Tuesday, September 15, 2026

Madam Speaker, I rise today as we begin Hispanic Heritage Month, a time for members of the Hispanic community to honor their culture and to join together for traditions and gatherings. Hispanic Heritage Month starts today, September 15, as we commemorate the fight for independence of five Central American countries: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Celebrations across Westchester and the Bronx will take place, including a community-wide event honoring the past, present, and future of the Hispanic community in New Rochelle, with events as well in Port Chester, Yonkers, Elmsford, White Plains, and in Wakefield and Edenwald. A gathering with Westchester County Executive Ken Jenkins in September will occur at the Westchester County office building, as well as many other events celebrating Latino-owned small businesses and cultural organizations, such as 100 Hispanic Women National, Incorporated; El Centro Hispano; Neighbors Link; and others. I look forward to celebrating Hispanic Heritage Month with our flourishing Latino communities across my district.

Madam Speaker, I rise today to defend against attacks on a cornerstone of our free and fair elections: our right as Americans to vote by mail. The first large-scale absentee voting took place during the Civil War, under the direct order of President Lincoln, to ensure those who were bravely serving our country were still represented. It was a nation divided but then still committed to the democratic principles upon which the Nation was founded. For over a century, those ballots have allowed rural, disabled, and elderly voters to participate in our democratic process. Today, mail-in voting is facing unprecedented attacks by President Trump, seeking to prevent hardworking Americans across the country from being represented at the polls. We will not allow Federal overreach, bureaucracy, and conflict to impede our democratic principles. I implore my colleagues to acknowledge the great benefit vote by mail has brought to our democracy and to do everything in our power to protect it.

Melanie A. Stansbury (D-NM)

Madam Speaker, 49 percent of Americans cannot afford the true cost of living in our Nation. The Consumer Price Index is on a steady incline, and threats of new tariffs mean even pricier receipts when shopping for everyday goods. Hardworking families worry about how they will survive until the next payday. Our elderly go without care. Young people cannot afford their future. This is not the American Dream we were promised. However, hope to return to an affordable Nation is on the horizon. The goal is simple: lower costs, rein in executive overreach, and restore trust in those in Washington that are working for you, no matter where you are in this country. It is time to put the financial stability of everyday Americans ahead of partisan agendas. I call on my colleagues in Congress to use this time to chart a path to a better, more affordable future for the American people.

Remembering Principles That Built America

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Tracey Mann (R-KS)

Madam Speaker, as America celebrates 250 years of independence, we should remember what has made this country great for two-and-a-half centuries: faith, strong families, hard work, personal responsibility, service to our neighbors, respect for those who defend our country and our communities, and the fundamental belief that government should serve the American people, not control them. These values are alive and well in Kansas. I often say that the Big First District is the pilot light of America because the principles that built this country are still burning brightly in the communities I get to represent. Today, our country faces a clear choice about the direction we are headed. Republicans believe in securing our borders, supporting law enforcement, strengthening our military, unleashing American energy, protecting our farmers and ranchers, and allowing hardworking Americans to keep more of the money that they earn. We believe parents should have a say in their children's education. We believe government should live within its means. We believe Washington should get out of the way so families, small businesses, and communities can thrive. We have watched as, time and time again, Democrats have offered a fundamentally different vision: more government spending, higher taxes, more regulation, weaker borders, and more control in Washington. Over the last two years, Republicans have worked with President Trump to move our country in a different direction. We secured historic tax relief for working families, restored order at our southern border, cut burdensome regulations, strengthened American agriculture, and brought common sense back to Washington. There is more work to do. The decisions our country makes in November will determine whether we continue down a path of freedom, opportunity, security, and American strength, or return to the failed policies that families across Kansas continue to reject. Madam Speaker, I believe deeply in this country. The American experiment has survived for 250 years because every generation has accepted the responsibility of preserving it for the next. Our responsibility now is clear: defend freedom, restore common sense, keep government accountable to the people, and leave our children a country that is stronger, safer, and freer than the one we inherited. 100th Anniversary of Golf Course Superintendents Association of America

Tracey Mann (R-KS)

Madam Speaker, I rise today to celebrate the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America's 100th anniversary. GCSAA was founded in 1926 as the National Association of Greenkeepers of America by Colonel John Morley. GCSAA has now grown into a professional association, representing more than 20,000 members in more than 78 countries, and is headquartered in my Congressional District in Lawrence. For a century, the men and women represented by Golf Course Superintendents Association of America, or GCSAA, have played an essential role in one of our Nation's favorite pastimes. They understand turf, water, soil, weather, pest management, equipment, and conservation. They manage not only the course that golfers see, but the natural resources and the ecosystems that surround it. Perhaps the best way to understand the importance of golf course superintendents is through the words of one of golf's greatest ambassadors, Arnold Palmer, who said, "The Golf Course Superintendents Association of America and all golf course superintendents are probably the most important entity that we have in golf." That is a powerful statement from a man who knew the game better than almost anyone. Madam Speaker, let us recognize the Golf Course Superintendents Association of America for a century of excellence and service. Let us thank the thousands of professionals who work behind the scenes to make the game possible. Let us congratulate GCSAA on 100 years of keeping the game of golf on course and its commitment to making the next 100 years even better.

Recognizing New Jersey Ballet

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Analilia Mejia (D-NJ)

Madam Speaker, one of the most important aspects of the human experience is artistic expression. It builds bridges, connects communities, and exemplifies how beauty is found in the ordinary and extraordinary. That is why I rise today to recognize the New Jersey Ballet, an institution based in Florham Park that has brought artistic excellence to audiences across our State for nearly seven decades. Founded in 1958, the New Jersey Ballet is entering a new era under artistic director Maria Kowroski, a 25-year veteran of the New York City Ballet. The company continues to honor iconic works, while commissioning new work that shapes the future of dance. Through school partnerships, community programs, sensory friendly performances, and Dancing for Parkinson's, New Jersey Ballet is making the performing arts accessible to people of all ages and abilities. Since 2022, NJB has proudly served as the resident ballet company at the Mayo Performing Arts Center, bringing world-class performances to our district in Morris County and supporting local businesses. I am proud to recognize the New Jersey Ballet for inspiring generations of New Jerseyans and enriching our State's cultural identity.

Analilia Mejia (D-NJ)

Madam Speaker, I rise today to recognize National Hispanic Heritage Month and celebrate the vibrant Latino communities across New Jersey's 11th Congressional District. Our district, at the crossroads of critical moments in history, is as diverse as it is historic. Communities from across the diaspora proudly call the 11th District home, including my own. Recognizing the impact of the Latino community, without naming the crisis our community faces would be a disservice at this moment, however. As the daughter of two Latino immigrants, I was raised by parents who recognized the importance of embracing my Nation, while holding on to who I was. Following the scores of immigrants who arrived upon these shores, Latino Americans have created communities that enriched their adopted and beloved land, while remembering the culture of their parents and grandparents. Like many, irrespective of their culture or ethnic backgrounds, we stand appalled at the way in which those at the highest perches of this land use racist tropes and dog whistles to divide a nation of immigrants yearning for liberty and justice for all. Across my district, this warfare is made evident by every unjust arrest, through the gutting of safety net programs, and the wholesale vilification of a community that loves this Nation enough to serve it, grow it, and defend it. Violent arrests, courthouse ambushes, the denial of justice all lay bare the willingness of some to turn away from what actually makes America great: "one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all." Some say that upholding these words somehow takes away the freedoms and opportunities of those whose ancestors arrived upon these shores in generations past. This flawed thinking treats justice as if it were finite, as if it were cake, and sharing a piece somehow lessens what is placed upon your plate. Well, Madam Speaker, justice, freedom, and opportunity are not cake. It does not run out if someone else gets a slice.

Remembering Time in Congress

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Kevin Hern (R-OK)

Madam Speaker and my dear friend, I rise today for what will likely be my last speech as a Member of this Chamber. Nine years ago, I was having coffee with my wife, Tammy, when she encouraged me to run for Congress. While I am sure there were times when she regretted that encouragement, she has remained the rock of our family and the reason I have been able to serve in the people's House. A lot has changed in my life outside these walls. I have watched my sons get married and build families of their own, and bless us with the incredible gift of five grandchildren. I also experienced the loss of both my parents, two people who helped shape who I am today. These years have brought great joys and difficult moments, reminding me of what matters most. In Congress, we spend a lot of time talking about titles: chairman, ranking member, leader, and so on. Husband, Dad, and Papi are the titles I am proud to hold most. I was sworn into Congress in November of 2018. While most freshmen Members have a few months to prepare for this job, I had less than 7 days. I learned early in my business career to surround yourself with people you admire and respect. Little did I know then that Steve Womack, who chaired the House that day, would be one of those people. He and I grew up in the small town of Russellville, Arkansas, and we both graduated from Arkansas Tech University. Steve's wisdom and advice guided me early on, and I thank him for his friendship and support. I often say there is no book written on how Congress works, but there is one man who knows how all of it works: my good friend and mentor, Tom Cole. Tom is our historian and who we go to when we need advice, a kick in the right direction, or just a moment to take a break with a cigar, or maybe two, or maybe three. I knew I wanted to serve on the Ways and Means Committee. I got advice from other Members, but Tom took me under his wing and showed me the full picture. I would not have been on Ways and Means today without his mentorship and support. Ways and Means is where I found my home in Congress, where I could use my business background to offer policy solutions and push back on the ideas that I believe would hurt the economy. I am honored to have served under the two great chairmen: Kevin Brady and Jason Smith, both who led the committee through major legislative victories and created tax policies that will allow our country to flourish for years to come. Ways and Means was also a place where I saw that bipartisan work can also get done. In 2021, after months of trying to meet with Biden's Treasury Department, I shared my frustration with my fellow Ways and Means colleague, Brad Schneider. Brad offered to help set up a meeting, which was something I thought was an empty gesture. Madam Speaker, I was wrong. A week later, I was on the call with those who I had been trying to meet with for months. It was a reminder that even when we disagree, we can still find ways to work together. I would be remiss if I didn't thank my friend, Richie Neal, who chaired Ways and Means during my first 2 years on the committee and now serves as the ranking member. Richie is a true professional, something that sometimes we are lacking in this place. He is willing to work with you where common ground can be found, while respecting differences when it cannot. One of my favorite jobs in Congress was chairing the Republican Study Committee. I worked with some of the best and the brightest staff in the world and brought together Republican Members to tackle critical issues, like government funding and debt ceilings. Those discussions helped to create policy proposals, many of which became law in Congress. I have no doubt that the RSC will continue to be a leading force in shaping conservative policy in Congress. I also recognize Speaker Johnson and our leadership team, which is navigating one of the slimmest margins in history. It is no easy task, and Mike and his team have worked tirelessly to keep the House moving forward and delivering for the American people. I am grateful for their leadership and everything they have done for our Conference. Lastly, I thank my staff who have worked alongside me for the past 8 years. I am proud to have one of the lowest turnovers on Capitol Hill. My chief of staff and district director have been with me from the very beginning, and the majority of my staff have stayed with me for multiple Congresses. I am equally proud to have watched others grow into new opportunities, including four who have become chiefs of staff for other Members and others who have taken on leadership roles in the Republican policy areas. My D.C. staff have worked countless hours to advance policy proposals, many of which have been signed into law. Back home, my district staff has achieved great successes in delivering for Oklahomans. Almost 8 years ago, I ended my first speech by saying: "Let's get to work." While I am proud of the work that we have achieved during my time here, the American people rightly expect a lot from those who are elected to office, and our job is to deliver for them. My hope is that I will have the opportunity to continue that work on the other end of the Capitol. As I leave this great Chamber, I only have to say the same as when I started: Let's get to work.

Returning Japanese Citizens Abducted by North Korea

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(Ms. Tokuda of Hawaii was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Jill N. Tokuda (D-HI)

Madam Speaker, imagine sending your 13-year-old daughter to school and waiting nearly 50 years for her to come home. That is what Sakie Yokota has endured since North Korean agents abducted her daughter, Megumi, in 1977. As a parent, that thought is absolutely heartbreaking. I think about my own sons. I imagine them growing up without me at an age so young that, after all those years, they might not even recognize my face. Koichiro Iizuka knows what that is like. His mother was abducted when he was just 1 year old. There are 17 Japanese citizens officially recognized as having been abducted by North Korea. While 5 returned home, 12 remain unaccounted for. Their families have grown old waiting. Many passed away. Sakie is now 90 years old. Every year without answers is another year stolen from them. This is not only Japan's tragedy. David Sneddon, an American college student who disappeared while hiking in China in 2004, is also believed by his family and many others to have been abducted by North Korea. His fate remains unknown. These cases are a warning. When governments are allowed to make people disappear, no family and no country are beyond their reach. Japan is one of America's closest friends and allies. If President Trump has an opportunity to speak to Kim Jong-un, he must raise these abductions directly. He must press for the return of every abductee and a full, credible accounting for those who remain missing, including David Sneddon. Diplomacy cannot be limited to weapons, sanctions, and security agreements. It must also be about human beings. Democracies must stand together in defense of our people and their most basic human rights. Time has already taken far too much from these families. We cannot allow silence to take away their last hope for answers.

Jill N. Tokuda (D-HI)

Madam Speaker, this is not the first time I have taken to the floor to talk about Kauai Community Radio, KKCR. When Congress defunded the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, KKCR lost $83,000. I warned then that this wasn't simply about radio programming. It was about whether communities would have a trusted lifeline when disaster strikes. Last week, Hurricane Lowell proved the point. When the storm hit Kauai, power went out across the island. Cell service and internet became unreliable. Roads were blocked. Trees came down. Communities were cut off. KKCR stayed on the air. When the power failed, they switched to a generator. When the internet went down, they used a donated Starlink connection. When trees went down around their North Shore station, they kept broadcasting. For a time, KKCR was the only station that Kauai could hear. They carried updates from the mayor and emergency management officials. They relayed calls from listeners who were reporting weather, road conditions, and power outages in their neighborhoods. They told people where they could find food, ice, water, and help. They played music to keep people calm. In the digital age, when clocks and phones had gone dark, they even reminded people what time it was. KKCR was founded after Hurricane Iniki to provide emergency communication. More than three decades later, Hurricane Lowell shows us why that mission still matters. This is what Congress put at risk when it cut public broadcasting--not entertainment but a lifeline. We must restore this funding because when the next disaster comes, the question is not whether people will need KKCR. It is whether KKCR will still be on the air to answer the call.

Farewell to Congress

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(Mr. Johnson of South Dakota was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Dusty Johnson (R-SD)

Mr. Speaker, a leader's strength is never his own. It is borrowed from the courage, the talent, and the integrity of those who walk with him. The last 8 years have proven that to me time and time again. I have had many blessings in life, but none quite like the people who I have worked with. I will start with our brilliant casework team: Andrea Rose-Prehn, Reid Rasmussen, Danica Allmer, and Aimee Hoyle. They have each helped hundreds of South Dakotans get the treatment they deserve from our Federal Government. The work is complex. It is frustrating, and nobody does it better than they do. In 2023, they won the top award for outstanding constituent service in Congress. Aimee, Danica, Reid, and Andrea have improved countless lives, and I cannot thank them enough. Our D.C. team is extraordinary, too. In each of the last three Congresses, they were named the number one most effective office in one policy area or another. With 435 offices, being number one isn't that easy. Some offices specialize in social media hot takes or partisan attacks, but Sydney Powers, Mason Ohnstad, Kristen Blakely, Andrew Rasmussen, and Jon Sundet specialized in getting things done. They are brilliant, funny, and driven. They have helped govern in an era where governing is not easy. It is not just our current team who has been excellent. We have remarkably little turnover in our office, but we have some great alums. When I think back to those who gave more than 2 years to us--Jazmine Kemp, Alana Lomis, Hannah Hulehan, John Weber, Nathanael Monroe, and Chance Hunley--I am proud. They did incredible things with our team, and they have done incredible things since. Our experiences will always bind us together, and I am happy for that and how many experiences there have been. I look at our team today, and I am touched. Most of us have been here since day one, 8 years ago. Mr. Speaker, 8 years is an eternity in this crazy time and in this crazy place. We have fought, worked, and laughed together. We have celebrated 8 weddings, 12 births, and 6 high school graduations. What a joy it has been to live life alongside these great people. I will close by talking about our senior team: Andrew Christianson, Elizabeth Walters, Courtney Heitkamp, Chelsea Schull, and Katie Neff. I cannot believe that leaders of their caliber have dedicated 8 years of their lives to our office and to working with me. I am so odd, so particular, and so demanding. How have they done it? I have leaned on these leaders every single day, and they have never let me down--never. I have never had cause to question their heart, work ethic, loyalty, integrity, or patriotism. Andrew, Elizabeth, Courtney, Chelsea, and Katie are the finest humans who I have ever met. Mr. Speaker, there is still much to be done in the 119th Congress, and I promise I will keep working hard for South Dakota until the very end, but when this chapter of my life closes in January, I will not miss the shutdowns, the political posturing, or the TV cameras. I will miss the people, the very best people.

Restoring Global Climate Accords

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(Ms. Stansbury of New Mexico was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Mr. Speaker, it rained yesterday in New Mexico--a real rain, a monsoon rain, a rain that we have been waiting for, for months in our communities. My social media was flooded with images of people celebrating, recording out of their windows and doors, dancing, and rejoicing. That is because in New Mexico, in our desert, water is life, water is culture, and water is what sustains us. As New Mexicans, we have been in the grips of a historic drought. The mighty Rio Grande has been dry for a record of over 90 days through our communities this summer. We have had record-low snowpack and the highest number of high-heat days over 90 degrees. In our communities, climate change is not a hypothetical. It is here. Our communities are on the front lines and bearing the brunt. Our farmers have been forced to drill wells and fallow their fields. Our acequias, which are hundreds of years old, have gone dry. Ancient orchards that have sustained our communities have been lost, and a bosque and wildlife have suffered through the consequences. This is not just New Mexico. It is happening all across the planet. Extreme weather is pounding the shores of California and Hawaii right now. Wildfires have left the West Coast and the East Coast covered in smoke for months. In August, globally, it was the hottest year in recorded modern history. The planet is raising the alarm, and our communities are on the front lines. For years, the United States has been a global leader. We helped to lead negotiations that led to global climate accords. We invested in new technologies and clean energy. We aggressively committed to stopping and transitioning pollution to save our economy and our planet. Yet, since the current President took office last January, not only have we seen one of the largest increases in pollution from the United States in modern history, but we have seen our standing as a nation fall in the eyes of the world. He rescinded climate policies on day one and removed us from international agreements, just this week announcing the removal of clean air protections and divestment from technologies that our Nation was at the forefront of, as our adversaries are stepping in to take over global economic dominance. He even invaded a foreign country to steal their oil, even when U.S. oil companies did not have a development plan for it. This has not only led to the highest prices at the pump that we have seen over a Labor Day weekend in the history of the United States, but it has set our country back decades. Why? To give kickbacks to his donors, oil and gas companies that he asked to donate $1 billion to his campaign; corrupt side deals with foreign actors and foreign leaders; his own insider trading, which he posted an AI image of in the Oval Office just this last weekend; and his own efforts to increase prices in order to line the pockets of his own investments and those of his family and friends. We are paying the price in drought, in heat, at the pump, in our food, in our housing, and in air that is too smoky to breathe for our children. Well, we have had enough, Mr. Speaker. That is why myself and a delegation of congressional leaders are headed to Climate Week in New York, to recommit to the United States climate leadership, to recommit to a climate-resilient future, to lay out a plan for a new deal for America, and to invest in the infrastructure, the technology, and global leadership that we need; but, yes, most importantly, to invest in our communities. That is why, Mr. Speaker, I am here on the House floor today to speak up, to speak out, and to demand climate action for our communities now.

The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Amodei of Nevada)10:45 a.m.

Members are reminded to refrain from engaging in personalities toward the President.

Honoring Pastor Tim Hester

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(Mr. Baird of Indiana was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

James R. Baird (R-IN)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to honor pastor Tim Hester of Grace Church in DeMotte, Indiana. Since launching Grace Church in 1992, he has helped lead the church from its humble beginnings into a thriving congregation committed to sharing the good news of Jesus Christ. Pastor Tim emphasized practical Biblical teaching, discipleship, and service beyond the walls of the church. Under his leadership, Grace Church developed ministries for families, recovery, and local and global missions. A defining accomplishment has been The Park on 8th, a community center serving families and children throughout the DeMotte area. As Pastor Tim completes his 34 years of ministry, his legacy is not just the church he helped build but the people he loved, baptized, discipled, and equipped to follow Jesus. His ministry has shaped Grace Church into a congregation committed to connecting people to God and equipping one another for a Christlike life.

James R. Baird (R-IN)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to honor a local Indiana student-athlete. Jhett Stillwell, from the town of Colfax, Indiana, was named a Reserve Champion Student-Athlete of the Year at the National High School Rodeo Finals. The recognition highlights student-athletes who excel both in the rodeo arena and in their scholastic and personal achievements. Stillwell received a scholarship from Professional's Choice as part of the award. His reserve finish gives Indiana representation among the student-athletes recognized at the national level during the Cinch National High School Rodeo Finals. Stillwell has become quite an accomplished rodeo cowboy. In both 2025 and 2026, Stillwell placed in the senior ribbon roping at the National Little Britches Finals Rodeo. He also serves as an event director for the Indiana High School Rodeo Association. I congratulate Jhett and hope he keeps up the good work.

James R. Baird (R-IN)

Mr. Speaker, I rise to honor two Fourth District Hoosiers named National FFA Teacher Ambassadors for the 2026-27 school year. Laura Crosby from Danville Community Schools and Cameron Frazier from South Putnam Community Schools were chosen to represent Indiana by the National FFA Organization. They will provide training, mentorship, and professional development resources to teachers nationwide while bolstering ag education across the country. Crosby has served three consecutive years and Frazier four as national teacher ambassadors. This distinctly shows the Fourth District's impact on agriculture in Indiana and the Nation. I congratulate Laura Crosby and Cameron Frazier on serving our State and our country once again. Giving our youth opportunities to learn about leadership, hands-on agricultural science, and career skills in this ever-modernizing world is an immense task. I cannot, however, think of a more worthy use of time than preparing the next generation to lead our country.

Honoring Life and Legacy of George Dean

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(Mr. Stanton of Arizona was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Greg Stanton (D-AZ)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to honor the life and legacy of George Dean, a pillar of our Arizona community, who passed away last week at the age of 88. George led the Greater Phoenix Urban League for more than three decades, serving as its president and CEO. He worked tirelessly to make a real difference in the lives of Arizonans, creating pathways to jobs, to education, and to homeownership. He did it all while remaining a steadfast voice for civil rights and economic opportunity. Now, I had the proud honor of working with George, seeing his great work firsthand for many years. When I served as mayor of Phoenix, I worked with George to help low-income families get assistance with their energy bills. George was passionate to make sure that Arizonans got our fair share of LIHEAP resources. I saw his passion for affordable housing so people in need can live with dignity. No one worked harder to create summer job opportunities for local teenagers. I saw how deeply he cared about lifting up every member of our community. To his last day, George worked to support the people of our community. George Dean's impact will be felt across Arizona for generations to come, and he is owed a tremendous debt of gratitude for his decades of selfless sacrifice and service. My thoughts are with his family, his friends, and the entire Greater Phoenix Urban League community.

Greg Stanton (D-AZ)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to mark 25 years since the tragic attacks of September 11 and to remember a life tragically taken in their aftermath in my own district. Twenty-five years ago today, Balbir Singh Sodhi was murdered at his Mesa gas station while planting flowers outside. He was the very first victim of a hate crime after 9/11. He was murdered because of the color of his skin and the turban he wore in keeping with his Sikh faith. It was a senseless act of hatred, but in the years since, Arizona's Sikh community has transformed that tragedy into something greater: a call for peace, for understanding, for unity, and for forgiveness, a call for this country to live up to its founding values. Every year, we gather at the place where Balbir's life was taken to honor his memory and to remind our community that hate has no place here. His brother, Rana, and his extended family have carried that message with remarkable grace. To honor Balbir, we must keep building a community and a country that welcomes everyone, that reaffirms that diversity, unity, and acceptance are at the heart of our founding values. My heart remains with his family and with Arizona's Sikh community, who have shown us that love can and must prevail.

Honoring Titusville Police Officer Jason Van Zile

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(Mr. Haridopolos of Florida was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to recognize Titusville Police Officer Jason Van Zile for an extraordinary act of courage and selfless service. During a sudden and dangerous storm on the Indian River Lagoon, a family paddleboarding near Parrish Park was thrown into the water after a violent storm. Officer Van Zile was the first officer to arrive. Seeing that there was no time to wait, he removed his gear and entered the water. Despite dangerous conditions and a safety rope that became caught in submerged rocks, the officer continued to rescue all three members of the family, including two children. He is a former lifeguard, a United States Marines veteran, and his courage that day reflects a lifetime of service to others. I congratulate Officer Van Zile on being named the city of Titusville's Employee of the Month and thank him for his incredible service.

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to celebrate a major step forward in transportation and economic opportunity on Florida's Space Coast. Last month, the Federal Railroad Administration awarded more than $57 million to help build the new Brightline station in Cocoa. For years, residents of Brevard County watched Brightline trains travel through the community without having a station of their own. The new station will now connect the Space Coast to the rest of Florida, providing new opportunities for tourism, business, and continued economic growth. I was proud to work alongside local and State leaders to provide the necessary funds to make the Brightline a reality, and I look forward to the day that Brightline welcomes its first passenger aboard in Cocoa.

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to recognize Eugene Vogt, a distinguished veteran from Florida's Eighth Congressional District. Mr. Vogt served our Nation in both the United States Air Force and United States Coast Guard for more than two decades. Throughout his career, he served with the 12th Reconnaissance Squadron aboard the Coast Guard cutters Point Swift and Gallatin conducting patrols between Venezuela and Canada. Mr. Vogt has said that his experiences around the world taught him that our freedoms are only guaranteed when future generations are willing to participate in and protect them. It is my honor to recognize Eugene Vogt as Veteran of the Month and thank him for his decades of service to our country.

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to recognize Colonel Joseph Matthews, a distinguished Army veteran from Florida's Eighth Congressional District. Colonel Matthews dedicated 27 years of his life to serving our Nation in the United States Army, specializing in military intelligence. His remarkable career took him to places such as Iraq, Afghanistan, South Korea, Germany, and Saudi Arabia. His service also reflects a deep appreciation for the freedoms he spent his career defending with pride. It is my honor to recognize Colonel Joseph Matthews as Veteran of the Month and thank him for his extraordinary service, sacrifice, and commitment to the United States of America.

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Celebrating Launching of Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope

Timothy M. Kennedy (D-NY)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to celebrate another historic achievement for America's space program and Florida's Space Coast. On August 30, I had the honor to watch firsthand the launching of the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope from Kennedy Space Center. Named in honor of NASA's first chief astronomer, Roman will travel nearly 1 million miles from Earth and give scientists an unprecedented view of our universe. The telescope will help us better understand how the universe has evolved, study distant galaxies and black holes, and search for planets in our solar system. As chairman of the Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee, I am proud to represent the men and women of our Space Coast who make missions like this possible and ensure America continues to lead in space exploration because, after all, you can't be number one on Earth if you are number two in space.

Honoring Life and Legacy of Michael Glavey

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(Mr. Kennedy of New York was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to honor the life and legacy of Michael Glavey, who tragically passed away on May 16, 2026, at the age of 55. September 16 would have been Mike's 56th birthday. Mike was born and raised in south Buffalo by Kathy and the late Jack Glavey and grew up alongside his twin sister, Maureen, and their siblings, Karen, Kathleen, and John. Their childhood was filled with endless days playing outside with friends, family, camping trips, and plenty of shenanigans. Mike's early years instilled in him the values that he carried forward throughout his life: a deep appreciation for friendship, family, and hard work. Much of what Mike learned came from watching his father, Jack, working as his apprentice and seeing firsthand the pride that comes from a job well done. The boy who built forts and rebuilt bikes on Britt Avenue grew up to be an expert craftsman who made carpentry his career, joining the Carpenters Union Local 276. For more than 25 years, Mike served as the carpenter foreman at the University at Buffalo, where he oversaw construction sites big and small, taking enormous pride in his work. Like any good carpenter, Mike lived by the creed: Measure twice, cut once. Mike ran point on just about every construction project in the Glavey family. His legacy lives on in the spaces he built for those he loved, leaving his mark in a very literal manner. He helped turn every vision his sisters, Karen, Kathleen, and Maureen, had into brick-and-mortar home-improvement projects. He argued with his brother, John, on how to properly hang drywall as they worked long hours together turning an old grocery store into a neighborhood restaurant. Most importantly, he was his mother's first phone call when something around his childhood home needed his trusted expertise. Wherever and whenever someone needed him, Mike was there. That same instinct to show up for others shaped the family he built with his wife Jennifer. They married in 1998 and together raised their children, Mikey and Allie. Mikey and Allie were his pride and joy. Mikey was his sidekick. Mike took him everywhere. He taught him, guided him, and found tremendous joy in every adventure they shared in Jack Glavey's classic blue convertible. Mike adored Allie. He was immensely proud of her accomplishments as a young architect, her world travels, and her willingness to take on new challenges. Mike was her biggest supporter and relished their debates over architecture versus carpentry. He was also the loving uncle to several nieces and nephews, each of whom will forever remember the infectious laugh and warm embrace of their beloved Uncle Mike. Mike Glavey embodied the very best of who we aspire to be. He was a man of character, a dependable friend, and an extraordinarily devoted father. To Mikey, Allie, Jennifer, Kathy, and the entire Glavey family, our community and our Nation mourn with you. May Michael Glavey rest in peace. Celebrating 25th Anniversary of Western New York Area Labor Federation

Timothy M. Kennedy (D-NY)11:00 a.m.

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the Western New York Area Labor Federation. For 25 years, the WNYALF has fought to ensure working people in our community have a strong voice to secure higher wages, safer workplaces, better benefits, and greater economic stability for themselves and their families. The Buffalo-Niagara region was built by labor unions. They built our factories, our roads, our schools, our neighborhoods, and the communities that we call home. I want to recognize my dear friend, the president of the WNYALF, Denise Abbott, and the countless union members, organizers, stewards, and leaders who have carried this movement forward. Under Denise's leadership, the WNYALF continues the essential work of bringing fairness and dignity to the workplace and putting more money into the pockets of working families. The future of western New York will be built by working people, and we will always fight to ensure that organized labor is the defining force in building that future. I congratulate the Western New York Area Labor Federation on one-quarter century of solidarity, service, and strength. Here is to the next 25 years and many, many more to come.

Retirement of Spokane County Clerk Tim Fitzgerald

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(Mr. Baumgartner of Washington was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Michael Baumgartner (R-WA)

Mr. Speaker, today I rise to honor Spokane County Clerk Tim Fitzgerald on his upcoming retirement after a lifetime defined by service. Oftentimes, county clerks and other local and government officials get overlooked, but they shouldn't be. Having a good county clerk matters, and Tim Fitzgerald was a great county clerk. Tim served as a vital nexus for the Spokane VET Court and Spokane Veterans Forum. By focusing on treatment, VA integration, and peer mentorship, he created a program that has graduated over 500 veterans and reduced the local veteran recidivism rate to 5 percent. This statistic represents real lives transformed and peace restored to hundreds of military families. Tim Fitzgerald's devotion to duty began long ago. He dedicated three decades to the United States Marine Corps, retiring as a colonel after crucial leadership deployments to Iraq and Afghanistan. He brought that same elite leadership to county government, earning recognition as Washington State's Clerk of the Year in both 2017 and 2022. A true gentleman and proud graduate of the Virginia Military Institute, Tim embodies the highest traditions of public service. Mr. Speaker, I ask my colleagues to join me in thanking Tim and wishing him and his wife, Tracy, the best in the next chapter of their lives. Recognizing Ferris High School's Football Head Coach Billy Newman

Michael Baumgartner (R-WA)

Mr. Speaker, I rise to recognize Ferris High School's football team for naming a new head coach, Billy Newman, and I congratulate them on their first win of the season on Friday. Billy Newman brings more than two decades of coaching experience and strong ties to the Spokane community. I remember him as a standout football player for Washington State University, and I appreciated Coach Newman when he coached my son in AAU basketball. Billy's appointment reflects Ferris High School's commitment to strengthening its football program through character development and meaningful partnership with students, staff, and the broader community. Billy said upon becoming the coach: "This football program will be built on school and community pride. It is an honor to represent our school, our families. . . ." I wish the Saxons and all the high school football teams of eastern Washington success as they take on what looks to be a great football season. I wish good luck to the players, coaches, and the entire family, and, once again, I congratulate Coach Newman and the Ferris boys' football team on that first win of the season.

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Honoring Life and Legacy of Dr. Charles "Charlie" Robert Wolfe

Michael Baumgartner (R-WA)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to honor the life and legacy of Dr. Charles "Charlie" Robert Wolfe, a longtime physician, public servant, and member of the Spokane community who passed away on September 7 at the grand old age of 94. After earning his medical degree from the University of Nebraska, Dr. Wolfe served as an Army physician in Okinawa, attaining the rank of captain. He and his wife, Patricia, eventually settled in the Spokane Valley where he spent three decades caring for patients and strengthening the local healthcare system. Dr. Wolfe helped establish the first full-time staffing of the Valley General Hospital emergency department and wrote Washington State's first emergency services manual. He later became a founding partner of Occupational Medicine Associates and served as a physician for Kaiser Aluminum. His commitment to service extended beyond medicine. Charlie served in the Washington State House of Representatives, was a delegate to the Republican National Convention that nominated Ronald Reagan, and devoted years to causes including the Union Gospel Mission and Christian education. I extend my condolences to the family, and I join all of Congress in celebrating the life and legacy of Dr. Charles Robert Wolfe. God bless you.

Lessons on New Mexico's History

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(Ms. Leger Fernandez of New Mexico was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Mr. Speaker, I rise to provide a history lesson. In 1598, New Mexico got its name. In 2026, Donald Trump's Presidency is the most unpopular of any President. His Iran war has pushed diesel prices to record levels, and his tariffs have cost Americans thousands. How does he address the affordability crisis he created? It is by slapping a New America label on the State of New Mexico. Let me give Mr. Trump a history lesson. New Mexicans are proud of our name and proudly patriotic. New Mexican soldiers fought in the Revolutionary War. We defeated the Confederacy at Glorieta Pass and stopped slavery's westward march. We fought for civil rights. A New Mexican won the Supreme Court case declaring that Native Americans had the right to vote in every election everywhere. While Trump makes billions off his Presidency and tries to gut Head Start, New Mexicans have universal childcare, free college, and no child will go hungry in our classrooms. We have multicultural bilingual education that celebrates our diversity in a State that is 49 percent Latino, 11 percent Native American, and has some of the best ranchers and dairy farmers anywhere. Hardworking New Mexicans are the opposite of the gold-collared, corrupt politicians who cater to Trump no matter how crazy he acts. Mr. Trump, New Mexico has been New Mexico since before you got to these shores, and we will always be New Mexico.

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moment of silence honoring indian boarding school victims

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to recognize September 30, 2026, as National Day of Remembrance to honor those who were forced to attend Indian boarding schools and to recognize Indian boarding school victims and survivors. Across New Mexico, there were 52 Indian boarding schools where Native American children were forced to relinquish their own indigenous heritage and language. I call upon my colleagues to support H.R. 7325, the Truth and Healing Commission on Indian Boarding School Policies in the United States Act, to formally investigate, document, and report on boarding schools, their policies, and the generational effects on Native American peoples. We must support the healing of survivors, descendants, and Tribal communities. Many of the children never returned home to their families or their communities. Mr. Speaker, I ask for a moment of silence for those children who did not survive, and may they never be forgotten.

Mr. Speaker, I rise to honor the life of Randy Lupe, a wildland firefighter who helped protect New Mexico during the Frijoles fire. A member of the San Carlos Apache Tribe, Randy came with California Complex Incident Management Team 8 as the fire threatened rural communities. He spent 10 days supporting the response, carrying with him nearly 30 years of experience. Randy brought laughter to long assignments and faith to difficult moments. He prayed with his crew, lifted their spirits, stood up for his fellow firefighters, and lived by a simple creed: Do what is right. Tragically, Randy died as a result of a medical emergency while serving our communities. He is one of 61 firefighters we have lost this fire season. Northern New Mexico mourns Randy and honors his sacrifice. He answered the call when we needed him most. We will remember him as a hero.

Mr. Speaker, today I rise to honor Catherine Garduno who recently passed away in Penasco, New Mexico, at the age of 96. Catherine embodied resilience, faith, service, and love of country. The youngest of 12 children born to a sheepherder and a cook, she became her family's first college graduate, earning an education degree from the College of St. Joseph in Albuquerque. A letter to Senator Pete Domenici brought her to our Nation's Capital, an experience she shared throughout her 35 years as an elementary schoolteacher. She even taught my district director in third grade. Widowed, Catherine raised six children with strength and devotion. A devout Catholic, she received the Archbishop of Santa Fe's St. Francis Award for Volunteer of the Year. Her legacy passed down through her nephew, the late Raul Grijalva, and her great-niece, Congresswoman Adelita Grijalva. Her courage, faith, hope, and love shaped generations.

Recognizing Mr. Carlos M. Salas

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(Mr. Norman of South Carolina was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Ralph Norman (R-SC)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to recognize a gentleman who represents the epitome of success in this great country where we just celebrated our 250th anniversary, Mr. Carlos Salas. Mr. Salas is with us today with his son, Martin, and his granddaughter, Gabriela. He is a remarkable man whose life is a powerful testament to perseverance, hard work, and living the American Dream. Carlos was born in Argentina and grew up under an authoritarian regime. After his father's newspaper published editorials opposing the regime, Carlos and his family were forced to flee their home. Their journey took them across South America. Carlos later pursued an education in England where he learned English. In 1955, after the regime's dictator was exiled, Carlos was finally able to return to Argentina. However, following a family tragedy, he found himself on his own at just 15 years of age. He supported himself by continuing his education, working at ports as a translator, and even playing billiards to make ends meet. He later entered the army in Argentina to fulfill his military obligation. By age 19, Carlos was studying industrial engineering while becoming a well-known billiards and chess player at a local social club. His skills even gave him the opportunity to compete against recognized players like Bobby Fischer. After graduating, Carlos pursued both his engineering career and his entrepreneurial interests, working for a manufacturing firm while also owning the Eliot Ness Club. During this time, Carlos married his wife, Ada Cristina Salas, an accomplished female engineer who worked on the development of rocket propellants. In 1971, they welcomed their first son Carlos Salas. Then, in 1973, the regime's dictator returned to Argentina from exile. Once again faced with political uncertainty, Carlos and Cristina made the difficult decision to leave their homeland. This time, they set their sights on the United States of America. In 1974, while Christina was pregnant with their second son, Martin Salas, Carlos and his family legally immigrated to Connecticut to pursue the American Dream. Their beginnings in America were humble, but Carlos and his family embraced the freedom and opportunity this country offered them. They became active participants in democracy, including serving as delegates to the Republican National Convention in 1994. Carlos proudly became a naturalized American citizen in 2011. Carlos went on to build an impressive career in the color and paint industry. Drawing upon his engineering background and command of multiple languages, he directed international sales and helped bring advanced American color systems to markets all around the world. Through hard work, Carlos grew a $200,000 division of a company into a $20 million operation. In 1993, he and his family made South Carolina their official home. Then, in 2001, the family took a leap of faith and went into business for themselves, purchasing their own paint equipment company. Together, they successfully grew and operated their manufacturing company for more than a decade before selling the business and retiring to the great State of South Carolina. Carlos remains an active member of his community, including service with the Lions Club and the Schmoozer Club. He has never lost his competitive spirit. He still enjoys chess, poker, and an occasional game of billiards. Most importantly, he is deeply loved by his family, including his children and his seven granddaughters. It is impossible to capture the full measure of a man's life in just a few minutes, especially a life as remarkable as Carlos Salas' has been. His story began under an authoritarian government and ultimately brought him to the freest and greatest nation on Earth, what we call America. This is the American Dream. Mr. Speaker, Carlos has made South Carolina and our Nation better through his determination, ingenuity, and devotion to his family and community. It is a privilege to recognize him in the House of Representatives today.

Acknowledging Congressional Spouses

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(Mr. Larson of Connecticut was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

John B. Larson (D-CT)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to address my fellow townspeople of my hometown of East Hartford. In what was a heartbreaking loss for them in the primary on September 11, I wanted to especially thank them for the number of thank-yous, the cards, and the media attention that I received from all of them from the bottom of their hearts. Mr. Speaker, I also wanted to rise and at the same time acknowledge someone who rarely gets thanked. Mr. Speaker, I think this is true of most Members of Congress. The people who often don't get the praise they richly deserve are the spouses. Having gone through several elections--having been here for what will be 28 years--I can't think of anyone who did more on behalf of me and my children and, frankly, the First Congressional District and this great country of ours than my wife, Leslie. Why do I say that? Like most spouses, Mr. Speaker, they do their job quietly. They do it without recognition. They do it because of their belief in the spouse who is running, but also to nurture their children. Oftentimes, they are viewed as an appendage. Oftentimes, they are the ones who don't get the attention, nor do they ever seek it. My wife is a master gardener, and she is incredible. She knows more about soil and soil content and the right kind of fertilizer, and what to do. Our backyard and front yard are ablossom with flowers and vegetables that come from her nurturing and caring. Do you know what, Mr. Speaker? None of those flowers or those plants or the gardening ever say thank you. They don't speak at all. What she revels in is how she is able to take them from seedling to flowering--without a thank-you and without applause. It is the same way that she has stood by me over all these many years of public life and, also, our children, who she had to nurture and to explain after September 11 what was happening in Washington, D.C., and whether Dad was okay. It is spouses who give up so much of their lives on behalf of the elected officials that they represent. They do so willingly. They don't complain. They never seek the footlights. They never truly receive the thanks that they richly deserve. More than a master gardener, my wife, Leslie, has been there for me and my children and has done so persistently, even when things have been tough and even when there is unfair scrutiny and expectation. I don't think Congress does enough, Mr. Speaker, for our spouses. In fact, we seem to have done less and less over the 28 years that I have been here. There ought to be more recognition for the true sacrifice that they have made. I don't think there is a Member here in the body, married, unmarried, or whatnot, who can think of people who have sacrificed more than the loved ones who they represent. Mr. Speaker, I rise today--and I will submit remarks later for the Record--to thank my wife, Leslie Larson, for her continued support and love for me but, as importantly, for her children, the community she lives in, the great State, and, of course, this great Nation we all love.

Honoring the Life of Rodney Eagle

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(Mr. Cline of Virginia was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Mr. Speaker, I rise to recognize the life of Rodney Eagle, a true pillar of the Harrisonburg community. Rodney passed away just shy of his 90th birthday, leaving a lasting impression on the city he loved. Rodney served our country honorably in the U.S. Marine Corps, achieving the rank of corporal. Shortly after his discharge, he married Sylvia Liskey. Together, they shared 67 years of devoted marriage. While Rodney served Harrisonburg in many official capacities, including three terms as mayor, he may be remembered most for the countless unofficial ways he stepped up to serve others. He supported numerous civic organizations and nonprofits, often quietly lending a hand wherever it was needed--from loaning Eagle Carpet tents for community events to personally driving and then donating the company truck to help Open Doors move from one host church to the next. Rodney freely offered his wisdom and advice to everyone, from young, aspiring realtors and fellow city councilmembers to the person sitting on the barstool beside him. Mr. Speaker, let us toast a man who lived a genuinely colorful life, whether riding his turquoise Harley-Davidson downtown, wearing purple to cheer on the JMU Dukes, or adding a few extra maraschino cherries to his glass. Here is to Rodney Eagle, a man who cared for Harrisonburg deeply and spent his life making it a better place for all.

Mr. Speaker, I rise to recognize an extraordinary individual, Mr. Frank Shakespeare, a U.S. Olympic gold medalist, United States Navy veteran, and retired public school teacher living in Virginia's Sixth Congressional District. For almost 70 years, he was united in marriage to the love of his life, Shirley. This May, he celebrated his 96th birthday and is the oldest living U.S. Olympic champion. As a member of the U.S. Naval Academy's rowing team, he and his teammates represented the United States at the 1952 Helsinki Olympics. They defeated the Soviet Union to win gold and were later dubbed by Life Magazine as "The Great Eight." After 11 years of faithful service in the Navy, he went on to enjoy a long career teaching math to students in Baltimore, Maryland. To this day, he continues to share his life's lessons with young people. If you meet Frank, he will hand you his business card that reads: "Be a Winner." Through failures, challenges, and learning to embrace the talents and opportunities that God grants, Frank wants everyone to know that when you live by this motto, Be a Winner, all things are possible. Mr. Speaker, please join me in recognizing Mr. Frank Shakespeare, a proud American yet humble Christian whose incredible achievements and message are something we can all learn from.

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to recognize a remarkable public servant from Virginia's Sixth Congressional District, Mr. Spencer Suter. A native of Rockingham County, Spencer dedicated 30 years to local government, including 14 as administrator of my home, Rockbridge County, a community he and his family also proudly call home. Under Spencer's leadership, Rockbridge County experienced significant progress. The county expanded broadband into rural communities and worked with neighboring localities to open a joint Department of Social Services building. His tenure also saw the creation of the county's first strategic economic development plan and millions of dollars in investment and expansion at Modine Manufacturing. Spencer also helped oversee the transition of Natural Bridge into a Virginia State Park, preserving one of Rockbridge County's most treasured landmarks. These accomplishments reflect Spencer's calm, practical, and people-centered approach to public service. He treated county employees like family, placed the needs of the community first, and demonstrated that no task was beneath him, whether managing a crisis, shoveling snow, or picking up trash along the road. Mr. Speaker, please join me in honoring Spencer Suter for his distinguished service and lasting impact on Rockbridge County. We wish Spencer and his wife, Tina, all the best in his well-deserved retirement.

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to recognize Walnut Springs Christian Church in Strasburg as it celebrates 200 years of faith, fellowship, and service. The congregation traces its founding to August 26, 1826, when members made the Stickley Meeting House their permanent place of worship. In 1848, David Stickley donated the land where the church stands today. Over two centuries, Walnut Springs has endured hardships, such as the Civil War and a devastating fire in 1945. Yet, through every challenge, its members persevered. Remarkably, when the church burned just 2 days before Christmas in 1945, members rushed inside and saved the communion table, piano, and pews--pews that remain in use today. That spirit of faithfulness continues under Pastor Wendell Shurtz, who has served Walnut Springs for an extraordinary 41 years. Mr. Speaker, Pastor Shurtz continues a tradition of faith and welcome that has defined generations of this church family. I congratulate the Walnut Springs congregation. May their simple but powerful message continue to guide them. Be faithful.

Reliable Water for Corpus Christi

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(Mr. Vicente Gonzalez of Texas was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Vicente Gonzalez (D-TX)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to ask you to urge President Trump to fulfill his promise to the city of Corpus Christi, Texas, a community he made a solemn promise to. We heard him loud and clear. When the President visited our city, he called our request for sustainable Federal funding for water projects a serious money ask. He then went on to say to the people of Corpus Christi: We are going to take care of it. Today, I am asking him to keep that promise, and I urge you to ensure that he does. Corpus Christi is a leading energy hub for the country and the world. Water is not a partisan issue. It is not a luxury. It cannot wait for another election or another round of political speeches. Reliable water in one of the most important energy hubs in our country is a national security concern. The time to act is now. Families, hospitals, schools, military installations, small businesses, and thousands of workers who keep the port of Corpus Christi are relying on you today. I was born and raised in Corpus Christi. This is my hometown. I know its people. They work hard. They pay their taxes, and they help power the economy of Texas, the country, and the world. They should not have to wonder whether their community will have enough water to survive and grow into the future. We need the administration to act immediately, identify the Federal funding available, designate the responsible agency, and provide a firm timetable to get this done. We need the President to deliver. If congressional action is required, send it to me. I am ready to work with Republicans, Democrats, State leaders, and local officials to get this done and get this done now. Everyone has a responsibility here. Local and State leaders must also do their part, and the Federal Government must fulfill its commitment. Mr. Speaker, remind the President that Corpus Christi welcomed him. He made a promise to the people, and it is his obligation to fulfill those promises. Its people listened to him. They took him at his word. Now it is time for action, Mr. President. Release the Federal support. Help us secure a dependable, long-term, sustainable water supply. A promise made in Corpus Christi must be a promise kept. Our families cannot live on promises. They need water, and they need it now.

Honoring My Mother, Heikyung Chun Min

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(Mr. Min of California was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Dave Min (D-CA)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to honor the extraordinary life of my mother, Heikyung Chun Min, known to family and friends as HK, who passed away on August 29 at the age of 79. When you are young, you tend to think your parents are invincible, that they are larger than life, and that they will be around forever. If you knew my mom, you can understand why it was particularly easy to believe that about her. She was brilliant, funny, fiercely determined, and deeply loving. She had an incredible joy for life and what seemed like an endless supply of energy. When I was a kid, some of the things that made my mom so uniquely her could also feel embarrassing. One of my mom's notable habits when we went out to eat was to ask the waiter to divide her meal in two, to give her half of it and put the other half in a to-go container. None of my friends' moms ever did anything like that. As someone who was self-conscious back then, I felt awkward when we went out to eat. When I got older, I realized that what she was doing was actually brilliant. Restaurant portions are too big. Half is plenty. The other half is tomorrow's lunch instead of extra calories I don't need. Now that I am a dad, I often do the same thing: half now, half to go. Are my kids embarrassed by me? Probably. But I tell them that this is what their "grandma"; "halmoni" did. They know she is very smart, and maybe we started a family tradition. My mom was different than the other moms in so many other ways. She grew up during the Korean war, studied hard, and got into the top college in Korea, Seoul National University, where she studied chemistry. She came to America in 1972 to get her Ph.D. at Brown University, got married to my dad, had me and then my younger brother, Andrew, and moved out to California where we grew up. My mom was one of the early women engineers and executives in Silicon Valley's semiconductor industry, working at Fairchild and later at National Semiconductor. Most of the other moms I knew back then didn't work, and I don't remember any moms who took business trips like my mom did, to exotic locales like Taiwan and Israel. As a kid, I had no idea how remarkable that was. I will be honest. I didn't know what semiconductors were. It was only when I got older that I understood she was working at foundational companies helping to pave the way for an industry that would transform our global economy. Years later, I remember reading about supermoms, the moms out there balancing successful careers in a patriarchal society where they were also expected to be wives and mothers. I remember thinking that my mom was the original supermom. But I didn't think any of that as a child. To me and my younger brother, Andrew, she was "mom"; "eomma." What I remember about her is that she was always there: at my parent-teacher conferences, my violin lessons, and my soccer games. Despite a demanding career, she was home just about every evening by 5 p.m. making dinner, taking care of us, and watching over us. Mom never stopped watching over us. Even toward the end of her life, she would call me after seeing me on TV to compliment my haircut or text me after seeing a video from Minneapolis to tell me I needed a heavier coat. A few months back, I used some language on social media my mom did not approve of. Within an hour, my phone rang. Even though she was weak from cancer, she still had enough energy to give me an earful. "We did not raise you to be the type of person who uses the f-word. Please take that post down. We raised you better than that." Of course, I took the post down. My mom also loved telling stories, especially embarrassing stories, about her sons. One of her favorites was when I was 4 years old. My dad had given me a few dollars at the grocery store and told me to buy flowers for my mom. When he found me at the checkout line, I was chewing Bubble Yum. He asked me whether I had bought the flowers, and I supposedly told him: "Even better, I bought flower seeds. We can get lots more flowers from the seeds, and I had money left over to buy gum." My mom loved that story and told it probably hundreds of times to people. Every single time, she laughed, that beautiful laugh that I miss so much. In February 2024, my mom was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, one of deadliest and most unforgiving cancers. I will be honest. I still thought she was going to beat it. I still thought she was invincible. She went into that fight with so much conviction and energy. We were initially told she might have only weeks to live. But weeks became months, months became a year, then 2 years. She lived for more than 2\1/2\ years after that diagnosis. For so much of that time, she was still mom, still laughing, still telling stories, and still watching over us. Every single extra day she gave us was an extraordinary gift to my dad, Brian; to me; my wife, Jane; our kids, Teddy, Emmy, and Paxton; to my brother, Andrew; his wife, Melissa; and their kids, Zach and Niko. The last text message my mom sent me reminded me again of those flower seeds I had bought her as young child. She ended simply by saying "saranghaeyo"; "I love you." At her memorial, we gave everyone a packet of flower seeds in her honor to hopefully keep spreading the joy and brilliance and energy that she had spread in her remarkable life on this planet. Mom, "I love you"; "saranghaeyo." I'm sorry for the f-word I used on social media earlier this week. I will try to do better, and I hope to see you soon.

Threat of Ai

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(Mr. Blair of Georgia was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Everton Blair Jr. (D-GA)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to talk about the importance of artificial intelligence and to challenge this Congress' abdication on its regulation. While we fail to debate, the technology is already rewriting the American labor system. Goldman Sachs estimated this April that AI is eliminating roughly 16,000 net American jobs every month. Stanford's analysis of payroll data finds employment for workers aged 22 to 25 in AI-exposed occupations running about 19 percent below trend, while experienced workers in those same fields show no comparable decline. Run that back. The damage is landing on young people, on the first job, on the rung of the ladder that a kid from my district needs to reach their potential. What has this Congress done? Nothing, except entertain proposal after proposal to strip States of their power to act. Twice now, Congress has overwhelmingly rejected preemption, including a 99-1 Senate vote against a 10-year moratorium on State AI regulation. Still it comes back. Let us be clear about this record. This body will not pass a Federal standard, and this body will not let States pass one either. That is not caution. That is negligence, which brings me to my second point. Mr. Speaker, the House returned for votes last night and leaves on September 17. Leadership canceled the final two votes in September, meaning Members will not return back to the body until after the November election. While that may be good for those of us who are on the ballot and need to retain the confidence of voters, it is not good for the hardworking American people who expect us to be doing things to make their lives more affordable. As the newest member of this body, sent here to represent the people of Georgia's 13th Congressional District through the end of this Congress, I would sure like to do my job. Let me put that into context. Through just August 31, the House had held floor votes on just 65 days, the fewest at this point in any comparable midterm year since 1994. The House spent 383 hours in session, the lowest in three decades of comparison, and Congress has enacted just 34 public bills into law. At this same point in the last midterm cycle, we had enacted 93. The Speaker's answer to this call? "We are doing phenomenal work." Phenomenal work, Mr. Speaker? With a national debt north of $40 trillion, with appropriations unfinished, a stopgap running out in December, and with an unregulated technology reshaping every workplace in the country, we can do better. Mr. Speaker, I came to work. As far as I am concerned, with the challenges facing this Nation, we need to run through the tape using every moment we can to serve the American people. Instead, we are going home, but not because the work is done. We are going home because the work is hard and because an election is on the way. The American people are entitled to notice the difference. We can do better than this.

Price Gouging by Big Oil Companies

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(Mr. Burchett of Tennessee was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Tim Burchett (R-TN)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to voice my concerns on the rising price of diesel fuel. Price gouging by greedy oil companies is causing hardworking Americans to struggle to fill their tanks. President Trump has already called on the Department of Justice to open an investigation into this abuse. Behind me, to my left, you will see a chart explaining just how dire this situation is for consumers. Refiners typically make a profit of around $15 per barrel, or roughly 35 cents per gallon. Today, the refiners are making $117 per barrel, or $2.78 per gallon. That is nearly an 800 percent increase, Mr. Speaker, an 800 percent increase they are making on the backs of hardworking Americans--our farmers, truck drivers, and ultimately us, the consumers. Every day we go to the market and pay more. That is why I am introducing legislation to implement export control measures on American diesel. Export controls drive down prices while also helping farmers and keeping more money in the pockets of consumers. That is affordability, Mr. Speaker. That is what America wants. That is what they are asking for, and dadgummit we ought to deliver it. These companies know they can make more money selling at higher prices abroad. American companies should prioritize American consumers and keep American diesel in America. I ask the President to please call on Congress to pass this vital piece of legislation. I don't believe Congress has the guts or the willpower to do it. But the President has proven time and time again that he and Vice President Vance do have the guts to do what is right for this country. I call on the President--I implore the President--please, to call on Congress to pass this vital piece of legislation.

Censured But Not Silenced

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(Mr. Green of Texas was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Al Green (D-TX)

Mr. Speaker, and still I rise unbought, unbossed, a liberated, unelected Democrat. I rise notwithstanding the fact that I have been censured but not silenced. I rise because as a person who has been censured and not silenced, I understand the value and the worth in having the opportunity to speak. I continue to speak because I made a commitment to my constituents that I would work hard as long as I am in the Congress, and I will work for them to make sure that they achieve affordability for food, clothing, shelter, healthcare, the necessities of life. That is what affordability is all about. I also, Mr. Speaker, have been a proponent of impeachment. For years, I have talked about it. As of late, I have indicated that we are in a countdown to impeachment, a countdown. The countdown continues. Mr. Speaker, I have an official notice in my hand indicating that there will be a Republican motion to table H. Res. 1486, impeaching Donald John Trump, President of the United States for high crimes and misdemeanors. This will take place today sometime after 1 p.m. This is the resolution that I have presented to this House. I have presented it, Mr. Speaker, because we have a President who has condoned and supported the killings of innocent people. These were people who were committing no crimes. Let us start with Renee Good. On January 7, 2026, she lost her life. We have heard little or nothing about an investigation at the Federal level, and the Federal officers do all that they can to prevent the local prosecutors from moving forward with the case. The same thing has happened with Alex Pretti, Lorenzo Salgado Araujo, and Johan Sebastian Duran Guerrero. These four persons have lost their lives. Alex Pretti was on the ground, hands out, and he was shot nine times. He was shot more than nine times while he was on the ground unarmed. He was unarmed. There has not been an indication of any type of investigation that would lead to an indictment. I am here today to say that I will be voting to impeach the President of the United States. I will vote to impeach him, and I understand that anything other than a vote to impeach him is going to be a vote to support him. It will be a vote to support him. I will not vote to support a person who has, under his operation of ICE and CBP, caused four persons to lose their lives and says ugly things about them. He has called them terrorists and other ugly names. He has said that the victims were persons who were somehow at fault for the demise that they have suffered, for the death that was brought upon them. I believe that I have a duty, a responsibility, and an obligation as a sworn Member of Congress, sworn in to support and defend the Constitution. I will be voting to defend the Constitution and support it today when I vote to impeach the President. Here is one thing that I will call to everyone's attention: The families of these persons are still suffering. They expect us to do something. I do believe that we have this obligation to impeach. This is why these articles were brought. I have been saying this for some time, long before this last election wherein I was not re-elected to Congress. Those who question my motives, I didn't question your motives until you questioned mine. When you do that, you can expect me to question yours. Finally, Mr. Speaker, how many more will have to die before we will take up this cause seriously? How many more? It is hard for me to believe that we have Democrats who are going to vote to maintain the President in office.

The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Smucker)11:45 a.m.

Members are reminded to refrain from engaging in personalities toward the President.

Recognizing Dr. Jose L. Dotres

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(Mr. Gimenez of Florida was recognized to address the House for 5 minutes.)

Carlos A. Gimenez (R-FL)

Mr. Speaker, I rise today to recognize Dr. Jose L. Dotres, superintendent of Miami-Dade Public Schools, following a distinguished career dedicated to education and public service. Dr. Dotres arrived in Miami at 5 years old as an immigrant. He graduated from Miami-Dade County Public Schools and ultimately dedicated his career to serving the same school community that welcomed him. Dr. Dotres has served as a teacher, reading coach, principal, district administrator, and senior leader. As superintendent, he led the third-largest school district in our Nation, serving more than 300,000 students and 34,000 employees. His accomplishments include induction into the Miami Dade College Alumni Hall of Fame, Barry University's Distinguished Alumni Award, and service as president of the Florida Association of District Superintendents. As Dr. Dotres begins this new chapter, I congratulate him on his retirement and thank him for his decades of service to the students, teachers, and families of Miami-Dade County. Mr. Speaker, I wish him and his family all the best.

Recess

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The SPEAKER pro tempore

Pursuant to clause 12(a) of rule I, the Chair declares the House in recess until noon today.

Accordingly (at 11 o'clock and 50 minutes a.m.), the House stood in recess.

After Recess

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The recess having expired, the House was called to order by the Speaker pro tempore (Mr. Meuser) at noon.

Prayer

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The Chaplain, the Reverend Margaret Grun Kibben, offered the following prayer: This is the day that You, O Lord, have made, and we are graced to receive it. Your gift is beyond measure, and our hearts are filled with gratitude for Your loving-kindness today and always. Grant then that we use this day meaningfully, rejoicing in the opportunities You set before us, glad in the knowledge that You have entrusted us with the stewardship of the gift of life and offered us the privilege of serving You in the work we do here in this United States House of Representatives. Let us then consider the time we are given to be not our own, but Yours. Make every minute serve as our response to You. Ensure that every conversation we have reflects our love for You. May every task completed glorify You that all may see that what is marvelous in our eyes is, in fact, what You, O Lord, have accomplished in the generosity of the grace and mercy You have shown to us. In Your sovereign name, we pray. Amen.

The Journal

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The SPEAKER pro tempore

The Chair has examined the Journal of the last day's proceedings and announces to the House the approval thereof. Pursuant to clause 1 of rule I, the Journal stands approved.

Pledge of Allegiance

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The SPEAKER pro tempore

Will the gentleman from South Carolina (Mr. Wilson) come forward and lead the House in the Pledge of Allegiance.

Mr. WILSON of South Carolina led the Pledge of Allegiance as follows:

Text printed in the Record (174 characters)

I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.

Notice of Intention to Offer Resolution Raising a Question of the Privileges of the House

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NOTICE OF INTENTION TO OFFER RESOLUTION RAISING A QUESTION OF THE PRIVILEGES OF THE HOUSE

Thomas Massie (R-KY)

Mr. Speaker, pursuant to clause 2(a)(1) of rule IX, I seek recognition to give notice of my intent to raise a question of the privileges of the House. The form of the resolution is as follows: Impeaching Peter Brian Hegseth, Secretary of Defense, for high crimes and misdemeanors. Resolved, that Peter Brian Hegseth, Secretary of Defense, also referred to as "Secretary of War" by the administration, is impeached for high crimes and misdemeanors and that the following articles of impeachment be exhibited to the United States Senate: Articles of Impeachment exhibited by the House of Representatives of the United States of America in the name of itself and of the people of the United States of America against Peter Brian Hegseth, Secretary of Defense, in maintenance and support of its impeachment against him for high crimes and misdemeanors. Article I: Waging War in Contravention of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Section 2(c): The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment and that civil officers of the United States, including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct while Secretary of Defense, Peter Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, especially with regard to the commission of war, has abused the powers of the Department of Defense in that: The Declare War Clause of the United States Constitution--Article I, Section 8, Clause 11--vests in Congress the exclusive initiatory powers of war, while the military, administrative, and clemency clause of the United States Constitution--Article II, Section 2, Clause 1--establishes the President as the Commander in Chief of the armed forces, and vests in him operational control over wars lawfully authorized by Congress. In an effort to statutorily delineate the circumstances under which the President may introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities absent congressional authorization, the 93rd Congress of the United States enacted into law H.J. Res. 542, the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Public Law 93-148, by overriding the veto of President Richard Nixon. Peter Brian Hegseth, in his capacity as Secretary of Defense, has executed unlawful orders in contravention of section 2(c) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, section 1541(c) of title 50, United States Code. Section 2(c) provides that "the constitutional powers of the President as Commander-in-Chief to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities, or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, are exercised only pursuant to one, a declaration of war; two, specific statutory authorization; or three, a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces." The War Powers Resolution further expressly provides that nothing contained therein shall be construed as granting any authority to the President to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities which the President would not otherwise possess in the absence of the resolution. Accordingly, the reporting and termination procedures subsequently established by the resolution do not themselves constitute affirmative statutory authorization to commence hostilities. Rather, the introduction of the United States Armed Forces into hostilities must rest upon one of the authorities or circumstances identified in section 2(c) in order for a conflict to be considered lawful. With respect to United States Armed Forces being entered into hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran on February 28, 2026, Secretary Hegseth directed and caused United States Armed Forces to be introduced into hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran, notwithstanding that one, Congress had not declared war against the Islamic Republic of Iran; two, Congress had not enacted any specific statutory authorization for the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran; and three, no national emergency had been created by an attack by the Islamic Republic of Iran upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces. Furthermore, no imminent attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its armed forces existed, as affirmed in the March 17, 2026, resignation letter of Joe Kent, then-Director of the National Counterterrorism Center, in which he stated: "I cannot in good conscience support the ongoing war in Iran. Iran posed no imminent threat to our Nation." The introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran, therefore, satisfied none of the circumstances expressly identified in section 2(c) of the War Powers Resolution and was undertaken, from its inception, without congressional authorization or independent Article II authority, thereby rendering both the initial introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities, and all subsequent actions taken thereafter, unlawful. Secretary Hegseth, nevertheless, knowingly executed and implemented the unlawful order to commence such hostilities, employing powers, personnel, weapons, and resources of the Department of Defense to initiate military action against another sovereign nation, in violation of section 1541(c) of title 50, United States Code. Secretary Hegseth abused the powers of his high office through the following means: One, executing an unlawful order to commence hostilities, despite the absence of a declaration of war; specific statutory authorization; or a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its Armed Forces. Two, continuing to employ the personnel and resources of the Department of Defense in these hostilities after their unlawful initiation and in the continued absence of any subsequent declaration of war or specific statutory authorization by Congress. Through these actions, Secretary Hegseth knowingly executed and implemented unlawful orders to initiate war against a foreign nation, notwithstanding the absence of congressional authorization, an attack upon the United States giving rise to the national emergency contemplated by law, or an imminent threat requiring immediate defensive action, thereby substituting unlawful executive action for the constitutional and statutory judgment of Congress. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as Secretary of Defense and subversive of constitutional government, to the great prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States of America. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain in office and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law. Peter Brian Hegseth, thus, warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. Article II, waging war in contravention of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, section 5(c): The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment and that civil officers of the United States, including Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct while Secretary of Defense, Peter Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, especially with regard to the commission of war, has abused the powers of the Department of Defense in that: The Declare War Clause of the United States Constitution, Article I, Section 8, Clause 11, vests in Congress the exclusive initiatory powers of war, while the Military, Administrative, and Clemency Clause of the United States Constitution, Article II, Section 2, Clause 1, establishes the President as the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and vests in him operational control over wars lawfully authorized by Congress. In an effort to statutorily delineate the circumstances under which the President may introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities absent congressional authorization, the 93rd Congress of the United States of America enacted into law H.J. Res. 542, the War Powers Resolution of 1973, by overriding the veto of President Richard Nixon. Secretary Hegseth carried out unlawful orders and continues to do so in contravention of section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, section 1544(c) of title 50, United States Code. Section 5(c) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 provides that, at any time that United States Armed Forces are engaged in hostilities outside the territory of the United States, its possessions, and territories, without a declaration of war or specific statutory authorization, such forces shall be removed by the President if Congress so directs by concurrent resolution. With respect to the United States Armed Forces being engaged in hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran, pursuant to section 5(c), the House of Representatives and the Senate agreed, by the yeas and nays, to a concurrent resolution directing the President to remove United States Armed Forces from unauthorized hostilities in Iran, H. Con. Res. 86 of the 119th Congress. The House agreed to this concurrent resolution on June 3, 2026, and the Senate agreed to it on June 23, 2026, marking the first successful passage of such a legislative vehicle by both Chambers of Congress in the history of the United States. In response, and without lawful cause or excuse, Secretary Hegseth continued to direct the United States Armed Forces into hostilities with the Islamic Republic of Iran on June 26, 2026, and continues to do so in violation of section 1544(c) of title 50, United States Code. Secretary Hegseth abused the powers of his high office through the following means: One, directing, authorizing, and sustaining hostile United States military actions in Iran after both Chambers of Congress agreed to H. Con. Res.

86, thereby disregarding Congress' express and lawful direction that the United States Armed Forces be removed from such hostilities. Two, failing and refusing to take all necessary steps within his authority as Secretary of Defense to withdraw United States Armed Forces from hostilities in Iran. Three, directing the Department of Defense to ignore the duly agreed concurrent resolution, thereby substituting the judgment of the executive branch for the constitutional and statutory judgment of Congress and nullifying Congress' exercise of its war powers. Through these actions, Secretary Hegseth knowingly executed and sustained unlawful orders that treated the executive branch as possessing authority to determine when war may be commenced, how long it may be sustained, and whether Congress' directive to terminate hostilities must be obeyed. By implementing these orders, he effectuated, in practice, the unilateral continuation of military operations against Iran, despite Congress' exclusive constitutional authority to declare war and despite Congress' formal action directing the removal of United States Armed Forces from hostilities. This abuse of office frustrated Congress' ability to exercise its most solemn constitutional responsibility, enabled the continuation of unlawful war, and ignored and, thus, nullified the fundamental safeguard designed to prevent United States Armed Forces from being used at the will of the executive alone. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as Secretary of Defense and subversive of constitutional government to the great prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain in office and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law. Peter Brian Hegseth, thus, warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. Article III, waging war in contravention of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, section 5(b): The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment and that civil officers of the United States, including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct while Secretary of Defense, Peter Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, especially with regard to the commission of war, has abused the powers of the Department of Defense in that the Declare War Clause of the United States Constitution, Article I, Section 8, Clause 11, vests in Congress the exclusive initiatory powers of war while the Military, Administrative, and Clemency Clause of the Constitution, Article II, Section 2, Clause 1, establishes the President as the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and vests in him operational control over wars lawfully authorized by Congress. In an effort to statutorily delineate the circumstances under which the President may introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities absent congressional authorization, the 93rd Congress of the United States enacted into law H.J. Res. 542, the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Public Law 93-148, by overriding the veto of President Richard Nixon. Secretary Hegseth carried out unlawful orders, and continues to do so, in contravention of section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, section 1544(b) of title 50, United States Code. Section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 provides that, within 60 calendar days after a report is submitted or required to be submitted to Congress by the President of the United States upon the Executive introducing United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations where imminent involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances, whichever is earlier, the Executive shall terminate any use of the United States Armed Forces . . . unless Congress has declared war or has enacted a specific authorization for such use of the United States Armed Forces, has extended by law such 60-day period, or is physically unable to meet as a result of an armed attack upon the United States. Section 5(b) further provides that, absent a formal congressional declaration of war, specific statutory Authorization for the Use of Military Force, or an extension of the 60-day period enacted into law during that period "such 60-day period shall be extended for not more than an additional 30 days if the President determines and certifies to the Congress in writing that unavoidable military necessity respecting the safety of the United States Armed Forces requires the continued use of such Armed Forces in the course of bringing about a prompt removal of such forces." With respect to the United States Armed Forces being entered into hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and indicating reliance on and fealty to the War Powers Resolution of 1973 as legal justification for entering United States Armed Forces into hostilities with Iran without the initiatory authority of Congress, President Donald J. Trump transmitted, on March 2, 2026, "a letter informing Congress of action taken consistent with the War Powers Resolution, Public Law 93-148, pursuant to 50 U.S.C. 1543(a)(3); Public Law 93-148, Sec. 4(a); (87 Stat. 555) and 50 U.S.C. 1543(b); Public Law 93-148, Sec. 4(b); (87 Stat. 555)," concerning hostilities that had commenced in Iran on February 28, 2026. In the 60-day period following said transmission, Congress did not, and still has not, enacted any declaration or specific statutory authorization for the use of the United States Armed Forces in hostilities against Iran or extended the applicable 60-day period by law, despite remaining physically capable of meeting and carrying out its constitutional responsibilities. Moreover, President Donald J. Trump did not submit the written certification required to invoke the additional 30-day withdrawal period by May 1, 2026. Even assuming the President had validly invoked that separate and limited 30-day extension, it would likewise have expired on June 1, 2026. Without lawful cause or excuse, and despite the Executive's initial observation of the reporting requirements under section 4(a) of the War Powers Resolution, section 1543(a)(3) of title 50 United States Code, through the President's transmission to Congress of a letter acknowledging the commencement of the statutory timeline, Secretary Hegseth continued to direct, authorize, and sustain the use of United States Armed Forces in hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran after the expiration of every potentially applicable statutory period. Secretary Hegseth continued such hostilities after the 60-day period expired on May 1, 2026, and after June 1, 2026, the date on which even the maximum possible additional 30-day withdrawal period would have expired, despite the absence of a declaration of war, specific statutory authorization, or extension enacted by Congress. Secretary Hegseth further contravened the limited purpose of any such additional 30-day withdrawal period by directing United States Armed Forces to continue engaging in hostilities against the Islamic Republic of Iran in a manner calculated not to terminate the unauthorized use of such forces and bring about their prompt removal but, rather, to continue prosecuting the war to pursue additional military objectives not authorized by Congress, and has therefore directed the Department of Defense in violation of section 1544(b) of title 50, United States Code. Secretary Hegseth abused the powers of his high office through the following means: One, directing, authorizing, and sustaining hostile United States military actions in Iran after the expiration of the 60-day period established under section 5(b) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, despite the absence of a declaration of war, specific statutory authorization, or an extension enacted by Congress. Two, continuing to direct and sustain hostilities in Iran in pursuit of additional military objectives during and after the expiration of any potentially applicable additional 30-day period, notwithstanding that such 30-day period could be used only when required by unavoidable military necessity, respecting the safety of the United States Armed Forces in the course of bringing about their prompt removal, as certified as necessary by the President of the United States, a certification never transmitted to Congress by President Donald J. Trump pursuant to section 1544(b) of title 50 United States Code. Three, failing and refusing to take all necessary steps within his authority as Secretary of Defense to terminate the unauthorized use of United States Armed Forces and promptly withdraw such forces from hostilities in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Four, directing the Department of Defense to treat the mandatory termination requirement as discretionary, thereby substituting the judgment of the executive branch for the constitutional and statutory judgment of Congress, and nullifying the express command that the unauthorized use of United States Armed Forces shall be terminated. Through these actions, Secretary Hegseth knowingly executed and sustained unlawful orders that, in practice, displaced the constitutional and statutory judgment of Congress by permitting the executive branch to determine when war may be commenced, how long it may be sustained, whether statutory deadlines governing unauthorized hostilities must be obeyed, and whether a war may continue after the expiration of every period permitted by law. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as Secretary of Defense and subversive of constitutional government, to the great prejudice of the cause of law and justice, and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to the Constitution if allowed to remain in office and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law, Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. Article IV: ignoring laws that minimize civilian casualties. The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment and that civil officers of the United States, including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct as Secretary of Defense, and in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the office of Secretary of Defense, and to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, especially during the commission of war, Peter Brian Hegseth has abused the powers of the Department of Defense in that: Using the powers of his office, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth directed the Department of Defense in a manner that resulted in the death or injury of more than 200 civilians at the Shajareh Tayyebeh Elementary School in Minab, Hormozgan Province, Iran.

He did so through a scheme or course of conduct that affected the systemic deterioration and removal of Department of Defense infrastructure that Congress has mandated by law to limit collateral damage to civilians and nonmilitary objects during military operations. While doing so, Secretary Hegseth also cultivated a warmaking culture at the Department of Defense which he boasts as being dismissive of, "stupid rules of engagement," with preference for "maximum lethality, not tepid legality." Such combination chilled and rendered ineffective components of the Department of Defense responsible for preventing, mitigating, and responding to civilian harm. By directing the Department of Defense in a manner that foreseeably dismantled the safeguards necessary to distinguish civilian objects from military objects, Secretary Hegseth thereby effected the murder of civilians and abused the trust of men and women under his command by requiring them to conduct military operations within a targeted and legal-review system that he had deliberately degraded. This undermined the integrity and diplomacy of the United States and its Armed Forces. He thus ignored and injured the interests of the Nation. Secretary Hegseth engaged in this scheme or course of conduct through the following means: One, Secretary Hegseth willfully disregarded and acted to defeat the requirements of section 184 of title 10 United States Code by systematically dismantling civilian-protection infrastructure in that: A, Secretary Hegseth submitted a legislative proposal to Congress on May 29, 2025, requesting a repeal of section 184 of title 10 the United States Code, the statutory requirement for civilian-protection systems at the Department of Defense, even as Congress had fully funded such systems for fiscal year 2025 and fiscal year 2026, and after Congress did not enact the requested repeal, Army officials nevertheless confirmed that such civilian harm mitigation activities had been halted. B, Secretary Hegseth immediately stalled and reversed implementation of the Civilian Harm Mitigation and Response Action Plan and rendered ineffective the Civilian Protection Center of Excellence, despite it being congressionally mandated by section 2082 of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act, Public Law 117-263, and section 936 of the John S. McCain National Defense Authorization Act, Public Law 115-232. C, Secretary Hegseth eliminated funding for the Army's casualty tracking database--the institutional system for recording and verifying civilian harm reports--so that should civilians be harmed as a result of the United States military action, there would be no functioning system within the Department of Defense to review, verify, and report on such harm. D, Secretary Hegseth willfully refused to ensure that DOD components received adequate resources to satisfy the civilian harm mitigation and response staff assigned--sorry--requirements, including by removing more than 90 percent of civilian harm mitigation and response staff assigned to combatant commands. E, Secretary Hegseth failed by the end of fiscal year 2025 to satisfy any of the 11 objectives or complete 133 actions mandated by Congress for the prevention and mitigation of civilian harm during armed conflict, thereby rendering every such component of the Department of Defense's civilian harm prevention apparatus partially or totally ineffective by the time the United States military combat operations against Iran began in early 2026. Two, Secretary Hegseth removed, without reason or cause, the senior-most judge advocate generals of the Army, Navy, and Air Force, thereby undermining independent legal oversight of combat operations and legal advice to commanders on the law of armed conflict. Three, Secretary Hegseth promulgated the 2026 National Defense Strategy with all references to civilian protection omitted, marking a deliberate and unprecedented departure from prior defense policy that had recognized, in accordance with law, civilian harm mitigation as a strategic priority. Four, Hegseth, from the outset of his tenure instigated a departmental culture hostile to the law of armed conflict and the protection of civilians through his public and repeated denigration of rules of engagement as "stupid," "politically correct," and "overbearing" in that: A, on September 30, 2025, while addressing the largest assembled gathering of United States generals and admirals in American history, Secretary Hegseth boasted that we, the United States military, "don't fight with stupid rules of engagement." B, upon unlawfully renaming the Department of Defense, the Department of War on September 5, 2025, he poetically proclaimed: "Maximum lethality, not tepid legality. Violent effect, not politically correct." C, during his confirmation hearing on January 14, 2025, he told the Senate Armed Services Committee he had "thought very deeply about the balance between legality and lethality, ensuring that men and women on the front lines have the opportunity to destroy with and close the enemy and that lawyers aren't the ones getting in the way." Five, Secretary Hegseth undermined effective journalistic oversight by expelling the traditional Pentagon press corps and imposing credentialing rules that restricted journalists from soliciting or publishing unapproved materials, thereby weakening independent reporting on civilian harm and on matters affecting the welfare and safety of United States servicemembers by journalists most familiar with the Department of Defense. These actions were not isolated, administrative, or rhetorical choices. Taken together, they degraded the personnel, institutional systems, independent legal review, and civilian protection safeguards upon which the Department of Defense relies to verify the current status of proposed targets, distinguish civilian objects from military objectives, reassess targets as circumstances change, and prevent or mitigate civilian harm. The foreseeable consequences of Secretary Hegseth's scheme manifested in the United States strike on the Shajareh Tayyebeh Elementary School which killed and injured more than 200 civilians and exposed systemic failures in the Department of Defense targeting process. The events of that strike and the reported events leading to it are as follows: One, on the morning of February 28, 2026, at approximately 9:45 a.m. local time, the United States, in partnership with Israel, launched Operation Epic Fury commencing the 2026 Iran war. Within the first hour of the U.S.-Israeli offensive into southern Iran, three BGM-109 Tomahawk cruise missiles fired from the United States Navy warships impacted the elementary school between 10:34 and 10:45 a.m. local time. Two, because the war was commenced midmorning on a Saturday, the first day of the Iranian workweek, students were in attendance at the school. Despite an attempted evacuation at the school, at the time of the first cruise missile's impact, between 170 and 267 students were present in the facility, most of whom were girls between the ages of 7 and 12 years. Three, whereas it is unclear how many casualties were inflicted by the first impact, which caused partial destruction of the structure and the collapse of its roof, it is reported that the students were then sheltered in a prayer room deeper in the facility waiting for rescuers, when a second and third missile, in rapid succession, impacted the building. Four, reported death tolls from the strikes on the elementary school indicate that at least 156 civilians were killed, with some reports suggesting that civilian death tolls surpassed 170. Those killed include at least 120 schoolchildren, 26 teachers, and 7 parents attempting to evacuate their children, a schoolbus driver, a pharmacy technician from a nearby clinic and the 6-month old unborn child of one of the teachers also killed in the attack. An estimated 95 other individuals were wounded. Under United States military doctrine and the law of armed conflict, which Secretary Hegseth is obligated to uphold, the lawfulness of an attack does not depend solely on whether civilians were deliberately selected for the purpose of harming them. The obligations of distinction, target verification, and feasible precaution require military decisionmakers to determine, in good faith, that an object is a lawful military objective on the basis of information reasonably available at the time. A failure to undertake the verification and review required by those obligations may render an attack unlawful, a failure directly caused by Secretary Hegseth's dismantling of key infrastructure designed to prevent such errors. With respect to the strike on the elementary school, those institutional failures manifested in systemic noncompliance with Department of Defense targeting doctrine and legal guidance. The strike on the Shajareh Tayyebeh Elementary School was not an isolated targeting failure divorced from the conduct of the Secretary of Defense, nor can Secretary Hegseth's conduct be dismissed as a single targeting error or isolated failure in the fog of war. The elementary school was struck after Secretary Hegseth sought to repeal congressionally mandated civilian-protection requirements, dismantled the Department's civilian-harm mitigation infrastructure, removed the senior-most judge advocates general responsible for independent legal oversight, stripped civilian protection from the National Defense Strategy, and publicly denigrated legal restraints on military force as obstacles to maximum lethality. He thereby weakened nearly every institutional safeguard designed to minimize civilian casualties inflicted by the United States military and then presided over a targeting process in which a functioning elementary school was struck three times, killing and wounding more than 200 civilians, mostly children. Such conduct reflects not merely a failure of judgment but an extraordinary abuse of powers entrusted to the Secretary of Defense and a profound disregard for the civilians his Department was obligated to protect and the servicemembers he was entrusted to lead. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth willfully and systemically refused to comply with laws and directives mandated for the protection of civilians during the commission of armed conflict, chilled and rendered ineffective such components to prevent and mitigate harm to civilians, and, therefore, foreseeably effected the death and injury of over 200 civilians, to the manifest injury of the United States. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to civilians, the lawful conduct of United States military operations, the integrity and credibility of the United States Armed Forces, and the Constitution if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law. Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. Article V, Extrajudicial Killings: The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment and that civil officers of the United States, including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.

In his conduct as Secretary of Defense, Peter Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed--especially with regard to the commission of war--has abused the powers of the Department of Defense in that: Using the powers of his office, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth directed the Department of Defense in a manner that resulted in the extrajudicial killings of at least 221 persons aboard seagoing vessels alleged to be smuggling narcotics in the Caribbean Sea and the eastern Pacific Ocean, principally in international waters. He did so through a scheme or course of conduct that chilled independent legal review within the Department of Defense; constructed a purported legal basis for the use of military force without constitutional or statutory authorization; and displaced longstanding precedent and codified maritime law enforcement practices that are jurisdictionally assigned to the Coast Guard and law enforcement agencies by substituting in such place the use of summary lethal force by Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps elements. While doing so, Secretary Hegseth also oversaw orders denying quarter and failing to provide rescue, including secondary strikes against shipwrecked survivors who were hors de combat, and the abandonment of shipwrecked survivors at sea, thereby endangering members of our Armed Forces in future military engagements by encouraging adversaries to subject American servicemembers to the same treatment. By subjecting persons merely suspected of criminal conduct to lethal military force without judicial process, without congressional authorization, and without establishing a lawful basis for treating such persons or vessels as military targets, Secretary Hegseth arrogated to himself and the executive branch the roles of judge, jury, and executioner and asserted a unilateral power to determine who may live and who may die. Such a power is foreign to the rule of law, repugnant to the legal traditions and fundamental values of the United States and the Western world, and contrary to the United States law and customary international law. This conduct undermined the integrity and credibility of the United States and its Armed Forces, damaged the diplomatic standing of the United States, and injured the interests of the Nation. Secretary Hegseth engaged in this scheme or course of conduct through the following means: One, Secretary Hegseth authorized strikes, beginning on September 2, 2025, without authorization from Congress pursuant to Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the United States Constitution, and in the absence of a declaration of war, specific statutory authorization for the use of military force, or a national emergency created by an attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its Armed Forces, as provided in chapter 33, title 50, United States Code. Secretary Hegseth ordered and oversaw the strike campaign against seagoing vessels alleged to be smuggling narcotics in international waters, comprising at least 63 separate attacks--44 in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, 17 in the Caribbean Sea, and 2 in unspecified locations--which struck 67 vessels and killed at least 221 individuals. In doing so, Secretary Hegseth displaced the statutory framework established by sections 70503 and 70504 of title 46, United States Code, under which Congress expressly treated maritime narcotics offenses, including conduct occurring on the high seas, as Federal crimes subject to apprehension, prosecution, and trial in an appropriate United States district court and, instead, treated such offenses as predicates for lethal military targeting. Secretary Hegseth disregarded the statutory restrictions in sections 274 and 275 of title 10, United States Code, governing direct participation by members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps in civilian law enforcement activities, including Federal narcotics enforcement, by employing lethal military force against persons suspected of drug trafficking absent any congressional enacted authorization for the use of military force or other statutory authorization for such direct military action. Secretary Hegseth disregarded the maritime enforcement framework established by sections 102 and 522 of title 14, United States Code, as well as section 279 of title 10, United States Code, under which only the Coast Guard is authorized to conduct interdiction, search, seizure, and arrest, and he did so by directing members of the Army, Navy, Air Force, or Marine Corps to employ lethal military force in place of the law enforcement processes. Three, Secretary Hegseth established targeting guidelines for such strikes on August 5, 2025, by issuing an execute order directing the use of United States military force against persons alleged to be members or affiliates of certain designated terrorist organizations as follows: A, Secretary Hegseth established guidelines that: Used designated terrorist organizations as a targeting category, notwithstanding that term is not a congressionally created designation conferring authority to use military force; Did not require positive identification of any targeted person, but instead required only reasonable certainty that such person was a member or affiliate of a designated terrorist organization, a threshold lower than the near-certainty standard established for drone strikes on suspected al-Qaida militants during the congressionally authorized global war on terror; and Did not require the presence of weapons or narcotics on targeted vessels alleged to be smuggling narcotics in association with a designated terrorist organization. Four, Secretary Hegseth, in the course of such strikes, oversaw orders resulting in the denial of quarter to and the failure to provide timely rescue for, shipwrecked survivors of initial strikes, including, on September 2, 2025, during the first strike of the campaign, the United States Navy attacked a seagoing vessel carrying 11 persons between the coast of Venezuela and nearby Caribbean nation of Trinidad and Tobago. The strike destroyed and capsized the vessel. Approximately 45 minutes later, while two survivors clung to the wreckage, a second strike was ordered, killing both survivors. In doing so, Secretary Hegseth has endangered members of our Armed Forces in future military engagements by encouraging adversaries to subject American servicemembers to the same treatment. On December 30, 2025, United States Southern Command attacked three vessels, approximately 400 nautical miles southwest of Ocos, Guatemala, in the eastern Pacific Ocean, killing three persons and leaving eight others shipwrecked. Although the campaign had been underway for approximately 4 months, no recovery assets had been prepositioned to rescue survivors. Rescue assets did not arrive until approximately 45 hours after the strikes, by which time all eight shipwrecked survivors had died at sea. In doing so, Secretary Hegseth has endangered members of our Armed Forces in future military engagements by encouraging adversaries to subject American servicemembers to the same treatment. Five, Secretary Hegseth took actions to preempt, constrain, and overcome independent legal objections within the Department of Defense concerning the lawfulness of such strikes, including: Secretary Hegseth removed the senior-most judge advocates general of the Army, Navy, and Air Force without stating a reason or cause, thereby foreseeably chilling the exercise of independent legal judgment by judge advocates tasked with advising military commanders on the lawfulness of combat operations and subsequently stating at a Pentagon press conference on February 25, 2025 he did not want military lawyers to serve as "roadblocks to orders that are given by a commander in chief." Secretary Hegseth employed an interagency group of lawyers comprising four career officials and four political appointees from the Department of Defense, the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Central Intelligence Agency, the White House, and the Office of Legal Counsel to develop a classified memorandum purporting to establish a legal basis for such strikes and to address anticipated objections to their execution, falsely asserting that the United States is engaged in a noninternational armed conflict with 24 Latin American Designated Terrorist Organizations, thereby attempting to displace the governing law enforcement framework, as established in paragraph 2, and substitute an armed conflict framework for the conduct of military operations against such organizations, despite the absence of congressional authorization for such military action, notwithstanding that, pursuant to Little v. Barreme, 1804, and Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA, 2014, an executive branch legal memorandum cannot enlarge authority conferred by Congress or legalize conduct otherwise unauthorized by statutes. The strikes do not constitute hostilities within the meaning of chapter 33 of title 50, United States Code, because they do not place United States personnel in danger, presumptively on the basis that such vessels are incapable of self-defense, a predicate that would likewise mean that any military action conducted by drone, or any airstrike against a target lacking air defense capabilities, could also not constitute hostilities; and the designated terrorist organizations are engaged in armed conflict against the security forces of allied nations, including Mexico, and such violence is financed through cocaine trafficking, such that the strikes may be characterized as attacks against cocaine shipments and the deaths of persons aboard targeted vessels as collateral damage, a rationale inconsistent with the execute order targeting guidelines described in paragraph 3, which did not require narcotics to be present aboard a targeted vessel and instead authorized targeting based on designated terrorist organization membership or affiliation. Secretary Hegseth abused the authority and trust vested in him as Secretary of Defense not only by directing the unlawful use of lethal military force resulting in the summary execution of at least 221 persons in international waters but also by using his office to compel members of the Armed Forces to carry out such operations under false legal authorities that he caused to be constructed and imposed on the chain of command. In denying quarter and refusing rescue, Secretary Hegseth endangered members of the United States Armed Forces in future military engagements by encouraging adversaries to subject American servicemembers to such treatment. Secretary Hegseth further endangered United States law enforcement personnel by substituting lethal military targeting for the established maritime law enforcement practices of interdiction, search, seizure, arrest, and prosecution.

By demonstrating that vessels merely suspected of narcotics trafficking may be destroyed and their occupants killed, rather than interdicting and arresting, Secretary Hegseth foreseeably increased the likelihood that persons aboard such vessels will perceive future encounters with United States authorities as threats to their lives and respond with lethal force rather than surrender. In this manner, his conduct not only endangered the persons unlawfully targeted by the strike campaign but also made lawful enforcement of United States narcotics laws at sea more dangerous for the Coast Guard and other Federal personnel charged with carrying them out. In all of this, Secretary Peter Hegseth has acted in a manner contrary to his trust as Secretary of Defense and subversive of constitutional government, to the great prejudice of the cause of law and justice and to the manifest injury of the people of the United States of America. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to civilians and the laws of war, the integrity of United States diplomacy, and the Constitution if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law. Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. Article VI: suppressing free speech: The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment and that civil officers of the United States, including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct while Secretary of Defense, Peter Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States and to well and faithfully discharge the duties of his office, abused the powers entrusted to him by retaliating against a Member of Congress for constitutionally protected speech and attempting to subject a Member of a coordinate branch of government to executive branch punishment for the exercise of his legislative and oversight responsibilities, in that: On November 18, 2025, Senator Mark Kelly, a retired United States Navy captain and National Aeronautics and Space Administration astronaut, who flew 39 combat missions during the first Gulf War, and who sits on the Senate Armed Services Committee and the Senate Intelligence Committee, appeared in his official capacity as a Senator in a video addressed to members of the United States Armed Forces concerning the unlawful strike campaign against vessels suspected of narcotics trafficking in international waters, stating: "Our laws are clear: You can refuse illegal orders." Despite such a statement being consistent with decisions in United States v. Kennan, 1969, and United States v. Calley, 1973, Secretary Hegseth weaponized the Department of Defense to retaliate against and intimidate Senator Mark Kelly for such a statement. Secretary Hegseth did so despite the fact that Senator Kelly is a sitting United States Senator who cannot fulfill his role in representative government if he fears executive branch reprisals for expressing his views. As the Supreme Court held in Bond v. Floyd, 1966, representative government requires that legislators be given the widest latitude to express their views on issues of policy. Members of Congress, moreover, enjoy Speech or Debate immunity under Article I, Section 6, Clause 1 of the United States Constitution, and Senator Kelly, as a retired servicemember, is entitled to the full breadth of First Amendment protection. Using the powers of his office, Secretary Hegseth retaliated against and sought to intimidate United States Senator Mark Kelly for his statement through a scheme or course of conduct intended to interfere with Congress' constitutional authority to oversee the executive branch, grossly expand Article II power at the expense of both the legislative and judicial branches of government, and establish a precedent that would chill the protected speech of millions of retired United States servicemembers and inflict irreparable harm upon their First Amendment freedoms. Secretary Hegseth engaged in this scheme or course of conduct through the following means: On November 24, 2025, the Department of Defense, through a social media post on X, threatened that Senator Mark Kelly could be recalled to Active Duty for court-martial proceedings or administrative measures for his statement. On November 25, 2025, Secretary Hegseth directed the Secretary of the Navy to review Senator Kelly. On January 5, 2026, Secretary Hegseth issued a Secretarial Letter of Censure against Senator Kelly for: saying, you can refuse illegal orders; saying he would "always defend the Constitution"; questioning the legality of military operations as a member of the Senate Armed Services and Intelligence Committees; criticizing military leadership, Hegseth, for surrounding themselves, himself, with "yes men"; and accusing Secretary Hegseth of war crimes. In the letter of censure, Secretary Hegseth also threatened Senator Kelly with criminal prosecution or further administrative action, including the reduction of Senator Kelly's retired military grade should the Senator continue to question the legality of military operations or criticize Secretary Hegseth. In response to a January 12, 2026, complaint filed by Senator Mark Kelly against Secretary Hegseth for retaliating against and intimidating the Senator for his First Amendment-protected speech, Secretary Hegseth filed a memorandum of opposition to Senator Kelly's motion for preliminary injunction, egregiously asserting that: A, Senator Kelly, as retired naval officer, has diminished First Amendment protections; B, Department of Defense actions against Senator Kelly's constitutional rights due to his statements relating to military affairs, and his being a retired naval officer, constitute nonjusticiable military personnel decisions; C, Secretary Hegseth's opinions supersede the court's jurisdiction on determining whether the government could censure, threaten, and financially punish Senator Kelly because of his speech; and D, Senator Kelly is required to exhaust military administrative remedies before seeking relief in an Article III court, thereby seeking to place the adjudication of Senator Kelly's constitutional rights within military processes controlled by the executive branch. Thus, in addition to abusing the powers of the Office of Secretary of Defense for politically motivated reprisal against Senator Kelly for the Senator's criticism of conduct implicating potential war crimes, Secretary Hegseth grossly violated, or sought to violate, the separation of powers by attempting to subordinate both the legislative and judicial branches, in matters concerning constitutional rights, to the authority of the Department of Defense. In the same effort, Secretary Hegseth sought, without precedent, to extend to retired servicemembers the diminished First Amendment protections applicable to Active-Duty servicemembers under Parker v. Levy, 1974, including retired servicemembers serving in Congress and exercising constitutional oversight over the military. He further asserted, in substance, that the military, rather than Article III courts, possesses supremacy to determine the constitutional rights of civilians and to adjudicate whether its own actions conform to the Constitution and the laws of the United States, at minimum with respect to the speech of retired servicemembers, such position being in flagrant conflict with Marbury v. Madison, 1803, which holds that it is emphatically the province and duty of the judicial department to say what the law is, not the military. The result of such effort, had Secretary Hegseth been successful, would have subjected the speech and congressional oversight activities of nearly 20 percent of the current Congress, and whatever proportion of future Congresses may consist of retired servicemembers, as well as the speech of millions of other retired servicemembers, to the will and discretion of the Department of Defense, without any immediate avenue of recourse outside the department to vindicate their constitutional rights. Such a result would constitute one of the most extraordinary expansions of executive branch power in the history of the United States. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth abused the powers of the Department of Defense by retaliating against, and attempting to intimidate, a sitting United States Senator through threats of punishment for speech protected by the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, in an effort to deter that Senator from fulfilling his constitutional role in overseeing the executive branch. In doing so, Secretary Hegseth weaponized the Department of Defense to chill a core function of the legislative branch, encroach upon the constitutional role of the judicial branch by seeking to insulate such retaliation from meaningful judicial review, and, through the precedent he sought to establish, place the First Amendment rights of millions of United States veterans at risk of irreparable harm. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to the Constitution and the separation of powers if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties, the rule of law, and the constitutional liberties entrusted to his protection. Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. Article VII: kidnapping of a sovereign foreign leader: The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment and that civil officers of the United States, including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct of the Office of Secretary of Defense, and in violation of his constitutional oath to faithfully execute the Office of Secretary of Defense and, to the best of his ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed, especially during the commission of war, Peter Brian Hegseth has abused the powers of the Department of Defense, in that: Using the powers of his office, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth directed the Department of Defense to carry out an unprecedented military operation--code-named Absolute Resolve--to capture and kidnap President Nicolas Maduro, the leader of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela, and his wife, Cilia Flores, from Venezuela, an act of war against a sovereign country executed under the guise of narcotics law enforcement, though in actuality intended to assert U.S. control over Venezuela's oil reserves. In doing so, he gambled the lives of Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps personnel in order to facilitate the illegal taking of national oil. To wit, immediately following such attack, Secretary Hegseth appeared alongside President Donald J. Trump, during which the President announced, in reference to Venezuela, we are going to run the country until such time as we can do a safe, proper, and judicious transaction. So we don't want to be involved with having somebody else get in, and we have the same situation that we had. We are going to run it essentially, and "we are going to have our very large United States oil companies, the biggest anywhere in the world, go in . . . and start making money . . .

and we are ready to stage a second and much larger attack if we need to do so." Thus, revealing the motives behind the forcible removal of President Maduro, which extended far beyond the narcotics law enforcement rationale on which the operation was falsely predicated. On January 3, 2026, Secretary Hegseth directed the United States Armed Forces into hostilities in and around Caracas, Venezuela, employing more than 200 United States Special Operations personnel on the ground and more than 150 aircraft and drones, including fighter aircraft, bombers, armed helicopters, and electronic warfare aircraft, supported by substantial naval force that included the Iwo Jima Amphibious Ready Group and the Gerald R. Ford Carrier Strike Group, which together, penetrated Venezuelan territory, suppressed and destroyed Venezuelan air defenses, struck multiple targets in the Caracas area, inserted an armed ground force into Caracas to seize Maduro, successfully kidnapped Maduro, killed at least 83 people, including several civilians, and caused 7 American casualties. In doing so: Secretary Hegseth executed unlawful orders effecting the removal of the President of a sovereign nation, placed boots on the ground, conducted preparatory bombardments, inflicted substantial casualties, and subsequently caused regime change, each of which constitutes an act of war. Secretary Hegseth executed unlawful orders violating Article I, Section 8, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution by: Ordering United States Armed Forces to commit acts of war against Venezuela without a declaration of war by Congress against such nation; and Making rules concerning captures on land, a power specifically vested in Congress, where Congress had made no rules authorizing or otherwise applicable to such operation; and Secretary Hegseth executed unlawful orders in contravention of section 2(c) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, section 1541(c) of title 50, United States Code, by entering United States Armed Forces into hostilities in Venezuela on January 3, 2026, without a declaration of war, a specific statutory authorization, or a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its Armed Forces. Through these actions, Secretary Hegseth knowingly directed United States Armed Forces into hostilities against a sovereign nation, without clear constitutional or specific statutory authority, employing military force of a nature and magnitude rising to the level of constitutional war. In doing so, Secretary Hegseth usurped Congress' congressional authority over war and transformed the Department of Defense into an instrument for objectives extending far beyond the apprehension of Nicolas Maduro for purposes of narcotics law enforcement, including regime change and the acquisition of foreign oil. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth abused the powers of the Department of Defense, violated the laws and treaty obligations of the United States, and subordinated the constitutional allocation of war powers to executive objectives neither authorized nor approved by Congress. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to the Constitution and the well-being of United States military personnel if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law. Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. Article VIII: unlawful war in Yemen: The Constitution provides that the House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeachment and that civil officers of the United States, including the Secretary of Defense, shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. In his conduct while Secretary of Defense, Peter Brian Hegseth, in violation of his oath to support and defend the Constitution of the United States, and in violation of his constitutional duty to take care that the laws be faithfully executed--especially with regard to the commission of war--has abused the powers of the Department of Defense in that: Using the powers of his office, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth directed the Department of Defense in a manner leading to the deaths of an estimated 224 civilians, as well as approximately 500 to 600 Houthi fighters, through the initiation and direction of Operation Rough Rider. The operation comprised more than 1,100 strikes against targets in Yemen over approximately 52 days. In less than 8 weeks, there were nearly as many civilian deaths in Yemen as the United States military actions had caused in that country during the preceding 23 years. Secretary Hegseth initiated and directed those hostilities in the absence of any of the predicates required in section 2(c) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973 for the President to introduce United States Armed Forces into hostilities. Moreover, Secretary Hegseth acknowledged the absence of any imminent threat to the United States, further undermining any assertion Article II authority to initiate such hostilities without congressional authorization. Secretary Hegseth initiated and directed Operation Rough Rider without congressional authority pursuant to Article I, Section 8, Clause 11 of the United States Constitution, or statutory authorization, in that: Secretary Hegseth executed unlawful orders in contravention of section 2(c) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, section 1541(c) of title 50, United States Code, by entering and sustaining United States Navy and Air Force personnel into hostilities in Yemen between March 15 and May 6, 2025, without a declaration of war, a specific statutory authorization, or a national emergency created by attack upon the United States, its territories or possessions, or its Armed Forces. Secretary Hegseth executed unlawful orders in contravention of section 4(a) of the War Powers Resolution of 1973, section 1543(a) of title 50, United States Code, by continuing to direct United States Armed Forces into hostilities in Yemen after March 17, 2025, despite the President of the United States having failed to notify Congress of such hostilities within 48 hours of their commencement, as required by section 4(a), and notwithstanding that the President did not transmit such a report to Congress until March 28, 2025, thereby further undermining any possible Article II authority for the continued hostilities, especially during such 13-day period. Outside of the requirements to engage in hostilities pursuant to the War Powers Resolution of 1973, Secretary Hegseth directed Operation Rough Rider in the absence of any imminent threat requiring military action without prior congressional authorization, as evidenced by a leaked Signal chat involving Secretary Hegseth, concerning the potential execution of Operation Rough Rider, in which: Several senior United States Government officials, including Secretary Hegseth, each possessing unfettered access to military and intelligence information, advised there was no immediate need to enter the United States Armed Forces into hostilities in Yemen, thereby asserting there was no imminent threat to the United States, its possessions or territories, or its Armed Forces, including: Vice President JD Vance stating: "There is a strong argument for delaying a month"; Then-Acting Chief of Staff to the National Security Advisor Joe Kent stating: "There is nothing time sensitive driving this timeline. We will have the exact same options in a month"; Central Intelligence Agency Director John Ratcliffe stating: "A delay would not negatively impact us and additional time would be used to identify better starting points for coverage on Houthi leadership"; Addressing the timing of Operation Rough Rider, Secretary Hegseth himself stated: "We can easily pause"; and Addressing the Vice President's concerns regarding Operation Rough Rider's immediate commencement, Secretary Hegseth stated: "VP, I understand your concerns . . . two immediate risks on waiting: One, this leaks and we look indecisive; two, Israel takes action first--or Gaza ceasefire falls apart"--and we don't get to start this war on our terms; I am sorry--"and we don't get to start this on our own terms. . . . This is not about the Houthis" reestablish--"reestablishing deterrence which Biden cratered." Thus, Secretary Hegseth knew there was no imminent threat to the United States, its territories or possessions, or its Armed Forces, as, had such a threat existed, there would have been no basis for him to state that: "We can easily pause." Moreover, the only immediate risks identified by Secretary Hegseth concerned media optics and Israeli affairs rather than the direct affairs of the United States of America, the Nation to which his oath is sworn. In all of this, Secretary Hegseth abused the powers entrusted to him as Secretary of Defense by subordinating the constitutional limits on the use of military force and the laws governing the conduct of hostilities to his own policy objectives, notwithstanding his knowledge that no imminent threat to the United States existed, and demonstrated a profound disregard for civilian life, the rule of law, the constitutional authority of Congress, and his duty to ensure the lawful conduct of the United States Armed Forces. Wherefore, Secretary of Defense Peter Hegseth, by such conduct, has demonstrated that he will remain a threat to civilians, the lawful conduct of United States military operations, the integrity and credibility of the United States Armed Forces, and the Constitution if allowed to remain in office, and has acted in a manner grossly incompatible with his duties and the rule of law. Peter Brian Hegseth thus warrants impeachment and trial, removal from office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. Mr. Speaker, I yield back the balance of my time.

The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mr. Onder)1:20 p.m.

Under rule IX, a resolution offered from the floor by a Member other than the majority leader or the minority leader as a question of the privileges of the House has immediate precedence only at a time designated by the Chair within 2 legislative days after the resolution is properly noticed. Pending that designation, the form of the resolution noticed by the gentleman from Kentucky will appear in the Record at this point. The Chair will not at this point determine whether the resolution constitutes a question of privilege. That determination will be made at the time designated for consideration of the resolution.

Announcement by the Speaker Pro Tempore

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The SPEAKER pro tempore

The Chair will entertain up to 15 requests for 1-minute speeches on each side of the aisle.

Recognizing North Carolina Little League Champions

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(Mr. KNOTT asked and was given permission to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend his remarks.)

Brad Knott (R-NC)

Mr. Speaker, it is my privilege to recognize and salute the Little League Softball World Series champions from my district, specifically in Johnston County, North Carolina. Recently, they won a rigorous contest to become champions, making all of North Carolina's 13th Congressional District proud. These are North Carolina girls, and they are all from around the Archer Lodge community. Many of them are classmates, neighbors, friends, and family. In this season, they worked, competed, and improved together. On August 8, they took the field against Kentucky in the championship game of the Little League Softball World Series, and they did not just win. They won convincingly. Pitcher Anna-Lynn Clark threw a complete-game shutout. Additionally, in the first inning, second baseman Sophie Catarrozzoli injured her ankle, and she displayed unbelievable resilience. Not only did the team continue, they continued with excellence. They rallied. They dug in, and they recorded their second straight shutout of the tournament for the World Series crown, the first in Johnston County's history. Again, I congratulate these champions, their coaches, and the Archer Lodge community. All of North Carolina was watching, and we are proud of them.

Finding Real Solutions to Help Lower Costs

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(Mr. LATIMER asked and was given permission to address the House for 1 minute and to revise and extend his remarks.)