax under section 501(a) of such Code, that has recognized credentials and expertise in economic competitiveness and technology in order to facilitate the discharge of the duties of the Commission under this section. (B) Federally funded research and development center.--On request of the Commission, the Secretary shall make available to the Commission the services of a federally funded research and development center that is covered by a sponsoring agreement of the Department in order to enhance the efforts of the Commission to discharge its duties under this section. (5) Other services.-- (A) In general.--The Secretary may provide to the Commission, on a nonreimbursable basis, such administrative services, funds, staff, facilities, and other support services as are necessary for the discharge of the duties of the Commission under this section. (B) Other agencies.--In addition to any support provided under subparagraph (A), the heads of other relevant Federal departments and agencies may provide to the Commission such services, funds, facilities, staff, and other support as such heads determine advisable and as may be authorized by law. (h) Staff.-- (1) Status as federal employees.--Notwithstanding the requirements of section 2105 of title 5, United States Code, including the required supervision under subsection (a)(3) of such section, a member of the Commission shall be considered to be a Federal employee. (2) Executive director.--The Commission shall appoint and fix the rate of basic pay for an Executive Director in accordance with section 3161(d) of title 5, United States Code. (3) Pay.--The Executive Director, with the approval of the Commission, may appoint and fix the rate of basic pay for additional personnel as staff of the Commission in accordance with section 3161(d) of title 5, United States Code. (i) Personal Services.-- (1) Authority to procure.--The Commission may-- (A) procure the services of experts or consultants (or of organizations of experts or consultants) in accordance with the provisions of section 3109 of title 5, United States Code; and (B) pay in connection with such services travel expenses of individuals, including transportation and per diem in lieu of subsistence, while such individuals are traveling from their homes or places of business to duty stations. (2) Maximum daily pay rates.--The daily rate paid an expert or consultant procured pursuant to paragraph (1) may not exceed the daily rate paid a person occupying a position at level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code. (j) Authority To Accept Gifts.-- (1) In general.--The Commission may accept, use, and dispose of gifts or donations of services, goods, and property from non-Federal entities for the purposes of aiding and facilitating the work of the Commission. (2) Exclusion of money.--The authority under paragraph (1) does not extend to gifts of money. (3) Documentation and conflicts.--Gifts accepted under the authority under paragraph (1) shall be documented, and conflicts of interest or the appearance of conflicts of interest shall be avoided. (4) Application of rules.--Subject to the authority in this section, members of the Commission shall otherwise comply with rules set forth by the Select Committee on Ethics of the Senate and the Committee on Ethics of the House of Representatives governing employees of the Senate and the House of Representatives, respectively. (k) Legislative Advisory Committee.--The Commission shall operate as a legislative advisory committee. (l) Contracting Authority.--The Commission may acquire such administrative supplies and equipment as necessary for Commission use to the extent funds are available. (m) Use of Federal Government Information.--The Commission may secure directly from any Federal department or agency such information as the Commission considers necessary to discharge its duties.

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Upon such request of the Chair of the Commission, the head of such Federal department or agency shall furnish such information to the Commission. (n) Postal Services.--The Commission may use the United States mail in the same manner and under the same conditions as Federal departments and agencies. (o) Space for Use of Commission.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Commission is established under subsection (a), the Administrator of General Services, in consultation with the Commission, shall identify and make available suitable excess space within the Federal space inventory to house the operations of the Commission. (2) Lease.--If the Administrator is not able to make suitable excess space available within the 30-day period under paragraph (1), the Commission may lease space to the extent funds are available. (p) Removal of Members.-- (1) In general.--A member may be removed from the Commission for cause by the individual serving in the position responsible for the original appointment of such member under subsection (b)(1), if notice has first been provided to such member of the cause for such removal and such removal is voted and agreed upon by \3/4\ of the members serving. (2) Vacancy.--A vacancy created by removal under paragraph (1) shall not affect the powers of the Commission, and shall be filled in the same manner as the original appointment was made. (q) Termination.--The Commission shall terminate 18 months after the date on which the Commission submits the final report required under subsection (f)(2). (r) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. (2) Department.--The term "Department" means the Department of Commerce. (3) Robotics.--The term "robotics" includes each of the following: (A) Programmable multifunctional mechanical devices designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions to perform a variety of tasks. (B) Programmed actuated mechanisms with a degree of autonomy to perform locomotion, manipulation, or positioning. (C) Automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose manipulators, programmable in three or more axes, which can be either fixed in place or fixed to a mobile platform for use in automation applications in an industrial environment. (D) Machines that-- (i) can sense their environment; (ii) have the capacity to process the information they sense; and (iii) are organized to act directly upon their environment. (E) Mechanical devices that are capable of locomotion, navigation, or movement on the ground, and operate at a distance from one or more operators or supervisors based on commands or in response to sensor data, or through any combination thereof, and that may also be referred to as "unmanned ground vehicle systems". (4) Secretary.--The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Commerce.

Text of Senate Amendment 5876

Pages S2966–S2968 · Official text

SA 5876. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Ms. Rosen) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: Subtitle __--Unmanned System Command and Control Integration Assessment SEC. __1. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "Unmanned System Command and Control Integration Assessment Act of 2026". SEC. __2. ASSESSMENT OF UNMANNED SYSTEM COMMAND AND CONTROL FRAMEWORKS. (a) Assessment Required.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall, in coordination with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Under Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Sustainment, the Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering, the Chief Information Officer, Joint Interagency Task Force 401, the Director of the Defense Information Systems Agency, the Commander of Joint Interoperability Test Command, and the Secretaries of the military departments, commence a comprehensive assessment of open-architecture, unmanned system command and control frameworks with demonstrated operational effectiveness. (b) Scope of Allied and Partner System Review.--The assessment commenced under subsection (a) shall review each of the following allied and partner country unmanned systems command and control frameworks and may include such additional frameworks as the Secretary determines appropriate: (1) Ukraine's Delta battlefield management and unmanned aircraft systems coordination system, including an analysis of its technical architecture, its operational effectiveness in contested environments, the interoperability and integration lessons learned from its deployment that are applicable to United States Armed Forces unmanned aircraft systems command and control operations, and its cybersecurity resilience under active electronic warfare and cyber attack. (2) Israel's Multiple Drone Operating System, including an analysis of its technical architecture, its demonstrated operational effectiveness in managing simultaneous civilian, commercial, and military unmanned aircraft systems operations, the interoperability and integration lessons learned from its deployment that are applicable to United States Armed Forces unmanned aircraft systems command and control operations, and its cybersecurity and emergency prioritization mechanisms. (c) Elements of Assessment.--The assessment commenced under subsection (a) shall address, at a minimum, each of the following elements: (1) Architectural analysis, including-- (A) a comparative analysis of the technical architectures of the unmanned systems command and control frameworks reviewed, including data formats, communication protocols, interface standards, and software design approaches; (B) an evaluation of the degree to which each framework employs open-architecture and modular open-systems architecture principles; and (C) an identification of the architectural characteristics most associated with operational effectiveness, adaptability, and resilience in contested environments. (2) Unmanned systems tier compatibility, including-- (A) an evaluation of each framework's capacity to manage all unmanned systems within a single integrated command and control environment; (B) an identification of the technical and doctrinal barriers to command and control interoperability across unmanned systems s within a single framework; and (C) a recommendation for the minimum capability requirements a Department unmanned systems command and control framework must meet to support effective employment of unmanned systems across all in a joint operational environment. (3) Interoperability with existing Department systems, including-- (A) a detailed assessment of the compatibility and interoperability requirements for integrating an open-architecture unmanned system command and control framework with current and future Department command and control modernization, as designated by the Secretary at the time of the assessment; (B) an identification of the interface standards, data translation requirements, and technical integration pathways that would be necessary to achieve such interoperability; and (C) an assessment of the risks associated with integration, including cybersecurity risks arising from connecting an open-architecture system to existing classified networks. (4) Cybersecurity and future-proofing, including-- (A) an assessment of the cybersecurity posture of each framework reviewed, including its resilience to electronic warfare, Global Positioning System denial, communications jamming, and software-based cyber attack in active contested environments; (B) a recommendation for a cybersecurity standards framework or updates to the Risk Management Framework of the National Institute of Standards and Technology applicable to a Department unmanned system command and control system that-- (i) is based on the Cybersecurity Framework 2.0, published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and applicable special publications of the Institute, and is designed to incorporate updated guidance from the Institute without requiring legislative action; (ii) incorporates a comprehensive supply chain risk management strategy; (iii) implements robust data-centric security controls, including end-to-end data encryption, data tagging for automated policy enforcement, and accredited cross-domain solutions to prevent compromise between classification levels and to enable secure data interoperability with mission partners; (iv) establishes vulnerability disclosure and patch management standards enabling timely response to newly identified threats without requiring system-wide redesign; and (v) specifies a recurring review cycle of not less than once every 18 months to update cybersecurity standards as the National Institute of Standards and Technology and other relevant standards bodies publish new guidance, without requiring legislative action; and (vi) mandates alignment with Zero Trust Architecture (ZTA), ensuring all data, applications, assets, and services are managed with the assumption that the network is already compromised; (C) an assessment of how the architecture of the framework can accommodate future unmanned systems technologies, including autonomous systems, artificial intelligence-enabled targeting and deconfliction, swarming capabilities, and beyond-visual-line-of-sight operations, without requiring full system replacement; and (D) a recommended technology refresh cycle and associated governance process for keeping a Department unmanned system command and control framework current with advancing technology and evolving threats. (5) Tactical adaptability and field-level flexibility, including-- (A) an assessment of the mechanisms within each framework reviewed that enable tactical-level operators and commanders to modify, adapt, or extend command and control functionality without depending on centralized software updates or acquisition processes, drawing on documented examples from the conflict in Ukraine where unmanned aircraft systems tactics evolved within weeks in response to adversary countermeasures; (B) a recommended design approach for a Department framework that preserves appropriate security and safety controls while enabling tactical-level customization, including through the use of application programming interfaces, modular software components, and operator-accessible configuration tools; and (C) an assessment of the doctrinal, training, and organizational changes required to enable and sustain field-level innovation within a structured command and control architecture. (6) Classification and technology transfer, including-- (A) an assessment of the classification implications of a Department unmanned system command and control framework, including recommendations for which components may operate at unclassified levels to maximize interoperability with allied and commercial systems, and which must be classified; (B) an assessment of the technology transfer and foreign military sales implications of the frameworks reviewed, including intellectual property and national security considerations associated with adopting or adapting systems developed by or with foreign partners; and (C) recommendations for information-sharing arrangements with other United States Government organizations, allies, and partner nations that would facilitate ongoing exchange of unmanned systems command and control lessons learned and technical standards. (7) Implementation roadmap, including-- (A) a recommended phased implementation approach for developing and fielding a Department unmanned system command and control framework, including recommended near-term pilot programs or exercises that could demonstrate technical feasibility and operational utility; (B) an estimate of the resources, including funding, personnel, and acquisition authorities, required to develop and field the recommended framework; and (C) an identification of existing Department programs, platforms, and acquisition vehicles that could serve as the basis for or be accelerated by an unmanned system command and control capability. SEC. __3. INDEPENDENT ADVISORY PANEL. (a) Establishment.--Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall establish an independent advisory panel (in this section referred to as the "Panel") to provide independent review and technical guidance to the assessment required under section __2. (b) Composition.--The Panel shall consist of not fewer than 10 and not more than 15 members appointed by the Secretary, including-- (1) not fewer than two individuals who have direct operational experience in unmanned aircraft systems employment in a joint or combined military environment; (2) not fewer than two individuals who have technical expertise in open-architecture software systems, modular systems design, or command and control software architecture; (3) not fewer than two individuals who have expertise in cybersecurity, including experience with operational technology cybersecurity in contested environments; (4) at least three individuals who have expertise in unmanned aircraft systems command and control operations, doctrine, or command and control from an allied or partner country with significant unmanned aircraft systems operational experience, appointed in coordination with relevant allied or partner country authorities; (5) at least one individual with experience in unmanned aircraft system (UAS) traffic management in the National Airspace System; and (6) such additional members as the Secretary determines appropriate, which may include representatives from the defense industrial base, federally funded research and development centers, academic institutions with relevant expertise, and the Department of Defense test and evaluation community to ensure early consideration to interoperability, testability, and certification requirements. (c) Limit on Active Government Employees.--Not more than two-thirds of the members of the Panel may be a full-time officer or employee of the United States Government. (d) Duties.--The Panel shall provide written assessments and recommendations on each element of the assessment described in section __2(c) and shall have the opportunity to review and comment on draft findings before finalization. (e) Termination.--The Panel shall terminate on the date that is 90 days after the date of the submittal of the final report required under section __4(b). (f) Compensation.--Members of the Panel who are not full-time officers or employees of the United States Government shall be compensated at a daily rate equal to the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay for level IV of the Executive Schedule under section 5315 of title 5, United States Code, for each day they are engaged in the performance of Panel duties and shall be allowed travel expenses as authorized under section 5703 of title 5, United States Code. SEC. __ __4.

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REPORTS TO CONGRESS.-- (a) Interim Report.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees an interim report on the status of the assessment required under section __2, which shall include-- (1) an identification of any additional allied and partner country frameworks selected for review and analysis beyond those specified in section __2(b); (2) a summary of findings from the architectural analysis required under section __2(c)(1); (3) a preliminary assessment of interoperability requirements under section __2(c)(3); and (4) any significant findings or challenges identified to date. (b) Final Report.--Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees a final report containing the complete findings and recommendations of the Secretary with respect to the assessment required under section __2. The final report shall include-- (1) a determination as to whether the development of a Department unmanned system command and control framework based on open-architecture principles is feasible, operationally necessary, and cost-effective; (2) if the determination under paragraph (1) is affirmative, a recommended framework architecture, phased implementation roadmap, and legislative or regulatory actions required to proceed; (3) if the determination under paragraph (1) is negative or qualified, a description of the specific barriers identified and recommendations for addressing them; and (4) a classified annex, as appropriate, containing any elements that the Secretary determines must be protected from public disclosure for national security reasons. (c) Form.--Reports required under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. Unclassified portions shall be made publicly available on the Department public website not later than 30 days after submission. (d) Annual Update.--For a period of five years following submission of the final report under subsection (b), the Secretary shall submit to the congressional defense committees, as part of the annual budget justification materials submitted to Congress in support of the budget of the Department (as submitted with the budget of the President under section 1105(a) of title 31, United States Code), an update describing-- (1) actions taken by the Department in response to the recommendations of the Secretary contained in the final report; (2) material changes in allied or partner country unmanned systems command and control frameworks or practices relevant to the assessment's conclusions; (3) emerging unmanned systems technologies or cybersecurity threats that would materially affect the recommended framework architecture; and (4) the status of any pilot programs, exercises, or acquisition activities initiated pursuant to the recommendations of the Secretary contained in the final report. SEC. __5. CYBERSECURITY STANDARDS FOR ANY RECOMMENDED FRAMEWORK. (a) Requirements.--Any unmanned system command and control framework recommended in the final report required under section __4(b), and any system developed or procured pursuant to such a recommendation, shall-- (1) employ a modular open systems architecture that permits individual software and hardware components to be updated, replaced, or patched in response to identified cybersecurity vulnerabilities without requiring redesign of the system as a whole; (2) apply a supply chain risk management framework throughout the asset's and component's lifecycles; (3) comply with the most current version of the Cybersecurity Framework 2.0 published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology and applicable special publications of the Institute, as updated from time to time, without requiring amendment of this Act to conform to new guidance; (4) include a documented vulnerability disclosure policy and a process for receiving, triaging, and patching reported vulnerabilities within defined response time standards established by the Secretary; and (5) undergo penetration testing by a National Security Agency-certified red team not less frequently than once every two years following initial fielding, with findings reported to the Principal Cyber Advisor and, in summary form, to the congressional defense committees. (b) Exclusion of Covered Foreign Entities.--No software, hardware, or service produced, provided, or operated by an entity on the Federal Communications Commission Covered List established under section 2 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 (47 U.S.C. 1601), or on the Department of Defense Covered Foreign Entity list maintained pursuant to section 4872 of title 10, United States Code, may be incorporated into any unmanned system command and control framework developed, procured, or fielded pursuant to this Act. (c) Living Standards Process.--The Secretary shall, in coordination with the Director of the National Security Agency, the Director of the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency, and the Chief Information Officer of the Department, establish a process for reviewing and updating the cybersecurity standards applicable to a framework developed pursuant to this Act on a recurring basis of not less than once every 18 months, to ensure such standards remain current with the evolving threat environment and applicable Federal standards without requiring legislative action. SEC. __6. COORDINATION WITH EXISTING DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE PROGRAMS. (a) Required Coordination.--In conducting the assessment required under section __2, the Secretary shall ensure that the unmanned system command and control framework under consideration is assessed for compatibility with all current Department command and control modernization programs of record, as designated by the Secretary at the time of the assessment. The Secretary shall update this assessment as the portfolio of such programs evolves, ensuring that recommendations remain current with the Department's command and control modernization activities regardless of changes in program names, structures, or priorities. (b) Avoidance of Duplication.--In developing recommendations under section __2, the Secretary shall assess whether existing programs of record identified under subsection (a) can be extended or adapted to provide the unmanned system command and control capability described in this Act without developing a wholly new system and shall include in the final report a determination as to whether such extension or adaptation is technically feasible and operationally preferable. (c) Domestic Unmanned Aircraft Systems Industrial Base Compatibility.--The Secretary shall ensure that the assessment and any recommended framework account for the domestic small unmanned aircraft systems industrial base remediation efforts undertaken pursuant to section 914 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2026 (10 U.S.C. 4811 note), including ensuring that unmanned aircraft systems platforms produced through those programs are compatible with any recommended command and control framework. SEC. __7. SHARING OF FINDINGS WITH THE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION. (a) Transmission of Findings.--Not later than the date that is 30 days after the date of the submittal of the final report under section __4(b), the Secretary shall transmit to the Administrator of the Federal Aviation Administration an unclassified summary of the findings and recommendations included in the report, with particular attention to findings regarding-- (1) open architecture and modular design principles applicable to unmanned system command and control systems; (2) cybersecurity standards and frameworks evaluated or recommended for Department unmanned aircraft systems command and control systems that may have applicability to civil unmanned aircraft systems traffic management infrastructure; (3) technical standards and interface specifications that could support interoperability between military and civil unmanned aircraft systems operations in shared airspace; and (4) lessons learned from systems of allied and partner countries of the United States, regarding the integration of military, commercial, and civil unmanned aircraft systems operations within a unified airspace management framework. (b) Purpose.--The purpose of subsection (a) is to inform any Federal Aviation Administration planning, rulemaking, or feasibility assessment related to civil unmanned aircraft system traffic management, beyond visual line of sight operations, or national airspace integration, including any activities undertaken pursuant to a feasibility assessment directed by Congress regarding a national unmanned aircraft systems traffic management system. Nothing in this section shall be construed to require the Secretary to disclose any classified information to the Administrator. (c) Federal Aviation Administration Response.--Not later than the date that is 180 days after the date on which the Administrator receives the summary transmitted under subsection (a), the Administrator shall submit to the congressional defense committees, the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, and the Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure of the House of Representatives a written assessment of the relevance of such findings to Federal Aviation Administration civil unmanned aircraft systems airspace integration activities and any actions the Federal Aviation Administration intends to take in response. SEC. __8. FUNDING. Amounts obligated or expended by the Secretary to carry out this subtitle shall be derived from amounts appropriated to the Department for research, development, test, and evaluation. SEC. __9. DEFINITIONS. In this subtitle: (1) Command and control framework.--The term "command and control framework" means the software architecture, communications protocols, data standards, interface specifications, and associated hardware that together enable an operator or commander to task, direct, monitor, and receive data from one or more unmanned aircraft systems. (2) Congressional defense committees.--The term "congressional defense committees" has the meaning given that term in section 101(a) of title 10, United States Code. (3) Department.--The term "Department" means the Department of Defense. (4) Modular open systems architecture.--The term "modular open systems architecture" has the meaning given to that term in section 4401(c) of title 10, United States Code, and means a design approach in which key interfaces are defined by widely supported and consensus-based standards, enabling components to be added, modified, replaced, or removed with minimal impact to the remainder of the system. (5) Open architecture.--The term "open architecture" means a system design based on published, consensus-developed interface standards that permit systems from multiple vendors to interoperate, and that permits components to be updated, replaced, or added without redesign of the system as a whole. (6) Secretary.--The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of Defense, unless otherwise specified.

Text of Senate Amendment 5877

Pages S2968–S2969 · Official text

SA 5877. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Mr. Kelly) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in subtitle B of title X, insert the following: SEC. __. PRIORITIZATION AND BRIEFING ON READY RESERVE FORCE MODERNIZATION. (a) Prioritization of Design Requirements.--The Secretary of the Navy and the Secretary of Transportation shall prioritize the finalization of design requirements for new Ready Reserve Force vessels. (b) Briefing Required.--Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of the Navy, in coordination with the Secretary of Transportation, shall provide a briefing to the appropriate congressional committees on the following: (1) The status of the sealift vessel design being developed pursuant to section 3546 of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023 (46 U.S.C. 57100 note). (2) The plan and timeline for establishing a vessel construction manager program for Ready Reserve Force new construction, including-- (A) the anticipated procurement strategy; (B) the vessel construction manager selection process; and (C) criteria for shipyard selection. (3) The funding profile required to execute the 10-ship newbuild program authorized under section 2218(f) of title 10, United States Code, phased by fiscal year. (4) The relationship between the newbuild program and the ongoing used vessel procurement program, including how those programs will be managed in parallel to maintain Ready Reserve Force readiness during the transition period. (c) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means-- (A) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Energy and Commerce of the House of Representatives. (2) Ready reserve force.--The term "Ready Reserve Force" has the meaning given that term in chapter 571 of title 46, United States Code.

Text of Senate Amendment 5878

Pages S2969–S2970 · Official text

SA 5878. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself, Ms. Warren, and Mr. Coons) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle C of title XII, add the following: SEC. 1230. IMPOSITION OF SANCTIONS WITH RESPECT TO TRADE IN RUSSIAN ORIGIN PETROLEUM PRODUCTS. (a) In General.--Beginning on the date that is 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall impose the sanctions described in subsection (b) with respect to any foreign person that the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, determines-- (1) is responsible for or complicit in, or has directly or indirectly engaged or attempted to engage in, the purchase or importation into any country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin; (2) has knowingly facilitated financial transactions related to an activity described in paragraph (1); (3) has materially assisted, sponsored, or provided material support for any activity described in paragraph (1) or (2) by any person with respect to which sanctions have been imposed under paragraph (1) or (2); or (4) is or has been a chief executive officer or member of the board of directors of any entity described in any of paragraphs (1) through (3). (b) Sanctions Described.--The sanctions described in this subsection are the exercise all of the powers granted to the President by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act ( 50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) to the extent necessary to block and prohibit all transactions in property and interests in property of a foreign person if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person. (c) Permissible Exception Frameworks.-- (1) In general.--The President may apply not more than 2 of the types of exceptions described in paragraph (2) with respect to the application of sanctions under subsection (a). (2) Exceptions described.-- (A) Exception for countries that isolate russian funds and reduce purchases.-- (i) In general.--The President may apply an exception to the application of sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to the purchase or importation into a country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin if the President determines that-- (I) any funds owed by the government of that country or persons of that country to the Russian Federation or to the sellers of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin as a result of the purchase or importation will be-- (aa) credited to an account located in that country; and (bb) used only to facilitate transactions in agricultural commodities, food, medicine, or medical devices between the Russian Federation and the country; and (II) the government of the country has committed to significantly reduce its purchases of crude oil and petroleum products of Russian Federation origin. (ii) Renewal required.--The authority to apply the exception under clause (i) shall expire if the President does not certify, not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter, that-- (I) the country has significantly reduced its volume of purchases of crude oil and petroleum products of Russian Federation origin during the preceding 180-day period; or (II) the price and supply of crude oil and petroleum products produced in countries other than the Russian Federation is not sufficient to permit purchasers of crude oil and petroleum products of Russian Federation origin to reduce significantly in volume their purchases from the Russian Federation. (iii) Sanctions for misuse of account.--Any foreign person responsible for or complicit in, or that has directly or indirectly engaged or attempted to engage in, transactions reliant on the funds in an account described in clause (i)(I) for any purpose other than to facilitate transactions in agricultural commodities, food, medicine, or medical devices between the Russian Federation and the country in which the account is located shall be subject to the sanctions described in subsection (b). (B) Exception for deposits into account to support ukraine.-- (i) In general.--The President may apply an exception to the application of sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to the purchase or importation into a country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin if a payment per barrel of such crude oil or petroleum products has been deposited into an account that the President has established for the benefit of Ukraine (which may include an account established under section 104 of the Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act (division F of Public Law 118-50; 22 U.S.C. 9521 note)). (ii) Guidance.--The President may issue guidance and develop implementation tools that assist private sector entities in verifying that the payments described in clause (i) corresponding to specific purchases have been deposited in the account described in that clause. (iii) Use of funds.-- (I) In general.--The funds in an account established as described in clause (i) shall be available only for-- (aa) the purposes specified in section 104(f) of the Rebuilding Economic Prosperity and Opportunity for Ukrainians Act (division F of Public Law 118-50; 22 U.S.C. 9521 note); and (bb) funding the purchase by the Government of Ukraine of defense articles for Ukraine to employ in response to Russian Federation aggression. (II) Timely disbursement.--A significant proportion of funds in an account established as described in clause (i) shall be disbursed not less frequently than every 90 days for the purposes described in subclause (I). (iv) Limitations on transfers and expenditures of funds.-- (I) Notification of transfers.-- (aa) In general.--The Secretary of State shall notify the appropriate congressional committees not fewer than 15 days before transferring any funds from an account established as described in clause (i) to any other account for the purposes described in clause (iii) or otherwise expending any of such funds for such purposes. (bb) Elements.--A notification under item (aa) shall specify-- (AA) the amount of funds to be transferred or expended; (BB) the specific purpose for which the funds are transferred or expended; and (CC) the recipient of those funds. (II) Certification of transparency and accountability.--No funds may be transferred or otherwise expended from an account established as described in clause (i) unless the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees in writing a certification that a plan exists to ensure transparency and accountability for all funds transferred into and expended from any account receiving the funds. (III) Joint resolution of disapproval.--No funds may be transferred or expended pursuant to this clause if, within 15 days of receipt of the notification under subclause (I), a joint resolution is enacted into law prohibiting such transfer. (C) Exception for countries supporting ukraine.-- (i) In general.--The President may apply an exception to the application of sanctions under subsection (a) with respect to the purchase or importation into any country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation origin if the President determines and certifies in writing to the appropriate congressional committees that the government of that country is providing significant economic, humanitarian, or military support to the Government of Ukraine. (ii) Renewal required.--The authority to apply the exception under clause (i) with respect to a country shall expire if the President does not certify, not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, and every 180 days thereafter, that the government of the country is providing significant economic, humanitarian, or military support to the Government of Ukraine. (D) Temporary port-specific exceptions.-- (i) In general.--During the period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act and ending on the date that is 270 days after such date of enactment, the President may apply an exception to the application of sanctions under subsection (a) for the purchase or the importation into any country of crude oil or petroleum products of Russian Federation exported from specific Russian Federation ports if the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees a report providing a justification for the exception. (ii) Limitation.--An exception applied under clause (i) may not cover, at any time, ports that are estimated to have cumulatively accounted for more than half of the oil export capacity of the Russian Federation in 2025. (d) Implementation; Penalties.-- (1) Implementation.--The President may exercise all authorities provided under sections 203 and 205 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 and 1704) to carry out this section. (2) Penalties.--The penalties provided for in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) shall apply to any person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of any prohibition under this section, or any order or regulation prescribed under this section, to the same extent that such penalties apply to a person that commits an unlawful act described in section 206(a) of such Act (50 U.S.C. 1705(a)). (e) Rulemaking.-- (1) In general.--The President may prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out this section (which may include regulatory exceptions), including under section 205 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1704). (2) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this section may be construed to limit the authority of the President pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.). (f) Exception Relating to Importation of Goods.-- (1) In general.--A requirement to block and prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in property under this section shall not include the authority or a requirement to impose sanctions on the importation of goods. (2) Good.--In this subsection, the term "good" means any article, natural or manmade substance, material, supply, or manufactured product, including inspection and test equipment, and excluding technical data. (g) Sunset.--The provisions of this section, and any sanctions imposed under this section, shall terminate on the date that is 5 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. (h) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Agricultural commodity.--The term "agricultural commodity" has the meaning given such term in section 102 of the Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 (7 U.S.C. 5602). (2) Appropriate congressional committees.--The term "appropriate congressional committees" means-- (A) the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and (B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives. (3) Defense article.--The term "defense article" has the meaning given that term in section 47 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2794). (4) Foreign person.--The term "foreign person" means an individual or entity that is not a United States person. (5) Knowingly.--The term "knowingly", with respect to conduct, a circumstance, or a result, means that a person had actual knowledge, or should have known, of the conduct, the circumstance, or the result. (6) Medical device.--The term "medical device" has the meaning given the term "device" in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 321). (7) Medicine.--The term "medicine" has the meaning given the term "drug" in section 201 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C.

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321). (8) United states person.--The term "United States person" means-- (A) a United States citizen or an alien lawfully admitted for permanent residence to the United States; (B) an entity organized under the laws of the United States or any jurisdiction within the United States, including a foreign branch of such an entity; or (C) any person located in the United States.

Text of Senate Amendment 5879

Page S2970 · Official text

SA 5879. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself, Ms. Smith, Mr. Tillis, and Mr. Gallego) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. _____. 7-YEAR EXTENSION OF TERRORISM RISK INSURANCE PROGRAM. (a) Termination Date.--Section 108(a) of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 6701 note) is amended by striking "2027" and inserting "2034". (b) Timing of Mandatory Recoupment.--Section 103(e)(7)(E)(i) of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act of 2002 (15 U.S.C. 6701 note) is amended-- (1) in subclause (I)-- (A) by striking "2022" and inserting "2029"; and (B) by striking "2024" and inserting "2031"; (2) in subclause (II)-- (A) by striking "2023" and inserting "2030"; (B) by striking "2029" and inserting "2036"; and (C) by striking "2024" and inserting "2031"; and (3) in subclause (III)-- (A) by striking "2029" and inserting "2036"; and (B) by striking "2024" and inserting "2031".

Text of Senate Amendment 5880

Pages S2970–S2971 · Official text

SA 5880. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself and Mr. Hagerty) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of division A, add the following: TITLE XVII--COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES SEC. 1701. SHORT TITLE. This subtitle may be cited as the "CFIUS Modernization Act of 2026". SEC. 1702. STRENGTHENING AUTHORITIES AND PROCESSES OF COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT IN THE UNITED STATES. (a) Revision of Term "Urbanized Areas".--Section 721(a)(4)(C)(i)(II) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(a)(4)(C)(i)(II)) is amended by striking "real estate in `urbanized areas' " and inserting "real estate in an `urban area' or any equivalent term or terms". (b) Amendment to the Definition of "Critical Technologies".--Section 721(a)(6)(A) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(a)(6)(A) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(vii) Other technologies designated by the chairperson, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and other members of the Committee, from the areas identified on the Critical and Emerging Technologies List published by the National Science and Technology Council.". (c) Removal of 5-page Limitation for Declarations.--Section 721(b)(1)(C)(v)(II) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(1)(C)(v)(II)) is amended by striking "that would not generally exceed 5 pages in length". (d) Alignment of Timing of Committee Action With Respect to Declarations and Notices.--Section 721(b)(1)(C)(v)(III)(bb) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(1)(C)(v)(III)(bb)) is amended by striking "receiving" and inserting "accepting". (e) Authorization to Require Mandatory Declarations for Critical Infrastructure Transactions.--Section 721(b)(1)(C)(v)(IV)(cc) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(1)(C)(v)(IV)(cc)) is amended by striking "subsection (a)(4)(B)(iii)(II)" and inserting "subclause (I) or (II) of subsection (a)(4)(B)(iii)". (f) Stipulations Regarding Non-notified or Non-declared Transactions.--Section 721(b)(1)(C)(vi)(I) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(1)(C)(vi)(I)) is amended, in the matter preceding item (aa), by inserting ", or in connection with a non-notified or non-declared transaction identified under subparagraph (H)" after "with respect to a transaction". (g) Determination Regarding Investigations for Foreign Government-controlled Transactions.--Section 721(b)(2)(D)(ii) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)(2)(D)(ii)) is amended by striking "to any person" and all that follows and inserting "below the level of the Assistant Secretary of the Treasury or an equivalent official of the lead agency, respectively.". (h) Modification of Tolling of Deadlines During a Lapse in Appropriations.--Section 721(b) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)) is amended by striking paragraph (8) and inserting the following: "(8) Tolling of deadlines during lapse in appropriations.--Any deadline or time limitation imposed on the Committee or to which the Committee is subject under this section, regulations implementing this section, or any agreement or condition entered into or imposed under this section, shall be tolled during a lapse in appropriations.". (i) Revision of Confidentiality Requirements to Enhance Cooperation on National Security With Allies and Partners of the United States and Authorize Disclosure of Enforcement Information.--Section 721(c) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(c)) is amended-- (1) in paragraph (2)-- (A) in subparagraph (A), by inserting "domestic or foreign" before "administrative"; (B) in subparagraph (C), by striking ", or to any foreign governmental entity of a United States ally or partner," ; (C) by redesignating subparagraph (D) as subparagraph (E); and (D) by inserting after subparagraph (C), the following: "(D) Information important to the national security analysis or actions of the Committee or any foreign governmental entity of a United States ally or partner, to such ally or partner, under the exclusive direction and authorization of the chairperson, only to the extent necessary for national security purposes, and subject to appropriate confidentiality and classification requirements."; and (E) by inserting after subparagraph (E) the following: "(F) Information describing the outcome of a concluded enforcement action (including any final or settled penalty) under this section, including the identity of any party to, and a description of the circumstances that resulted in, such action, when disclosed by the chairperson."; and (2) in paragraph (3)(A), by striking "paragraph (2)(C)" and inserting "paragraph (2)(D)". (j) Clarification of Authority to Prohibit Real Estate Transactions.--Section 721(d)(4)(A) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(d)(4)(A)) is amended by inserting "or obtain an interest in real estate in the United States" after "a United States business or its assets". (k) Technical Corrections.--Section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565) is amended-- (1) in subsection (b)(1)(C)(v)(IV)(gg), by striking "subsection (h)(3)" and inserting "subsection (h)(2)"; and (2) in subsection (l)(6)(D), by striking "subsection (h)(3)" and inserting "subsection (h)(2)". (l) Interim Measures for Proposed, Pending, or Completed Covered Transactions.--Section 721(l)(3)(A)(iii) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(l)(3)(A)(iii)) is amended-- (1) in the clause heading, by striking "Agreements and conditions relating to completed transactions" and inserting "Interim measures"; and (2) by striking "completed covered transaction" and inserting "proposed, pending, or completed covered transaction". (m) Appropriations for Committee.--Section 721(p)(2) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(p)(2)) is amended by striking "through 2023" and inserting "through 2030". SEC. 1703. KNOWN INVESTOR PROGRAM. (a) In General.--Section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 ( 50 U.S.C. 4565) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(r) Known Investor Program.-- "(1) In general.--The chairperson may establish a program, to be known as the `Known Investor Program', under which-- "(A) a foreign person may voluntarily provide information to the Committee in advance of filing a notice under clause (i) of subsection (b)(1)(C) or a declaration under clause (v) of that subsection with respect to a transaction; and "(B) the Committee may, for foreign persons that have provided information under subparagraph (A)-- "(i) limit the applicability of the requirement to submit a mandatory declaration under subsection (b)(1)(C)(v)(IV); and "(ii) increase efficiencies in the process of submitting notices and declarations. "(2) Implementation authorities.--In carrying out the Known Investor Program, the chairperson may-- "(A) identify the information required for the Committee to consider a foreign person under the Known Investor Program; "(B) require certification and assurance for the information provided in advance of filing a notice or declaration, consistent with subsection (n); "(C) allocate personnel and resources to support the Known Investor Program; and "(D) make such adjustments to the requirements or process for filing notices and declarations as the chairperson considers appropriate. "(3) Fees.-- "(A) In general.--The Committee may assess and collect, from each foreign person considered under the Known Investor Program, a fee to be deposited into the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States Fund established under subsection (p). "(B) Terms and conditions.--A fee assessed and collected under subparagraph (A) shall be subject to the same terms and conditions as a fee assessed and collected under subsection (p)(3). "(4) Cooperation of other agencies.--Upon request from the chairperson, the head of a Federal agency shall provide support and cooperation to the chairperson to carry out the Known Investor Program.". (b) Regulations.--The Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States shall prescribe such regulations as are necessary to implement the Known Investor Program under subsection (r) of section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950, as added by subsection (a), including regulations-- (1) providing for the application of the requirements of subsection (c) of such section 721 with respect to information provided to the Committee under the Program; and (2) expressly providing for the application of section 1001 of title 18, United States Code, to all information provided to the Committee under the Program, in accordance with subsection (n)(3) of such section 721. SEC. 1704. PILOT PROGRAM TO COLLECT INFORMATION ON GREENFIELD INVESTMENTS BY FOREIGN PERSONS IN STRATEGIC SECTORS. (a) In General.--The Secretary shall establish a pilot program to require the submission to the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States of a short-form written notification of any greenfield investment in the United States by a foreign person in a strategic sector for the purpose of collecting information on such investment. (b) Duration of Pilot Program.--The pilot program required by subsection (a) shall terminate on the date that is 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act. (c) Treatment of Investments That Are Not Covered Transactions.--In the case of a greenfield investment that is not a covered transaction and with respect to which a notification is submitted under the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Committee-- (1) shall not review the investment under section 721(b) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(b)) as if it were a covered transaction; and (2) shall use the notification only to collect information on greenfield investment in the United States. (d) Exemption From Disclosure.--Except as provided in regulations prescribed under subsection (e), any information or documentary material filed with the Secretary or a designee of the Secretary under the pilot program required by subsection (a) shall be exempt from disclosure under section 552(b)(3) of title 5, United States Code, and no such information or documentary material may be made public. (e) Regulations.--In establishing the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Secretary, in consultation with the Committee, shall prescribe regulations in accordance with section 553 of title 5, United States Code, that-- (1) establish the scope of the pilot program; (2) define relevant terms, including "greenfield investment", and add sectors to the definition of "strategic sector", as the Secretary considers appropriate; (3) identify the information required to be included in a notification submitted under the pilot program; (4) include a process by which the Committee may identify a greenfield investment in the United States by a foreign person in a strategic sector for which a notification is not submitted; and (5) provide for the imposition of civil penalties for any violation of the requirement to submit notifications under the pilot program. (f) Report to Congress.-- (1) In general.--After the termination under subsection (b) of the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Secretary, in consultation with the Committee, shall submit to the members of Congress specified in section 721(b)(3)(C)(iii) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C.

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4565(b)(3)(C)(iii)) a report that includes-- (A) an assessment of the information on greenfield investment in the United States by foreign persons in strategic sectors collected under the pilot program; and (B) an analysis of-- (i) the extent to which existing authorities address the national security risks, if any, that could arise from greenfield investment described in subparagraph (A); and (ii) whether the establishment or expansion of other Federal programs should be undertaken to address any such risks. (2) Form.--The report required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex. (g) Rule of Construction.--Nothing in this section may be construed to impair or otherwise affect the authority of the President to pursue any authorization, process, regulation, investigation, prohibition, enforcement measure, or review provided by or established under any other provision of Federal law, including the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), section 721 of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565), or any other authority of the President or Congress under the Constitution of the United States, to protect the national security of the United States. (h) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Covered transaction.--The term "covered transaction" has the meaning given that term in section 721(a) of the Defense Production Act of 1950 (50 U.S.C. 4565(a)). (2) Greenfield investment.--The term "greenfield investment" has the meaning given that term in regulations prescribed under subsection (f). (3) Secretary.--The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of the Treasury, as the chairperson of the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States. (4) Strategic sector.--The term "strategic sector" means-- (A) the technology, critical infrastructure, healthcare, agriculture, energy, and raw materials sectors; and (B) such other sectors as are determined to be strategic in regulations prescribed under subsection (e).

Text of Senate Amendment 5881

Pages S2971–S2972 · Official text

SA 5881. Mr. McCORMICK submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the end of subtitle G of title X, add the following: SEC. 1___. SECRETARY OF DEFENSE CONSULTATION REGARDING PREDICTION MARKETS. Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Secretary of Defense shall consult with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission regarding the proposed rule submitted of the Commission entitled "Prediction Markets; Public Interest Determinations" (91 Fed. Reg. 35806 (June 12, 2026)), or a subsequent final rulemaking, in relation to the following factors: (1) The factors to define war, terrorism, and assassination. (2) The factors in determining whether event contracts involve war, terrorism, or assassination. (3) The factors that raise public interest concerns.

Text of Senate Amendment 5882

Page S2972 · Official text

SA 5882. Mr. PADILLA submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. __. AGENT MEMBERSHIP. Section 304(b)(2) of the Federal Credit Union Act (12 U.S.C. 1795c(b)(2)) is amended by striking "all those credit unions" and inserting "any such credit unions".

Text of Senate Amendment 5883

Page S2972 · Official text

SA 5883. Mrs. FISCHER submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ___. PROHIBITION ON GRANT OF CERTAIN SATELLITE LICENSES, UNITED STATES MARKET ACCESS, OR EARTH STATION AUTHORIZATIONS. (a) In General.--The Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 (47 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.) is amended-- (1) by redesignating sections 10 and 11 as sections 11 and 12, respectively; and (2) by inserting after section 9 the following: "SEC. 10. PROHIBITION ON GRANT OF CERTAIN SATELLITE LICENSES, UNITED STATES MARKET ACCESS, OR EARTH STATION AUTHORIZATIONS. "(a) Definitions.--In this section: "(1) Affiliate.-- "(A) In general.--The term `affiliate' means an entity that (directly or indirectly) owns or controls, is owned or controlled by, or is under common ownership or control with, another entity. "(B) Own.--For purposes of this paragraph, the term `own' means to have, possess, or otherwise control an equity interest (or the equivalent thereof) of not less than 10 percent. "(2) Blanket-licensed earth station.--The term `blanket-licensed earth station' means an earth station that is licensed with a geostationary orbit satellite system or a nongeostationary orbit satellite system. "(3) Gateway station.--The term `gateway station' means an earth station or a group of earth stations that-- "(A) supports the routing and switching functions of a geostationary orbit satellite system or a nongeostationary orbit satellite system; "(B) may also be used for telemetry, tracking, and command transmissions; "(C) does not originate or terminate communication traffic; and "(D) is not for the exclusive use of any customer. "(4) Individually licensed earth station.--The term `individually licensed earth station' means-- "(A) an earth station (other than a blanket-licensed earth station) that sends a signal to, and receives a signal from, a geostationary orbit satellite system or a nongeostationary orbit satellite system; or "(B) a gateway station. "(b) Prohibition.--The Commission may not grant a license for, or a petition for a declaratory ruling to access the United States market using, a geostationary orbit satellite system or a nongeostationary orbit satellite system, or an authorization to use an individually licensed earth station or a blanket-licensed earth station, if the license, grant of market access, or authorization would be held or controlled by-- "(1) an entity identified on the list published by the Commission under section 2(a); or "(2) an affiliate of an entity described in paragraph (1). "(c) Further Consideration for Secured Networks.-- "(1) In general.--The Commission may issue a report assessing supply chain security risks associated with any earth station licensee, geostationary orbit satellite system licensee, nongeostationary orbit satellite system licensee, or entity granted a declaratory ruling to access the United States market using a geostationary orbit satellite system or nongeostationary orbit satellite system, or an affiliate of such a licensee or entity, that provides communications equipment designed, developed, manufactured, or assembled by an entity identified on the list published by the Commission under section 2(a). "(2) Rule of construction.--Nothing in paragraph (1) shall be construed to expand or contract the authority of the Commission.". (b) Applicability.--Section 10 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019, as added by subsection (a), shall apply with respect to the grant of a license, petition, or authorization on or after the date of enactment of this Act. (c) Rules.--Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the Federal Communications Commission shall issue rules to implement section 10 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019, as added by subsection (a).

Text of Senate Amendment 5884

Pages S2972–S2973 · Official text

SA 5884. Mrs. FISCHER submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by her to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. ___. LIST OF ENTITIES HOLDING FCC AUTHORIZATIONS, LICENSES, OR OTHER GRANTS OF AUTHORITY AND HAVING CERTAIN FOREIGN OWNERSHIP. (a) Definitions.--In this section: (1) Appropriate national security agency.--The term "appropriate national security agency" has the meaning given such term in section 9 of the Secure and Trusted Communications Networks Act of 2019 (47 U.S.C. 1608). (2) Commission.--The term "Commission" means the Federal Communications Commission. (3) Covered country.--The term "covered country" means a country specified in section 4872(f)(2) of title 10, United States Code. (4) Covered entity.--The term "covered entity" means-- (A) the government of a covered country; (B) an entity organized under the laws of a covered country; and (C) a subsidiary of an entity described in subparagraph (B), regardless of whether the subsidiary is organized under the laws of a covered country. (b) Publication of List.--Not later than 120 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Commission shall publish on the internet website of the Commission a list of each entity-- (1) that holds a license issued by the Commission pursuant to-- (A) section 309(j) of the Communications Act of 1934 (47 U.S.C. 309(j)); or (B) the Act of May 27, 1921 (47 U.S.C. 34 et seq.; commonly known as the "Cable Landing Licensing Act") and Executive Order 10530 (3 U.S.C. 301 note; relating to the performance of certain functions vested in or subject to the approval of the President); and (2) with respect to which-- (A) a covered entity holds an equity or voting interest that is required to be reported to the Commission under the ownership rules of the Commission; or (B) an appropriate national security agency has determined that a covered entity exerts control, regardless of whether such covered entity holds an equity or voting interest as described in subparagraph (A). (c) Rulemaking.-- (1) In general.--Not later than 18 months after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Commission shall issue rules to obtain information to identify each entity-- (A) that holds any authorization, license, or other grant of authority issued by the Commission (other than a license described in subsection (b)(1)); and (B) with respect to which a covered entity holds an equity or voting interest that is required to be reported to the Commission under the ownership rules of the Commission. (2) Placement on list.--Not later than 1 year after the Commission issues the rules required by paragraph (1), the Commission shall place each entity described in such paragraph on the list published under subsection (b). (d) Paperwork Reduction Act Exemption.--A collection of information conducted or sponsored by the Commission to implement this section does not constitute a collection of information for the purposes of subchapter I of chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code (commonly referred to as the "Paperwork Reduction Act"). (e) Annual Updates.--The Commission shall, not less frequently than annually, update the list published under subsection (b), including with respect to any entity required to be placed on such list by subsection (c)(2).

Text of Senate Amendment 5885

Page S2973 · Official text

SA 5885. Mr. YOUNG submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place in title II, insert the following: SEC. ____. PILOT PROGRAM ON USE OF SUBSCRIPTION-BASED FUNDING MODEL AT MAJOR RANGE AND TEST FACILITY BASE. (a) In General.--Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary of Defense for Research and Engineering shall, acting through the Director of the Test Resource Management Center, commence carrying out a pilot program to determine the feasibility, effectiveness, and operational impacts of implementing a subscription-based funding model for test and evaluation facilities. (b) Requirements.--The pilot program required by subsection (a) shall-- (1) be conducted during the two-year period beginning on the date of the commencement of the pilot program; (2) include not fewer than two cyber-physical test and training ranges designated by the Director of the Test Resource Management Center; (3) include at least one cyber-physical test and training range operated by, or under the authority of, the National Guard of a State; (4) provide for participation by military departments, defense agencies, combat support agencies, federally funded research and development centers, and such other Department of Defense entities as the Director considers appropriate; and (5) evaluate the applicability of subscription-based funding to cyber, cyber-physical, electronic warfare, modeling and simulation, and integrated test environments associated with the participating ranges. (c) Subscription-based Funding Model.--For purposes of the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall establish a funding structure under which participating organizations pay recurring subscription fees in exchange for access to specified range capabilities, infrastructure, services, test environments, cybersecurity resources, data management capabilities, and related support functions, in lieu of or in combination with traditional reimbursable or direct-user funding mechanisms. (d) Elements.--In carrying out the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall-- (1) establish subscription tiers or other recurring funding arrangements designed to support baseline operational, sustainment, modernization, and cybersecurity costs of participating ranges; (2) assess the extent to which a subscription-based model improves funding predictability, resource utilization, infrastructure availability, and mission readiness; (3) evaluate impacts on range scheduling, access, interoperability, and support for developmental testing, operational testing, training, experimentation, and rapid prototyping activities; (4) identify authority constraints or other challenges associated with broader implementation of such a model; (5) measure effects on cost recovery, user demand, and long-term sustainment of cyber-physical range capabilities; and (6) develop recommendations regarding whether and how a subscription-based funding model could be expanded to additional test and evaluation facilities. (e) Selection of Participating Ranges.--In selecting ranges for participation in the pilot program required by subsection (a), the Under Secretary shall prioritize cyber-physical ranges that-- (1) support joint testing, training, or experimentation activities; (2) integrate operational technology, cyber, communications, electronic warfare, or weapon-system testing capabilities; and (3) can provide representative data regarding the scalability of subscription-based funding approaches across test and evaluation facilities. (f) Report.--Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the Under Secretary shall submit to the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives a report describing the following: (1) The actions taken under subsection (a). (2) The status of implementation of integration required by such subsection. (3) Any exceptions to full integration under subsection (b)(2). (4) The reasons for the exceptions described in paragraph (3). (g) Briefing.--Not later than 30 days after the date on which the Under Secretary submits the report required by subsection (f), the Under Secretary shall provide the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate and the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives a briefing on the matters covered by the report.

Text of Senate Amendment 5886

Page S2973 · Official text

SA 5886. Mr. McCORMICK (for himself, Mr. Ricketts, and Mrs. Shaheen) submitted an amendment intended to be proposed by him to the bill S. 4784, to authorize appropriations for fiscal year 2027 for military activities of the Department of Defense, for military construction, and for defense activities of the Department of Energy, to prescribe military personnel strengths for such fiscal year, and for other purposes; which was ordered to lie on the table; as follows:

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At the appropriate place, insert the following: SEC. _____. NITAZINE CONTROL ACT. (a) Short Title.--This section may be cited as the "Nitazene Control Act". (b) Findings.--Congress finds the following: (1) 2-Benzylbenzimidazole opioids are a class of synthetic opioids first synthesized in the 1950s that exhibit significant potency at the mu-opioid receptor, with some substances exceeding the potency of fentanyl. (2) The Drug Enforcement Administration has temporarily or permanently scheduled multiple 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioids compounds under schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)) due to their high abuse potential and lack of accepted medical use. (3) Nitazenes and related compounds have emerged in the illicit drug supply as designer drugs and contribute to overdose and fatal poisonings in the United States. (4) A class-wide permanent scheduling of 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioids is necessary to preemptively address the proliferation of new analogs, streamline enforcement, and protect public health. (5) The HALT Fentanyl Act (28 U.S.C. 801 note; Public Law 119-26) created pathways for research using schedule I controlled substances that apply to scheduled nitazenes. (c) Schedule I Classification of Nitazenes.-- (1) Amendment.--Schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)) is amended by adding at the end the following: "(f)(1) Unless specifically exempted or unless listed in another schedule, any material, compound, mixture, or preparation which contains any quantity of a 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioid, or which contains the salts, isomers, and salts of isomers of a 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioid. "(2) For purposes of paragraph (1), the term `2-benzylbenzimidazole opioid' includes the following: "(A) A substance that is structurally related to 2-benzylbenzimidazole with the following modifications: "(i) At the 1-position, substitution with an alkyl linker connected to a substituted amine group containing hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, or heteroaryl group, such as a morphilino, pyrrolidino, or piperidinyl groups, whether or not further substituted. "(ii) At the 2-position-- "(I) replacement of the alkyl portion of the benzyl group with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, alkoxy, carbamates group, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atom; or "(II) replacement of the phenyl portion of the benzyl group with an aryl or heteroaryl group. "(iii) Substitution on the phenyl portion of the benzimidazole ring with a hydrogen atom, halogen, nitro, cyano, substituted or unsubstituted amide, amine, alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, or heteroaryl group. "(iv) At the 6-position, substitution with hydrogen, nitro, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, trifluoromethoxy, cyano, and halogen groups. "(B) A substance that exhibits agonist activity at the mu-opioid receptor. "(C) Etonitazene, clonitazene, metonitazene, isotonitazene, protonitazene, butonitazene, etodesnitazene, flunitazene, N-pyrrolidino etonitazene, N-desethyl isotonitazene, and N-piperidinyl etonitazene.". (2) Removal of temporary status.--Any substance included in the amendment made by paragraph (1) that was temporarily scheduled under section 201(h) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 811(h)) shall be deemed permanently scheduled and subject to the requirements of schedule I of section 202(c) of that Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)) as of the date of enactment of this Act. (3) Rule of construction.--Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to authorize the initiation of new research using 2-benzylbenzimidazole opioids, as defined in subsection (f) of schedule I of section 202(c) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 812(c)), as added by paragraph (1) of this section, without proper registration and scheduling compliance.

Authority for Committees to Meet

Pages S2973–S2974 · Official text

Todd Young (R-IN)

Mr. President, I have four requests for committees to meet during today's session of the Senate. They have the approval of the Majority and Minority Leaders. Pursuant to rule XXVI, paragraph 5(a), of the Standing Rules of the Senate, the following committees are authorized to meet during today's session of the Senate: The Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation is authorized to meet in executive session during the session of the Senate on Thursday, June 18, 2026, at 10 a.m. The Committee on Foreign Relations is authorized to meet in executive session during the session of the Senate on Thursday, June 18, 2026, at 10:30 a.m. The Committee on the Judiciary is authorized to meet during the session of the Senate on Thursday, June 18, 2026, at 9 a.m., to conduct an executive business meeting. The Select Committee on Intelligence is authorized to meet during the session of the Senate on Thursday, June 18, 2026, at 11:30 a.m., to conduct a closed business meeting.

Privileges of the Floor

Page S2974 · Official text

Tina Smith (D-MN)

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the following interns in my office be granted floor privileges for the day: Mumtaaz Hirsi and Elijah Minicozzi.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

John Kennedy (R-LA)

Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the following interns in my office be granted floor privileges until June 19, 2026: Nathan Hays, Bradley Fusilier, Gabby Sumrall, and Lucy John.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

John Kennedy (R-LA)

Mr. President, Nathan Hays, to whom I just referred, is an intern in my office. He is from Baton Rouge. He is a rising junior at LSU. Lucy John is from Lafayette, LA. Lucy is a rising senior at Tulane. Bradley Fusilier is from Ville Platte. Bradley is a rising senior at LSU. And Gabby Sumrall from Monroe is a rising junior at Covenant College there. They are interning in my office this summer, and I am glad to have them.

EXECUTIVE CALENDAR (Executive Session)

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Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that the Senate proceed to executive session to consider the following nominations en bloc: Calendar No. 750 through 756; and all nominations on the Secretary's desk in the Air Force, Army, Marine Corps, and Navy, with the exception of PN681-4; PN835-2; PN925; Matthew T. Anderson, PN969; and Blair W. Kessler, PN970; that the nominations be confirmed en bloc; that the motions to reconsider be considered made and laid upon the table with no intervening action or debate; that no further motions be in order to any of the nominations; and that the President be immediately notified of the Senate's action and the Senate then resume legislative session.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered. The nominations considered and confirmed are as follows:

Text printed in the Record (6,293 characters)

The following named Army National Guard of the United States officers for appointment in the Reserve of the Army to the grade indicated under title 10, U.S.C., sections 12203 and 12211: Brig. Gen. William E. Temple, V Brig. Gen. Brian F. Wertzler The following named officer for appointment in the United States Army to the grade indicated while assigned to a position of importance and responsibility under title 10, U.S.C., section 601: Maj. Gen. Constantin E. Nicolet The following named officers for appointment in the United States Air Force to the grade indicated while assigned to a position of importance and responsibility under title 10, U.S.C., section 601: Lt. Gen. Daniel H. Tulley Maj. Gen. David G. Shoemaker The following named officer for appointment inI the United States Army to the grade indicated while assigned to a position of importance and responsibility under title 10, U.S.C., section 601: Maj. Gen. Guillaume N. Beaurpere The following named officer for appointment in the United States Navy to the grade indicated while assigned to a position of importance and responsibility under title 10, U.S.C., section 601: Rear Adm. Joseph F. Cahill, III The following named officer for appointment in the Reserve of the Army to the grade indicated under title 10, U.S.C., section 12203: Col. Michael W. Brancamp The following named officer for appointment as Chief of Chaplains of the Navy and appointment to the grade indicated in the United States Navy while serving in that position under title 10, U.S.C., section 8082: Rear Adm. (lh) Carey H. Cash PN968 AIR FORCE nominations (125) beginning RUBEN ADORNO, and ending TAYLOR A. YOUTSLER, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of May 12, 2026. PN969 AIR FORCE nominations (485) beginning MICHAEL R. ABBOTT, and ending JAY R. ZEIGLER, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of May 12, 2026, except Matthew T. Anderson. PN970 AIR FORCE nominations (249) beginning KATHRYN L. ABBOTT, and ending JONATHAN G. YAP, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of May 12, 2026, except Blair W. Kessler. PN971 AIR FORCE nominations (27) beginning CORBIN A. ALDRIDGE, and ending SUNG B. YI, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of May 12, 2026. PN972 AIR FORCE nominations (240) beginning DONALD J. ADKINS, and ending ZHENG ZHONG, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of May 12, 2026. PN973 AIR FORCE nominations (40) beginning KAILA W. ACRES, and ending JAIMIE M. WYCKOFF, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record or May 12, 2026. PN883 ARMY nomination of Timothy M, Benedict, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of March 19, 2026. PN919 ARMY nomination of Robert T. Bundy, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 13, 2026. PN941 ARMY nomination of Gladys E. Scales, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN942 ARMY nomination of John M. Heaton, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN943 ARMY nominations (3) beginning Andy Buissereth, and ending Eric S. Slater, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN944 ARMY nominations (2) beginning Kevin A. Chesnut, and ending Trevor R. Robles, which Nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN945 ARMY nomination of Jeremy D. Reed, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN946 ARMY nominations (3) beginning Joshua T. Kresowaty, and ending Mary C. Penniman, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN947 ARMY nomination of Matthew S. McGuire, which was received by the Senate and appeared in nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN979 ARMY nomination of Michele L. Buratti, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of May 12, 2026. PN804 MARINE CORPS nomination of Scott M. Carter, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of February 4, 2026. PN948 MARINE CORPS nomination of Steven M. Warner, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressionql Record of April 30, 2026. PN949 MARINE CORPS nomination of Garrett W. Vetter, which was received by the Senate and a'ppeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN950 MARINE CORPS nomination of Michael J. Simpson, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN951 MARINE CORPS nomination of Steven A. Bolt, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN952 MARINE CORPS nomination of Samir J. Glenn-Roundtree, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN842 NAVY nomination of Jess A. Vaught, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of February 11, 2026. PN843 NAVY nomination of John H. Ross, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of February 11, 2026. PN844 NAVY nomination of John D. Morris, IV, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of February 11, 2026. PN953 NAVY nomination of Frances S. Thomas, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN954 NAVY nominations (7) beginning DANIEL J. CLARK, and ending STEPHEN M. THOMAS, which nominations were received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN955 NAVY nomination of Jami Lea G. Buckley, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026. PN956 NAVY nomination of Jeffrey T. Chewning, which was received by the Senate and appeared in the Congressional Record of April 30, 2026.

Legislative Session

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The PRESIDING OFFICER

The Senate will now resume legislative session.

Unanimous Consent Agreement--H. Con. Res. 86

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Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that, notwithstanding rule XXII, at a time to be determined by the majority leader, in concurrence with the Democratic leader, no later than Thursday, June 25, H. Con. Res. 86 be discharged from the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Senate proceed to its consideration; further, that there be 6 hours for debate only, with the time equally divided between the leaders or their designees on the concurrent resolution; and that following the use or yielding back of that time, the Senate vote on adoption of the concurrent resolution.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Orders for Monday, June 22, 2026

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Mr. President, I ask unanimous consent that when the Senate completes its business today, it stand adjourned until 3 p.m. on Monday, June 22; that following the prayer and pledge, the Journal of proceedings be approved to date, the morning hour be deemed expired, the time for the two leaders be reserved for their use later in the day, morning business be closed, and the Senate resume consideration of the House message to accompany H.R. 6644, postcloture; further, at 5:30 p.m., that the Senate vote on adoption of the motion to concur in the House amendment with the Scott amendment No. 5823; finally, if adopted, that the motion to reconsider be considered made and laid upon the table.

The PRESIDING OFFICER

Without objection, it is so ordered.

Adjournment Until Monday, June 22, 2026, at 3 P.m.

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